Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_anc_me_bauru.pdf: 2102099 bytes, checksum: c87f30b921deee7455e35f863d670a62 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho são apresentadas as idades obtidas em 32 amostras de zircão e 4 de apatita coletadas em cinco formações geológicas pertencentes ao Grupo Bauru, localizado ao norte da Bacia do Paraná através do Método de Traços de Fissão (MTF). As médias das idades encontradas nas formações de Presidente Prudente, Santo Anastácio, Caiuá, Vale do Rio do Peixe e Rio Paraná são: (703 ± 70) Ma, (509 ± 58) Ma, (854 ± 58) Ma, (493 ± 28) Ma e (448 ± 16) Ma, respectivamente. A análise destas idades indica que apesar das amostras terem recebido detritos com grãos de zircão com idades no intervalo de 70 milhões de anos até 1,8 bilhões de anos, estas formações são independentes. As medidas da redução relativa (L/L0) dos comprimentos de traços confinados, denominado na literatura como annealing, nas amostras mais profundas nas formações de Presidente Prudente e Santo Anastácio podem estar indicando hidrotermalismo nestas áreas. Cabe destacar que as amostras de zircão ZMAC27, ZUB29 e ZCOB31 da Formação Presidente Prudente apresentam um annealing de até 15%, o que pode estar indicando um hidrotermalismo acentuado, ou seja, esta amostra teria registrado temperaturas da ordem de 220 oC durante alguns milhões de anos. Segundo a literatura, os resultados e as interpretações feitas são geologicamente compatíveis com a região estudada. Para obter os resultados mencionados o Método de Traços de Fissão, MTF, em zircão foi implementado no Laboratório de Microscopia Óptica do DFQB, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente. Também foram realizados alguns estudos teóricos e experimentais usando espalhamento micro-Raman e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, MEV, com a finalidade de aprimorar o MTF em zircão. Estes estudos experimentais se referem a: i) anisotropia do ataque químico no zircão... / Fission tracks ages obtained in 32 zircon and 4 apatite samples collected in five geological formations belonging to the Grupo Bauru, located at north of Paraná Basin, Brazil, are presented. These formations are Presidente Prudente, Santo Anastácio, Caiuá, Vale do Rio do Peixe and Rio Paraná where the ages averages are: (703 ± 70) Ma, (509 ± 58) Ma, (854 ± 58) Ma, (493 ± 28) Ma and (448 ± 16) Ma, respectively. The analysis of these ages indicates that in spite of the samples they have received detritus with zircon grains with ages in the interval of 70 million years up to 1,8 billion years, these formations are independent. The relative reduction (L/L0) of confined tracks, denominated in the literature as annealing, in the deepest samples in Presidente Prudente and Santo Anastácio formations can be indicating hydrothermalism in these areas. The zircon samples ZMAC27, ZUB29 and ZCOB31 of the Presidente Prudente formation presents an average annealing of ~15%. That is, these samples could have registered temperatures around 220 oC during some millions years. According to the literature, the results and the interpretations are geologicaly compatible with the studied area. To obtain these results the Fission Track Method, MTF, in zircon was implemented in the Laboratory of Optical Microscopy of DFQB, FCT/UNESP, P Prudente. Some experimental and theoretical studies also were accomplished using micro-Raman and SEM techniques. These experimental studies are: i) etch anisotropy in zircon grains and a natural monocrystal, ii) the damage of crystalline structure in the C-axis of the zircon in function of etch time and iii) an alternative methodology to avoid the use of the nuclear reactor in zircon FTM. These studies did with that the fission tracks ages results acquire larger accuracy doing with that geological interpretations becomes including of the scientific point of view.

Resumo: Neste trabalho são apresentadas as idades obtidas em 32 amostras de zircão e 4 de apatita coletadas em cinco formações geológicas pertencentes ao Grupo Bauru, localizado ao norte da Bacia do Paraná através do Método de Traços de Fissão (MTF). As médias das idades encontradas nas formações de Presidente Prudente, Santo Anastácio, Caiuá, Vale do Rio do Peixe e Rio Paraná são: (703 ± 70) Ma, (509 ± 58) Ma, (854 ± 58) Ma, (493 ± 28) Ma e (448 ± 16) Ma, respectivamente. A análise destas idades indica que apesar das amostras terem recebido detritos com grãos de zircão com idades no intervalo de 70 milhões de anos até 1,8 bilhões de anos, estas formações são independentes. As medidas da redução relativa (L/L0) dos comprimentos de traços confinados, denominado na literatura como annealing, nas amostras mais profundas nas formações de Presidente Prudente e Santo Anastácio podem estar indicando hidrotermalismo nestas áreas. Cabe destacar que as amostras de zircão ZMAC27, ZUB29 e ZCOB31 da Formação Presidente Prudente apresentam um annealing de até 15%, o que pode estar indicando um hidrotermalismo acentuado, ou seja, esta amostra teria registrado temperaturas da ordem de 220 oC durante alguns milhões de anos. Segundo a literatura, os resultados e as interpretações feitas são geologicamente compatíveis com a região estudada. Para obter os resultados mencionados o Método de Traços de Fissão, MTF, em zircão foi implementado no Laboratório de Microscopia Óptica do DFQB, FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente. Também foram realizados alguns estudos teóricos e experimentais usando espalhamento micro-Raman e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, MEV, com a finalidade de aprimorar o MTF em zircão. Estes estudos experimentais se referem a: i) anisotropia do ataque químico no zircão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fission tracks ages obtained in 32 zircon and 4 apatite samples collected in five geological formations belonging to the Grupo Bauru, located at north of Paraná Basin, Brazil, are presented. These formations are Presidente Prudente, Santo Anastácio, Caiuá, Vale do Rio do Peixe and Rio Paraná where the ages averages are: (703 ± 70) Ma, (509 ± 58) Ma, (854 ± 58) Ma, (493 ± 28) Ma and (448 ± 16) Ma, respectively. The analysis of these ages indicates that in spite of the samples they have received detritus with zircon grains with ages in the interval of 70 million years up to 1,8 billion years, these formations are independent. The relative reduction (L/L0) of confined tracks, denominated in the literature as annealing, in the deepest samples in Presidente Prudente and Santo Anastácio formations can be indicating hydrothermalism in these areas. The zircon samples ZMAC27, ZUB29 and ZCOB31 of the Presidente Prudente formation presents an average annealing of ~15%. That is, these samples could have registered temperatures around 220 oC during some millions years. According to the literature, the results and the interpretations are geologicaly compatible with the studied area. To obtain these results the Fission Track Method, MTF, in zircon was implemented in the Laboratory of Optical Microscopy of DFQB, FCT/UNESP, P Prudente. Some experimental and theoretical studies also were accomplished using micro-Raman and SEM techniques. These experimental studies are: i) etch anisotropy in zircon grains and a natural monocrystal, ii) the damage of crystalline structure in the C-axis of the zircon in function of etch time and iii) an alternative methodology to avoid the use of the nuclear reactor in zircon FTM. These studies did with that the fission tracks ages results acquire larger accuracy doing with that geological interpretations becomes including of the scientific point of view. / Orientador: Ana Maria Osório Araya Balan / Coorientador: Carlos Alberto Tello Sáenz / Banca: Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino / Banca: Julio César Hadler Neto / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Mestre

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du dépôt uniforme et de l’alignement à haute densité en nanotubes de carbone monoparois (NTCMP) sur différents substrats, à l’analyse qualitative des propriétés optiques excitoniques et aux modes de vibration des échantillons à NTCMP, et à la fabrication de guides d’onde optiques à base de NTCMP, en vue de composants photoniques pour les télécoms, autour de 1550 nm. Deux types de NTCMP ont été étudiés durant cette thèse : des NTCMP « HiPCO » (« high pressure carbon monoxide ») issus de la décomposition du monoxyde de carbone à haute pression, et des NTCMP « LV » (« laser vaporization ») provenant de l’ablation laser d’une cible en graphite. Plusieurs méthodes de dépôt de ces NTCMP ont été développées, telles que la méthode de dépôt assistée-par-tube, la méthode de dépôt en sillon, la méthode par pulvérisation, la méthode par centrifugation à grande vitesse, la méthode optimisée par centrifugation à vitesse réduite (MOCVR) et la méthode à jet d’encre. La qualité, l’épaisseur et l’uniformité des films de NTCMP sont caractérisées par observations au microscope électronique à balayage (MEB). Il est montré ici que l’uniformité des films à base de NTCMP HiPCO dépend fortement de la concentration en surfactants de la dispersion à base de NTCMP déposée. Des films uniformes de NTCMP LV ont été obtenus par la MOCVR et leur épaisseur couvre une gamme de 600nm à 900nm (avec une erreur <10%), qui dépend de la nature du substrat. L’alignement par diélectrophorèse (DEP) de NTCMP HiPCO et LV a été développé et optimisé. Ainsi, une nouvelle méthode (DEP « assistée-parchauffage ») est proposée afin d’obtenir un alignement à très haute densité en NTCMP. Cette méthode d’alignement par DEP assistée-par-chauffage a fait l’objet de travaux de simulation pour comprendre l’effet de la température. Les propriétés optiques excitoniques et les modes de vibration des NTCMP en solution et en film sur substrat ont été caractérisés par spectroscopies d’absorption, de photoluminescence (PL), d’excitation de la PL et Raman. Les niveaux de défauts et d’isolement des NTCMP HiPCO, les distributions en diamètre et en chiralité, les cartographies de l’uniformité et de l’épaisseur des films à base de NTCMP, et l’effet du laser à forte puissance, ont été qualitativement étudiés par spectroscopie Raman. Le rendement quantique interne en PL de NTCMP HiPCO en film est estimée à une valeur de 5%. Le transfert d’exciton entre NTCMP HiPCO individualisés, le rôle du polymère environnant sur les propriétés excitoniques des NTCMP LV, et les excitons sombres sont discutés dans cette thèse. Le design et la fabrication de guides optiques hybrides à une dimension, contenant une ou trois couches de NTCMP HiPCO, et de guides optiques à deux dimensions à base de NTCMP LV ont été menés. Les étapes de fabrication des guides optiques sont ici examinées en détails. La propagation à 1550nm de ces guides d’onde à base de NTCMP est observée. La propagation de la lumière dans les guides d’onde à base de NTCMP LV est une caractéristique préliminaire pour toute cavité optique et confère un fort potentiel aux NTCMP LV pour les composants photoniques de la future génération. / This thesis concentrates on the uniform deposition and highdensity alignment of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on various substrates, the qualitative analysis of optical and excitonic properties, as well as vibrational modes of SWCNTbased samples by absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopies, and the fabrication of SWCNT-based optical waveguides towards photonics devices in the 1.55μm telecom window. Two types of SWCNT were studied during this thesis: “HiPCO” SWCNT from high pressure carbon monoxide conversion process (HiPCO) and “LV” SWCNT from catalytic growth of SWCNT assisted by laser vaporization (LV) of graphite. Several methods for the deposition of these SWCNTs were investigated and performed, including tube-assisted deposition method, groove deposition method, spraying method, high-speed spin coating method, improved low-speed spin coating method (ILSSCM) and inkjet printing method. The quality, thickness and uniformity of SWCNT films are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The uniformity of HiPCO SWCNT-based film is shown to depend strongly on the surfactants concentration in deposited SWCNTbased dispersion. Uniform LV SWCNTbased films using ILSSCM were obtained with thicknesses ranging from 600nm to 900nm (with thickness error <10%), depending on substrates nature. Alignment of HiPCO and LV- SWCNTs using a dielectrophoresis method, combining microtechnological processes and SEM observations, is investigated and optimized. Thus, a new method (“heating-enhanced DEP”) for ultra-high alignment density of HiPCO SWCNTs is proposed. The effect of temperature in this heating-enhanced DEP process is further explained by simulation works. Optical and excitonic properties, vibrational modes of SWCNT solutions and films are characterized by absorption, PL and PL excitation, Raman spectroscopies. The defects and the isolation levels of HiPCO SWCNT, the chirality- and diameterdistributions of SWCNT, the uniformity and the thickness mapping of SWCNT-based films, and the effect of high energy laser are qualitatively analyzed by Raman spectra. We estimated the PL quantum efficiency value of HiPCO SWCNT film of around 5%. The exciton energy transfer between individualized HiPCO SWCNTs, the role of polymer environment on excitonic properties of LV SWCNTs, and the dark excitons are discussed in this thesis. One-layer and three-layers of HiPCO SWCNT-based onedimensional slab optical waveguides of hybrid core structures, and LV SWCNT-based twodimensional optical waveguides are designed and fabricated. The fabrication process steps of the optical waveguides are investigated in details. 1.55μm propagation in these SWCNT-based waveguides is highlighted. Single- or multi-mode emissions around 1.5μm and 1.6μm are observed in LV SWCNTbased optical waveguides. The light propagation in the LV SWCNT-based optical waveguide is the preliminary characteristic of an optical cavity, which confers great potential for future generation LV SWCNT-based photonics devices.

The pixel element which is an integrated combination of a p-i-n diode with a thin film transistor (TFT) is used to produce image sensor arrays in scanning and displays technologies, necessitating the deposition of hydrogenated silicon based semiconducting and insulating thin films such as a-Si:H, a-SiNx:H over large area. The widely used techniques to achieve this goal is the plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) due to its large area and low temperature (&amp / #61603 / 300 &amp / #61616 / C) abilities. In particular, PECVD has proved to be able to deposit both high quality insulator (a-SiNx:H) and active layer of p-i-n diode (intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide, a-SiCx:H) and by sequential deposition, it is possible to minimize the interface related problems, which play an important role in metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) and TFT structures. PECVD deposited a-SiCx:H films over p-type crystal Si and metal substrates (MIS and MIM) were investigated by both admittance spectroscopy (Capacitance or conductance vs. voltage, temperature or frequency measurements) and Deep Level Transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to investigate the interface related problems. In this respect, instability phenomena (due to the creation of metastable states and charge injection into the gate electrode) were studied via the c-Si/a-SiCx:H (and/or a-SiNx:H) heterojunction. Specially, capacitance voltage kinetics were worked out and then the enrolled trap energies were identified with temperature mode DLTS. The expertise gathered as a result of these studies were used in the fabrication and characterization of TFT&amp / #65533 / s. In this respect, inverted gate staggered type Thin Film Transistor produced and characterized for the first time after Combo-251 Pattern Generator was implemented.

Les sols de montagne constituent un réservoir majeur de carbone stocké sous forme de matière organique (carbone organique du sol, COS), potentiellement hautement vulnérable aux changements des conditions climatiques. Afin de comprendre les répercussions des changements des conditions climatiques sur la dynamique du COS des sols de montagne, cette thèse s'appuie sur une expérimentation de transplantation altitudinale de monolithes de sol de prairie subalpine calcaire, mise en place dans le Jura Suisse en 2009. Cette expérimentation permet de simuler deux scénarios réalistes de changements climatiques attendus au cours du 21éme siècle, visant à réchauffer et assécher le climat (+2°C et +4°C ; -20% et -40% de précipitations).La démarche conceptuelle de cette thèse a été d'étudier les effets des changements des conditions climatiques (variations saisonnières et manipulation climatique) au bout de quatre années d'expérimentation sur (i) la dynamique des communautés microbiennes et de leur activité enzymatique de décomposition du COS, (ii) la dynamique de différents pools de COS qui constituent la ressource énergétique des micro-organismes décomposeurs, (iii) les interactions s'établissant entre les communautés microbiennes et leurs ressources énergétiques et (iv) les stocks de COS du sol.Nos résultats montrent une très forte dynamique saisonnière du processus de décomposition microbienne se traduisant par de fortes activités enzymatiques de décomposition, une biomasse microbienne plus importante et une structure des communautés microbienne différente lors de la saison hivernale par rapport à la saison estivale. Ces résultats sont en lien avec la dynamique observée des pools les plus labiles du COS (C organique extractible à l'eau et C organique particulaire libre), et des modèles d'équations structurelles montrent que les conditions climatiques (variations saisonnières et manipulation climatique) modifient les interactions s'établissant entre les communautés microbiennes et leurs ressources pour contrôler la décomposition enzymatique du COS.Enfin, ce travail de thèse montre une forte diminution des concentrations en COS sous l'effet de la manipulation climatique, qui ne peut être expliquée par une décomposition microbienne accrue du COS. Au contraire, nos résultats suggèrent que la diminution de la concentration en COS pourrait être due à l'accélération des processus pédologiques naturels sous les scénarios de changement climatique au sein de ces sols calcaires de prairies subalpines, avec une décarbonatation accrue favorisant la lixiviation du carbone organique dissous et le lessivage du pool de COS associé aux argiles. Ces résultats inédits offrent de nouvelles perspectives de recherche sur les effets des changements climatiques sur l'évolution des stocks de COS. / Mountain soils stocks huge quantities of carbon as soil organic matter (SOM) which may be highly vulnerable to climate change and thus alter the atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration at a decadal timescale. To understand the effect of climate conditions on the dynamics of mountain soil organic carbon (SOC), a climate change experiment was set up in October 2009 in Swiss Jura subalpine grassland soils. The climate change experiment (soil transplantation) simulated two realistic climate change scenarios, with increased air temperatures ranging between 2 °C and 4 °C and decreased precipitation ranging between 20% and 40%. These changes reflect current predictions of climate change for the 21th century in temperate mountain regions.We studied the effect of climate conditions (climate manipulation and seasonal changes) after four years of climate experiment on (i) the dynamic of microbial decomposition, microbial abundance and community structure, (ii) the dynamic soil organic matter pools with contrasted turnover rate and representing the energetic resource of microbial communities, (iii) the interactions between microbial communities and soil organic matter pools and (iv) the soil organic carbon stocks.This work shows a strong seasonal dynamics of microbial decomposition with higher enzymatic activities, higher microbial abundance and shift of microbial community structure in winter than in summer. These results were linked to the seasonal organic matter labile pools dynamics. Moreover structural equation modeling shows that climate manipulation differently influences the drivers of SOC enzymatic decomposition in summer and winter.Finally, this work shows a strong decrease of soil organic carbon concentration under the climate change manipulation which cannot be explained by an increase of microbial activities. In contrast, our results suggest that the observed climate-induced decrease in bulk soil organic C content was due a SOC decrease in the most biogeochemically stable SOM fraction associated with a decrease in clay content and a decrease of soil calcareous concentration. Thus, our results hint more so towards an effect of SOM leaching (Gavazov, 2013) to explain the climate effect on SOC content than an effect of microbial and/or plant activities.