Le mécanisme d'endommagement le plus facilement observable lors d'un essai de traction est la micro-fissuration des plis. Ces fissures sont parallèles à la direction des fibres et s'étendent sur toute l'épaisseur du pli. L'apparition et la croissance du nombre de ces fissures engendrent une réduction progressive de la rigidité globale du composite. Lorsque le composite est sollicité mécaniquement, les concentrations de contraintes en pointe de fissures peuvent favoriser la création d'une zone où le pli fissuré et le pli adjacent sont décollés (phénomène de délamination). Il est évident que l'apparition de cette nouvelle forme d'endommagement modifiera la dépendance de l'ouverture et du glissement des lèvres des fissures avec le chargement appliqué. Il est donc nécessaire de trouver un moyen de mesure permettant l'estimation expérimentale des valeurs de l'ouverture moyenne et du glissement moyen des lèvres des fissures. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de caractériser l'endommagement des matériaux composites (Fibre de carbone/époxy et fibre de verre/époxy) utilisés dans le domaine aéronautique. En utilisant l'interférométrie de speckle (ESPI), des mesures de plein champs de déplacements aux bords des échantillons et dans différentes couches du stratifié ainsi que des études par élément finis ont été effectuées dans le but de calculer l'ouverture et le glissement des lèvres des fissures. L'effet des propriétés élastiques des matériaux sur l'endommagement aussi bien que l'effet d'interaction entre les fissures ont été déterminés. Une discussion essais/calculs est enfin réalisée afin de juger la validité des hypothèses retenues / The macroscopic failure of composite laminates subjected to tensile increasing load is preceded by initiation and evolution of several microdamage modes. The most common damage mode and the one examined in this thesis is intralaminar cracking in layers. Due to this kind of microdamage the laminate undergoes stiffness reduction when loaded in tension. The degradation of the elastic properties of these materials is caused by reduced stress in the damaged layer which is mainly due to two parameters: crack opening displacement (COD) and crack sliding displacement (CSD). The first objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of crack interaction on COD using FEM and to describe the identified dependence on crack density in a simple and accurate form by introducing an interaction function dependent on crack density. The application of this function to more complex laminate lay-ups is demonstrated. All these calculations are performed assuming that cracks are equidistant. Using FEM, we assume linear elastic material with ideal crack geometry. Fiber bridging over the crack surface is possible which can affect COD and CSD. The only correct way to validate these assumptions is through experiments. The second objective is to measure these parameters for different laminate lay-ups in this way providing models with valuable information for validation of used assumptions and for defining limits of their application. In particular, the displacement field on the edge of a [90/0]s and [903/0]s carbon fiber/epoxy laminates specimens with multiple intralaminar cracks in the surface layer is studied

Le remodelage myocardique est une réponse du myocarde à une altération des contraintes pariétales générée par une agression aiguë (ischémie myocardique) ou chronique (surcharge en pression, surcharge en volume, anomalie métabolique). En effet, le cœur est un organe capable de modifier en fonction de ses conditions de travail l’expression de ses fonctions moléculaires et cellulaires pour aboutir à des changements de taille,de morphologie et de fonction. Le remodelage myocardique est un mécanisme adaptatif initialement bénéfique, car en modifiant sa géométrie, le ventricule gauche s’adapte aux modifications de stress pariétal et préserve le volume d’éjection systolique. / Not transmitted

Les techniques polarimétriques ont connu un récent essor, notamment dans le domaine de l'imagerie satellitaire ou du biomédical. Ces techniques se sont étendues au cas des milieux désordonnés. Dans ce contexte, des théories unifiées sont apparues, mêlant cohérence temporelle et spatiale, dépolarisation...L'équipe CONCEPT de l'Institut Fresnel, est aujourd'hui étroitement impliquée dans l'étude de la polarisation dans le speckle de la lumière diffusée. Des résultats nouveaux ont été mis en évidence, comme la dépolarisation spatiale multi-échelle, les phénomènes de repolarisation temporelle, la dépolarisation spectrale. La prédominance de ces effets est naturellement liée à l'origine du speckle (surface, volume), mais aussi aux niveaux d'absorption et aux propriétés structurelles (rugosités, hétérogénéités) des milieux désordonnés.La plupart de ces études sont de nature théorique. Ce constat est lié à l'extrême difficulté de mesurer avec précision la polarisation de la lumière à l'échelle du grain de speckle. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse avaient ainsi pour but de remédier à cette lacune, et nous ont amenés à développer une procédure optique pour extraire les états de polarisation, et le degré de polarisation (DOP), à l'échelle du grain de speckle. En conséquence la polarisation est ici extraite pour chaque pixel d'une matrice CCD, ce qui amène tout d'abord à mettre en évidence des nuages de points plus ou moins étendus sur la sphère de Poincaré. Les histogrammes de DOP sont ensuite utilisés comme véritables signatures des milieux désordonnés. / Polarimetric techniques knew a recent rise, especially in the field of satellite imaging andbiomedical, optics. These techniques are extended to the case of the disordered media, for applications related to the imaging scattering medium. In this context the unified theories appeared, combiningtemporal and spatial coherence, and depolarization...The team CONCEPT at Fresnel Institute, established in 2012, is now closely involved in the study of the polarization state of the scattered light within the speckle size. New results have been highlighted, such as the multi-scale spatial depolarization, the temporal enpolarization phenomena, and the spectral depolarization. The predominance of these effects is naturally related to the speckle origin (surface, bulk), but also to the absorption levels and the structural properties (roughness, heterogeneities) of disordered media.However, most of these studies are theoretical, and few experiments were previously able to reinforce the predictions. This statement is related to the extreme difficulty of accurately measuring the polarization of light across the speckle grain. Our thesis had the aim to address this gap in, and we were able to develop a procedure to extract the optical polarization states, and the degree of polarization (DOP), inside of the speckle grain.Consequently, the polarization is here extracted for each pixel of a CCD matrix, which leads first to highlight a cloud of points more or less extended on the Poincaré sphere. DOP histograms are then used as genuine signatures of disordered media.

The thesis deals with LSCI (Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging), an optical method utilizing laser speckle contrast for the estimation of blood flow changes. LSCI is non-invasive and technically not demanding approach, capabilities of which have not yet been fully exploited. The literature review part contains detailed description of the operating principle, imaging techniques, potential for medical applications with considering the limiting factors. The main aim of the thesis is to design and construct a complete LSCI system including appropriate phantoms able to simulate blood flow through the tissue. Imaging algorithms for the obtained data evaluation were implemented in Matlab® development enviroment. Finally, the created system was tested using different acquisition parameters as well as varying the image processing schemes. The resulting qualitative flow images were subsequently discussed and confronted with the theoretical assumptions.

In-situ 3-D shape measurements with submicron shape uncertainty of fast rotating objects in a cutting lathe are expected, which can be achieved by simultaneous distance and velocity measurements. Conventional tactile methods, coordinate measurement machines, only support ex-situ measurements. Optical measurement techniques such as triangulation and conoscopic holography offer only the distance, so that the absolute diameter cannot be retrieved directly. In comparison, laser Doppler distance sensors (P-LDD sensor) enable simultaneous and in-situ distance and velocity measurements for monitoring the cutting process in a lathe. In order to achieve shape measurement uncertainties below 1 µm, a P-LDD sensor with a dual camera based scattered light detection has been investigated. Coherent fiber bundles (CFB) are employed to forward the scattered light towards cameras. This enables a compact and passive sensor head in the future. Compared with a photo detector based sensor, the dual camera based sensor allows to decrease the measurement uncertainty by the order of one magnitude. As a result, the total shape uncertainty of absolute 3-D shape measurements can be reduced to about 100 nm.

Microscopic techniques with high spatial and temporal resolution are required for in vivo studying biological cells and tissues. Adaptive lenses exhibit strong potential for fast motion-free axial scanning. However, they also lead to a degradation of the achievable resolution because of aberrations. This hurdle can be overcome by digital optical technologies. We present a novel High-and-Low-frequency (HiLo) 3D-microscope using structured illumination and an adaptive lens. Uniform illumination is used to obtain optical sectioning for the high-frequency (Hi) components of the image, and nonuniform illumination is needed to obtain optical sectioning for the low-frequency (Lo) components of the image. Nonuniform illumination is provided by a multimode fiber. It ensures robustness against optical aberrations of the adaptive lens. The depth-of-field of our microscope can be adjusted a-posteriori by computational optics. It enables to create flexible scans, which compensate for irregular axial measurement positions. The adaptive HiLo 3D-microscope provides an axial scanning range of 1 mm with an axial resolution of about 4 microns and sub-micron lateral resolution over the full scanning range. In result, volumetric measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution are provided. Demonstration measurements of zebrafish embryos with reporter gene-driven fluorescence in the thyroid gland are presented.

We present a HiLo microscope with an electrically tunable lens for high-contrast three-dimensional image acquisition. HiLo microscopy combines widefield and speckled illumination images to create optically sectioned images. Additionally, the depth-of-field is not fixed, but can be adjusted between widefield and confocal-like axial resolution. We incorporate an electrically tunable lens in the HiLo microscope for axial scanning, to obtain three-dimensional data without the need of moving neither the sample nor the objective. The used adaptive lens consists of a transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane into which an annular piezo bending actuator is embedded. A transparent fluid is filled between the membrane and the glass substrate. When actuated, the piezo generates a pressure in the lens which deflects the membrane and thus changes the refractive power. This technique enables a large tuning range of the refractive power between 1/f = (-24 . . . 25) 1/m. As the NA of the adaptive lens is only about 0.05, a fixed high-NA lens is included in the setup to provide high resolution. In this contribution, the scan properties and capabilities of the tunable lens in the HiLo microscope are analyzed. Eventually, exemplary measurements are presented and discussed.

Les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse ont pour trait commun l'observation dans l'espace des vitesses de phénomènes liés à la diffusion et à la localisation d'ondes de matière en milieu désordonné. Nous commençons par introduire les deux domaines à la croisée desquels cette thèse s'inscrit. Nous abordons en premier lieu la physique du désordre et de la propagation en milieu complexe en décrivant de façon générale les phénomènes de diffusion et de localisation tels que la rétro-diffusion cohérente ou la localisation d'Anderson. En second lieu, nous développons l'aspect expérimental de ces travaux au travers de l'outil au cœur des recherches de notre équipe : les atomes froids, manipulés et contrôlés dans le but de créer une onde de matière cohérente analogue à une onde plane. L'optique étant une facette primordiale de nos travaux, nous proposons par la suite une étude complète du système expérimental à l'origine de notre milieu désordonné, appelé champ de tavelures (ou speckle en anglais). Ces étapes préliminaires nous permettent ainsi d'introduire les recherches effectuées par notre équipe. Un paramètre élémentaire de la diffusion, le temps élastique de diffusion, est mesuré expérimentalement de façon détaillée, pour un champ de tavelures attractif et répulsif. Un phénomène de localisation faible visible dans l'espace des vitesses, la rétro-diffusion cohérente, observée pour la première fois avec des atomes froids, est ensuite présenté. Son prolongement, la résurgence de rétro-diffusion cohérente, étudiée par notre équipe, est basée sur la manipulation d'une propriété primordiale pour la propagation cohérente en milieu désordonné : la symétrie par renversement du temps. Enfin, nous proposons une étude préliminaire d'un marqueur inédit dans l'espace des vitesses de la localisation d'Anderson : la diffusion cohérente avant. / The work presented in this thesis is linked to the observation in momentum space of diffusion and localization phenomena using matter waves in optical disorder. We start by a general introduction on disorder physics and propagation in complex media by describing diffusion and localization phenomena such as the coherent backscattering or the Anderson localization. Then, we develop the experimental aspect of our work which is related to ultra-cold atoms, manipulated and controlled in order to create a coherent matter-wave analogous to a plane wave. Optics is an essential aspect of our work, that is why we present a complete experimental study of the system of creation of our disorder, called speckle field. These preliminary steps allow us to describe the research done by our team. An elementary parameter of diffusion, the elastic scattering time has been experimentally measured for an attractive and a repulsive speckle field. A weak localization phenomenon visible in momentum space, the coherent backscattering, observed for the first time with ultra-cold atoms, is then presented. The consequent study of the resurgence of coherent backscattering, done by our team, is based on the manipulation of an essential property for coherent propagation in disorder: the time reversal symmetry. Finally, we present a preliminary study of a novel signature in momentum space of the Anderson localization called coherent forward-scattering.

No description available.

This dissertation is about the partial differential equation (PDE) based image denoising models. In particular, we are interested about speckle noise images. We provide the mathematical analysis of existing speckle denoising models and propose three new models based on total variation minimization methods. The first model is developed using a new speckle noise model and the solution of associated numerical scheme is proven to be stable. The second one is a speckle version of Chambolle algorithm and the convergence of the numerical solution was proved under certain assumptions. The final model is a nonlocal PDE based speckle denoising model derived by combining the excellent noise removal properties of the nonlocal means algorithm with the PDE models. We enhanced the computational efficiency of this model by adopting the Split Bregman method. Numerical results of all three models show that they compare favorably to the conventional models.