Incluído no grupo informal \"Clado Novo Mundo\" sensu Huber (2000), o gênero Mesabolivar apresenta distribuição restrita a região neotropical e inclui atualmente 45 espécies válidas. Este gênero e é composto por algumas espécies que habitam a vegetação, troncos e rochas (hábito parietal) e outras que habitam a serapilheira. Foi proposto testar o monofiletismo de Mesabolivar e estudar a evolução do habitat de vida no gênero. Foram realizadas duas análises. A primeira, em escala genérica, objetivou avaliar as relações do \"Clado Novo Mundo\" e o monofiletismo de Mesabolivar. Usando parcimônia Foram encontradas 200 árvores com 498 passos. Não foi encontrada resolução suficiente para encontrar o grupo-irmão de Mesabolivar. O gênero não é monofilético, com três espécies (M. luteus, M. levii e M. cambridgei) relacionadas a outros gêneros. As demais espécies de Mesabolivar formam um grupo monofilético, suportado pelo procurso curvado e presença de cavidade epiginal. A segunda análise, que incluiu 36 espécies descritas e 29 não descritas de Mesabolivar, encontrou 74 mais parcimoniosas com 256 passos. Foram testadas as relações entre medidas morfométricas, para que estas possam ser relacionadas com o habitat. Foi encontrado há uma correlação entre o habitat, tamanho das pernas e formato do abdomem, onde aranhas com abdomem esférico (fiandeiras quase ventrais) e pernas curtas habitam o solo e aranhas com abdomem alongado (fiandeiras subterminais) e pernas longas vivem em vegetação, troncos e rocha (habito parietal). Para realizar inferências em espécies com história natural desconhecida, foi observado que o fêmur, tíbia e metatarso representam bem o tamanho total das pernas, sendo que o metatarso é o mais adequado. Otimizando o habito de vida (com dados diretos ou inferidos pelas medidas/formato do abdomem) foi otimizado no cladograma. A condição plesiomórfica baseada no grupo externo é o habitat parietal. Entretanto, o hábito plesiomórfico para Mesabolivar é ambíguo. O clado mais basal de Mesabolivar é composto por habitantes do solo. O hábito de vida no solo é reconquistado pelo menos duas vezes. São apresentadas descrições resumidas das 29 espécies incluídas nas análises, e duas relacionadas a M. luteus / Belonging to the informal group \"New World Clade\" sensu Huber (2000), Mesabolivar has a Neotropical distribution. Includes nowadays 45 valid species. This genus comprises parietal species (shrubs, logs, trunks and rocks inhabitants) and litter inhabitant species. The Mesabolivar monophyletism was tested, and the evolution of habitat choice was studied. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted in two phases. The first one, at generic scale, tried to reevaluate the \"New World Clade\" internal relationships and verify the monophyly of Mesabolivar. The analysis using parsimony found 200 tree with 498 steps. The resolution did not allow identify the sister group of Mesabolivar. The genus Mesabolivar was found polyphyletic, with three species related to other genera (M. luteus, M. levii and M. cambridgei). All other Mesabolivar species form a monophyletic group. The second analysis included 96 known and 29 unknown Mesabolivar species. Found 74 more parsimonious trees with 256 steps. The relationship between the morfometrical traits and habitat was tested. There is a correlation between habitat, leg length and abdomen shape. Spiders with spherical abdomen (ventral spinnerets) and relatively short legs are litter inhabitants. Spiders with elongated abdomen (subterminal spinnerets) and long legs have parietal habitat. The statistical inference found the metatarsus as the best representative of leg length. Using observation and inference, the habitat was optimized. The plesiomorphic condition in Mesabolivar was ambiguous. The basal clade was composed by litter inhabitants. The litter living habitat was conquered at least two times indenpendently. Was presented 29 reduced descriptions of unprescribed species included in the phylogenetic analysis

Incluído no grupo informal \"Clado Novo Mundo\" sensu Huber (2000), o gênero Mesabolivar apresenta distribuição restrita a região neotropical e inclui atualmente 45 espécies válidas. Este gênero e é composto por algumas espécies que habitam a vegetação, troncos e rochas (hábito parietal) e outras que habitam a serapilheira. Foi proposto testar o monofiletismo de Mesabolivar e estudar a evolução do habitat de vida no gênero. Foram realizadas duas análises. A primeira, em escala genérica, objetivou avaliar as relações do \"Clado Novo Mundo\" e o monofiletismo de Mesabolivar. Usando parcimônia Foram encontradas 200 árvores com 498 passos. Não foi encontrada resolução suficiente para encontrar o grupo-irmão de Mesabolivar. O gênero não é monofilético, com três espécies (M. luteus, M. levii e M. cambridgei) relacionadas a outros gêneros. As demais espécies de Mesabolivar formam um grupo monofilético, suportado pelo procurso curvado e presença de cavidade epiginal. A segunda análise, que incluiu 36 espécies descritas e 29 não descritas de Mesabolivar, encontrou 74 mais parcimoniosas com 256 passos. Foram testadas as relações entre medidas morfométricas, para que estas possam ser relacionadas com o habitat. Foi encontrado há uma correlação entre o habitat, tamanho das pernas e formato do abdomem, onde aranhas com abdomem esférico (fiandeiras quase ventrais) e pernas curtas habitam o solo e aranhas com abdomem alongado (fiandeiras subterminais) e pernas longas vivem em vegetação, troncos e rocha (habito parietal). Para realizar inferências em espécies com história natural desconhecida, foi observado que o fêmur, tíbia e metatarso representam bem o tamanho total das pernas, sendo que o metatarso é o mais adequado. Otimizando o habito de vida (com dados diretos ou inferidos pelas medidas/formato do abdomem) foi otimizado no cladograma. A condição plesiomórfica baseada no grupo externo é o habitat parietal. Entretanto, o hábito plesiomórfico para Mesabolivar é ambíguo. O clado mais basal de Mesabolivar é composto por habitantes do solo. O hábito de vida no solo é reconquistado pelo menos duas vezes. São apresentadas descrições resumidas das 29 espécies incluídas nas análises, e duas relacionadas a M. luteus / Belonging to the informal group \"New World Clade\" sensu Huber (2000), Mesabolivar has a Neotropical distribution. Includes nowadays 45 valid species. This genus comprises parietal species (shrubs, logs, trunks and rocks inhabitants) and litter inhabitant species. The Mesabolivar monophyletism was tested, and the evolution of habitat choice was studied. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted in two phases. The first one, at generic scale, tried to reevaluate the \"New World Clade\" internal relationships and verify the monophyly of Mesabolivar. The analysis using parsimony found 200 tree with 498 steps. The resolution did not allow identify the sister group of Mesabolivar. The genus Mesabolivar was found polyphyletic, with three species related to other genera (M. luteus, M. levii and M. cambridgei). All other Mesabolivar species form a monophyletic group. The second analysis included 96 known and 29 unknown Mesabolivar species. Found 74 more parsimonious trees with 256 steps. The relationship between the morfometrical traits and habitat was tested. There is a correlation between habitat, leg length and abdomen shape. Spiders with spherical abdomen (ventral spinnerets) and relatively short legs are litter inhabitants. Spiders with elongated abdomen (subterminal spinnerets) and long legs have parietal habitat. The statistical inference found the metatarsus as the best representative of leg length. Using observation and inference, the habitat was optimized. The plesiomorphic condition in Mesabolivar was ambiguous. The basal clade was composed by litter inhabitants. The litter living habitat was conquered at least two times indenpendently. Was presented 29 reduced descriptions of unprescribed species included in the phylogenetic analysis

This thesis analyzes the validity of main assumptions of housing classes approach, which is a Weberian mode of analyses developed to explain the effects of spatial stratification on social structures of cities, in an empirical level through a case study. According to this approach, housing is a scarce resource which is subject to processes of competition between different social groups and struggles among these groups to get access to desirable housing types constitute the basis of urban social processes. In this context, it is suggested that housing type resided in has apparent effect on individuals&rsquo / position in social stratification system and their life chances are restricted in the style and location of housing to which they could get access. It is seen that the way of analysis proposed by housing classes approach has certain effects on urban studies conducted in Turkey, as well. These studies suggest that differences in accessed housing types and in living spaces on a large scale affects life chances of social groups residing in there. By the same token, apartment and squatter (gecekondu) have been used as two concepts representing the relationships of different social sections with the city and they have been considered as two different social environments or neighborhoods. In this context, in addition to analyzing the main assumptions of housing classes approach in an empirical level, this study also questions the mode of analysis used in studies conducted in Turkey insofar as they share the main assumptions of this approach, within the frame of transformations experienced in gecekondu neighborhoods. In this study, in the light of the findings gathered through case study, it is concluded that spatial stratification arising from the housing ownership is parallel to the social divisions based on labor market. Moreover, it is found out that gecekondu and apartment being constructed during transformation processes in gecekondu areas do not indicate different social environments or living spaces which represent opposite forms of social relations and, therefore, which separate from each other through definite lines.

本研究企圖從西方社會討論相當熱烈的「門禁社區」現象，去探討在台北都會區的歷史背景脈絡下，所形成之門禁社區現象，並進一步探討既存於台灣都會區的居住隔離，進而理解門禁社區居民其生活經驗、鄰里互動等社會層面之意涵，希望能開啟社會學與門禁社區經驗現象間的對話和反思。 美國都市社會學的傳統之一，即在於有不少社會學家關注和回顧地理空間對於種族、階級、性別、年齡和資源分配、分化的重要影響，近年來於居住空間和社會學間的整合研究中，出現了「門禁社區」此一研究議題。在台灣的相關研究中，對於門禁社區的研究資料仍有所缺少，因此希望藉由探討台北都會區門禁社區和居住隔離現象，以及由社會意涵瞭解門禁社區所形成的空間形構狀況和意義，來作為補充對於門禁社區相關研究的重要實證資料。 本研究以居住隔離的觀點和援引結構化理論，一方面探究門禁社區和居住隔離現象的關聯性，另一方面則從行動者和結構相互制約的觀點出發，藉以分析門禁社區居住者、社區管理委員會與門禁社區間的關係和意義，並說明眾多因素如何使門禁社區增強居住隔離的現象。

Cette thèse propose d'étudier les mécanismes de stratification et des inégalités dans les performances. L'objectif principal est de savoir si la ‘compréhensivisation' des systèmes éducatifs engendre plus d'égalité dans les performances. Dans un premier temps, une étude théorique basée sur les travaux de Epple et Romano (1998), Glomm et Ravikumar (1998), et Nechyba (1997, 2003) est développée pour mettre en évidence les mécanismes de stratification et pour évaluer leurs impacts sur les performances scolaires. Dans un second temps, une analyse empirique est élaborée pour quantifier cet impact dans le cadre de plusieurs systèmes éducatifs différenciés par leurs caractéristiques institutionnelles.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию вопросов формирования этнических анклавов мигрантского типа на принимающей территории. Актуальность данной темы исследования обуславливается тем, что потоки трудовых мигрантов и членов их семей в современную Россию увеличиваются, стимулируя процессы анклавизации. Это является крайне нежелательным явлением для принимающего общества и самих мигрантов, препятствуя их интеграции в российское общество. В работе выявлены и проанализированы негативные последствия процессов анклаватизации на территориях мегаполисов. Научная новизна исследования заключается в разработке методики оценки миграционно привлекательных территорий мегаполиса, которая включает в себя выбор показателей и критериев оценивания, разработку больной системы и ранжирование микрорайонов. Основой для выделения критериев оценки миграционно привлекательных микрорайонов служит анализ научных источников и экспертный опрос специалистов, занимающихся вопросами миграции. Уровень степени согласованности мнений экспертов оценен посредством расчета коэффициента вариации и коэффициента конкордации (коэффициент Кендалла). Также в магистерской диссертации разработан и апробирован подход к оценке процессов аклаватизации через изучение численности детей-мигрантов в школах города. Для сбора эмпирических данных в работе активно применяются ГИС-технологии. Предложенная методика апробирована на данных г. Екатеринбурга. Магистерская диссертация представляет интерес для лиц, занимающихся вопросами международной миграции, и может быть полезно для формирования инструментов проведения миграционной политики и развития городской среды. / This Master's dissertation is dedicated to a research of forming of migration type ethnical enclaves in a host region. Relevance of this topic is determined by the fact of increased flow of migrant workers and their families in modern Russia stimulates the process of enclavisation. This is highly undesirable fact for locals in the host region and for migrants themselves, because of their difficulties with integration in Russian society. There were been discovered and analysed negative consequences of enclavisation process in the territories of metropolises. Scientific novation of this research is a development of methods which can be used to assess migratory attractive areas of metropolis. These methods include a selection of indicators and criteria of assessment, development of bigger system and ranging of microdistricts. To emphasize criteria of assessment of migratory attractive areas there is a basis - an analysis of scientific origins and an expert survey of specialists, who are involved into research of migration issues. Measure of coherent experts' views is assessed by calculation of variations and concordance multipliers (Candall multiplier). Also in this Master's dissertation there is a method of aclavatization processes assessment through a research of migrants' children in city schools was developed and tested. GIS-technologies are actively used to gather empirical data. Offered methods were tested at Yekaterinburg city data. Specialists who are involved into a work on international migration may be interested in this Master's disseration, which may be useful also for migratory policy and development of city environment.