Implanted Devices are important components of the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) as a promising technology in biotelemetry, e-health care and hyperthermia applications. The design of WBAN faces many challenges, such as frequency band selection, channel modeling, antenna design, physical layer (PHY) protocol design, medium access control (MAC) protocol design and power source. This research focuses on the design of implanted antennas, channel modeling between implanted devices and Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for implanted devices. An implanted antenna needs to be small while it maintains Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and is able to cope with the detuning effect due to the electrical properties of human body tissues. Most of the proposed antennas for implanted applications are electric field antennas, which have a high near-zone electric field and, therefore, a high SAR and are sensitive to the detuning effect. This work is devoted to designing a miniaturized magnetic field antenna to overcome the above limitations. The proposed Electrically Coupled Loop Antenna (ECLA) has a low electric field in the near-zone and, therefore, has a small SAR and is less sensitive to the detuning effect. The performance of ECLA, channel model between implanted devices using Path Loss (PL) and WPT for implanted devices are studied inside different human body models using simulation software and validated using experimental work. The study is done at different frequency bands: Medical Implanted Communication Services (MICS) band, Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band and 3.5 GHz band using ECLA. It was found that the proposed ECLA has a better performance compared to the previous designs of implanted antennas. Based on our study, the MICS band has the best propagation channel inside the human body model among the allowed frequency bands. The maximum PL inside the human body between an implanted antenna and a base station on the surface is about 90 dB. WPT for implanted devices has been investigated as well, and it has been shown that for a device located at 2 cm inside the human body with an antenna radius of 1 cm an efficiency of 63% can be achieved using the proposed ECLA. / Ph. D.

In this dissertation, a variety of multiband communication device antennas using the coupling-feed mechanism are presented. The coupling feed contributes additional capacitance to the antenna¡¦s input impedance which shows a high inductive component for the traditional case of using a direct feed. In the first and second antenna designs, with the coupling feed, the high input inductance of the antenna is effectively compensated. This behavior leads to a dual-resonance excitation for the lower band of the antenna. Two wide operating bands are achieved, allowing the antenna¡¦s lower and upper bands to easily cover GSM850/900 and GSM1800/1900/UMTS operation. For the last two antenna designs, owing to the coupling feed, the very large input impedance seen at antenna¡¦s lower band is greatly decreased and results in successful excitation of the one-eighth wavelength (£f/8) mode of the antenna. The specific absorption rate and hearing aid compatibility results for these mobile phone antennas are also analyzed. The effects of presence of the user¡¦s hand on the laptop computer antenna performance are also studied in this dissertation.

An internal eight-band LTE/WWAN handset antenna integrated with a USB connector is presented. The proposed antenna comprises an antenna ground which faces a protruded ground extended from the main ground of the handset to accommodate a USB connector. The antenna ground is used as a shorting portion to short-circuit the antenna to ground such that the coupling between the antenna ground and the protruded ground is effectively suppressed. In this case, the proposed antenna can be integrated with a USB connector mounted on the protruded ground, leading to compact integration of the antenna inside the handset. Good radiation characteristics of the antenna are also obtained, and the proposed antenna occupies 60 ¡Ñ 12 ¡Ñ 4.8 mm3 (about 3.4 cm3) only. Effects of the user¡¦s head and hand on the proposed antenna are studied, and the simulated SAR and HAC results are also analyzed in this thesis.

In this thesis, two types of handset antenna design respectively for dual-band GSM850/1900 operation and seven¡Vband LTE/WWAN operation are presented. The proposed antennas can achieve decreased antenna size and enhanced operating bandwidth by shaping the system ground plane of the handset. The seven-band LTE/WWAN antenna is printed on the system circuit board with good radiation characteristics and occupies a small size of 24.5 x 10 mm2. At first, we propose a half-loop antenna structure which integrates its facing edge of the system ground plane as the resonant path of the antenna. In this case, the required length of the half-loop antenna structure is only about a half compared with the traditional loop antenna. Next, to enhance the operating bandwidth of the antenna, a parasitic shorted monopole strip is added and a shaped system circuit board is used. The shaped system circuit board can integrate the battery with the circuit board to help reduce the thickness of handset. Also, much enhanced operating bandwidth for the lower band can be obtained, owing to the enhanced surface current excitation in the system ground plane resulting from properly shaping the system circuit board. Effects of the user¡¦s head and hand on the proposed antenna are studied, and the simulated SAR and HAC results are also analyzed for bio-compatibility issue.

The beginning of the 21 st century is characterised, among others, by the evolution in telecommunications. The rapid growth of mobile communications and the variety of applications proposed for the third generation (3G) systems require long operation time, low weight and cost for terminals, as well as improved link quality. For this reason a good efficiency and low profile antennas with low absorption losses by the user are desirable. The Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) is shown to result into low SAR values and high efficiency when operating in the proximity of the user. Despite these advantages, PIFA is also characterised by narrow bandwidth that limits its practical use. The first part of this work is dedicated to the measurements and evaluation of the radiation characteristics of the PIFA and other wire antennas both in the near and far fields. In addition, novel methods of PIFA tuning are presented. These include the repositioning of the shorting pin and modification of its capacitance. By using these techniques, the effective bandwidth of the PIFA can be increased to satisfy the GSM900 and DCS 1800 system bandwidth requirements. Dual-band and electronically tuned PIFA prototypes are also included. The effects of the handset size on the mass averaged Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and antenna efficiency are investigated. The appropriate choice of handset can result in up to 30%-reduced peak SAR. The computed SAR values from PIFA are compared with those resulting from the use of a handset equipped with quarter wavelength monopole antenna. A new measure referred to as the 3dB SAR volume is proposed. This measure provides better understanding of the absorbed power distribution in the operator's head. Results obtained in the course of study show that low profile handset antennas, such as the PIFA, present in addition to dual resonance and low reflection losses, reduced SAR values, high efficiency and low 3dB SAR volume. Finally, SAR and 3dB SAR volume values from simulations on 5- and 10- years old child head models are compared with their equivalents for adult models from which appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de programa para cálculo de campos eletromagnéticos baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). O programa é aplicado no cálculo da Taxa de Absorção Específica (“Specific Absortion Rate” – SAR) em modelos de cabeça de adulto e criança usuários de telefone celular. Para a modelagem da cabeça da criança é feita análise detalhada das principais diferenças das características de cabeças de adulto e criança. Também é desenvolvido um programa para o cálculo do aumento de temperatura relacionado com a Taxa de Absorção Especifica. Os resultados são comparados com dados de outros autores, bem como com as normas relativas a níveis de exposição a ondas eletromagnéticas. / The development of software to compute the electromagnetic fields employing the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is shown in this work. This software is used to estimate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in head models of child and adult users of cell phones. A detailed analysis of the main differences between child and adult heads is made in order to model the child head. Software to compute the temperature rise related with the calculated SAR is also developed. The results are compared with results obtained by others authors, as well as with electromagnetic field exposure guidelines.

Nesta pesquisa é feita uma análise da interação do campo eletromagnético gerado por microcomputadores portáteis com o corpo humano, operando na faixa de radiocomunicações WI-FI, através da avaliação da taxa de absorção especifica (SAR). Os modelos de corpo humano heterogêneos utilizados são de um adulto de 34 anos e duas crianças de 6 e 11 anos os quais foram analisados em varias situações típicas de exposição à presença de um microcomputador portátil. Nas simulações dos cenários para avaliar a dosimetria foi utilizada a versão comercial do programa chamado SEMCAD X que é baseado no Método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio no Tempo (FDTD). Da análise das simulações do modelo de corpo inteiro, o único resultado que ultrapassou a recomendação do (FCC, 1997) para 1 g de tecido foi na situação em que o microcomputador portátil, com a antena dipolo na parte posterior do teclado, está no colo do modelo de 34 anos. Numa segunda etapa, é feito um estudo teórico experimental da intensidade do campo elétrico gerado por dispositivos geradores de sinais Wi-Fi comerciais. Analisa-se à propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas através de paredes, utilizando uma antena monocone não ressonante e de banda larga, mediante o estudo e análise da sua taxa de onda estacionária. As medidas visam avaliar que projetando uma parede com uma espessura determinada consegue a propagação dos campos eletromagnéticos evitando reflexões e pontos quentes que possam produzir uma taxa de absorção maior no corpo humano presente nestes ambientes, além de caracterizar as propriedades dielétricas destas paredes. / This research analyses the interaction of the electromagnetic field generated by portable computers with the human body, operating in the range of radio Wi-Fi, by evaluating the specific absorption rate (SAR). The heterogeneous human body models used were those of a 34 years old adult and two children aged 6 and 11, were analyzed under various standard conditions of exposure to the presence of a portable microcomputer. The commercial version of SEMCAD X which is based on the Finite Difference Method in the Time Domain (FDTD) method was used in the simulations of the scenarios, to evaluate the dosimetry. The analysis of the simulation of the whole body model, the only result that exceeded the recommendation of the (FCC, 1997) for 1g of tissue was the simulation in which the dipole antenna on the back of the keyboard of the laptop resting on the lap of the 34-year old model. In the second stage, a theoretical experimental study was made of the intensity of the electric field created from Wi-Fi band signals generating devices. Subsequently, an analysis is made of the propagation of the electromagnetic waves through walls, using a non-resonant broadband monocone antenna by analyzing its voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). The measures aim to assess that designing a wall with a given thickness, propagation of electromagnetic waves can be achieved, thus avoiding reflections and hot spots that can lead to higher SAR in the human body present in these environments, moreover to characterize the dielectric properties of these walls.

Nesta pesquisa é feita uma análise da interação do campo eletromagnético gerado por microcomputadores portáteis com o corpo humano, operando na faixa de radiocomunicações WI-FI, através da avaliação da taxa de absorção especifica (SAR). Os modelos de corpo humano heterogêneos utilizados são de um adulto de 34 anos e duas crianças de 6 e 11 anos os quais foram analisados em varias situações típicas de exposição à presença de um microcomputador portátil. Nas simulações dos cenários para avaliar a dosimetria foi utilizada a versão comercial do programa chamado SEMCAD X que é baseado no Método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio no Tempo (FDTD). Da análise das simulações do modelo de corpo inteiro, o único resultado que ultrapassou a recomendação do (FCC, 1997) para 1 g de tecido foi na situação em que o microcomputador portátil, com a antena dipolo na parte posterior do teclado, está no colo do modelo de 34 anos. Numa segunda etapa, é feito um estudo teórico experimental da intensidade do campo elétrico gerado por dispositivos geradores de sinais Wi-Fi comerciais. Analisa-se à propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas através de paredes, utilizando uma antena monocone não ressonante e de banda larga, mediante o estudo e análise da sua taxa de onda estacionária. As medidas visam avaliar que projetando uma parede com uma espessura determinada consegue a propagação dos campos eletromagnéticos evitando reflexões e pontos quentes que possam produzir uma taxa de absorção maior no corpo humano presente nestes ambientes, além de caracterizar as propriedades dielétricas destas paredes. / This research analyses the interaction of the electromagnetic field generated by portable computers with the human body, operating in the range of radio Wi-Fi, by evaluating the specific absorption rate (SAR). The heterogeneous human body models used were those of a 34 years old adult and two children aged 6 and 11, were analyzed under various standard conditions of exposure to the presence of a portable microcomputer. The commercial version of SEMCAD X which is based on the Finite Difference Method in the Time Domain (FDTD) method was used in the simulations of the scenarios, to evaluate the dosimetry. The analysis of the simulation of the whole body model, the only result that exceeded the recommendation of the (FCC, 1997) for 1g of tissue was the simulation in which the dipole antenna on the back of the keyboard of the laptop resting on the lap of the 34-year old model. In the second stage, a theoretical experimental study was made of the intensity of the electric field created from Wi-Fi band signals generating devices. Subsequently, an analysis is made of the propagation of the electromagnetic waves through walls, using a non-resonant broadband monocone antenna by analyzing its voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). The measures aim to assess that designing a wall with a given thickness, propagation of electromagnetic waves can be achieved, thus avoiding reflections and hot spots that can lead to higher SAR in the human body present in these environments, moreover to characterize the dielectric properties of these walls.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de programa para cálculo de campos eletromagnéticos baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). O programa é aplicado no cálculo da Taxa de Absorção Específica (“Specific Absortion Rate” – SAR) em modelos de cabeça de adulto e criança usuários de telefone celular. Para a modelagem da cabeça da criança é feita análise detalhada das principais diferenças das características de cabeças de adulto e criança. Também é desenvolvido um programa para o cálculo do aumento de temperatura relacionado com a Taxa de Absorção Especifica. Os resultados são comparados com dados de outros autores, bem como com as normas relativas a níveis de exposição a ondas eletromagnéticas. / The development of software to compute the electromagnetic fields employing the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is shown in this work. This software is used to estimate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in head models of child and adult users of cell phones. A detailed analysis of the main differences between child and adult heads is made in order to model the child head. Software to compute the temperature rise related with the calculated SAR is also developed. The results are compared with results obtained by others authors, as well as with electromagnetic field exposure guidelines.

Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de programa para cálculo de campos eletromagnéticos baseado no método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). O programa é aplicado no cálculo da Taxa de Absorção Específica (“Specific Absortion Rate” – SAR) em modelos de cabeça de adulto e criança usuários de telefone celular. Para a modelagem da cabeça da criança é feita análise detalhada das principais diferenças das características de cabeças de adulto e criança. Também é desenvolvido um programa para o cálculo do aumento de temperatura relacionado com a Taxa de Absorção Especifica. Os resultados são comparados com dados de outros autores, bem como com as normas relativas a níveis de exposição a ondas eletromagnéticas. / The development of software to compute the electromagnetic fields employing the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is shown in this work. This software is used to estimate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in head models of child and adult users of cell phones. A detailed analysis of the main differences between child and adult heads is made in order to model the child head. Software to compute the temperature rise related with the calculated SAR is also developed. The results are compared with results obtained by others authors, as well as with electromagnetic field exposure guidelines.