Kinetic spectroscopic quantification refers to a subset of chromogenic (CG) and fluorogenic (FG) assays that deduce analyte concentration based on the UV-vis or fluorescence signal obtained during the CG/FG reaction processes. Existing kinetic spectroscopic quantification are based predominantly on reactions that can be approximated as a first-order process. Presented in this thesis is the kinetic spectroscopic quantification that uses higher order CG/FG reactions where the overall reaction can be approximated as combination of two sequential first-order processes. Included in chapter one is the theoretical model and several proof-of-concept applications. This model analyte is malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation biomarker of broad interest. Chapter two describes the study of the effects of the reaction solvent, temperature, acid catalyst, and calibration method on the assay performance. The most rapid MDA assays achieved so far is 3 mins, 30 times more efficient than the current equilibrium spectroscopic quantification.

Investigate the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems, known as nano-bio interaction is of great interest for the assessment of the concern arising from nanomaterials progressive use. Such interaction determines nanomaterials potential effect on human and environment becomes more and more important to understand how they interact with living organisms and the environment. The novel physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials, such as their small size, large surface area to volume ratio and surface energy, may initiate new toxicological effects due to nanomaterials ability to enter into the biological systems through adsorption and dissolution and modify the structure of various macromolecules An example of these interactions is the adsorption of proteins on nanoparticles surface forming what is known as the 'protein corona'. Therefore, being able to understand how these molecules and other biologically important species are adsorbed and interact, should help us to reduce any adverse impacts of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. Due to the importance of surface composition and surface functionality in nanotoxicology, analytical tools that can probe the change in the structure and composition of the nanoparticles in aqueous media are crucial but remain limited. Therefore in this work, in situ characterization of the liquid–solid interface to probe surface adsorption of environmentally and biologically relevant media on nanoparticle surfaces has been conducted. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provides the molecular information that allows for the determination of the adsorption mode such as conformational and structural changes of the coordinating ligand. Surface adsorption of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been investigated in different biological media typically used for toxicity studies and show that the surface composition of TiO2 nanoparticles depends to a large extent on the composition of the medium due to surface adsorption. Moreover, hydrodynamic diameter and surface charge of TiO2 NPs were evaluated using dynamic light scattering DLS. The results indicated that TiO2 NPs undergo different trends in aggregation upon the adsorption of biological media on its surface and zeta potential measurements showed surface charge alterations which are consistent with the aggregation study. In order to understand the dynamic transformations of nanomaterials in biological environments, the effect of dissolution has been predicted. Copper oxide CuO and zinc oxide ZnO nanoparticles were used to study dissolution due to their instability in biological media. Once these particles exposed to solutions they release their ions and tend to aggregate. Therefore, the dissolution of these materials was conducted at size ca. 24 nm and nanoparticles coated with proteins and humic acid employing simulated lung fluids as models to develop a better understanding of how these properties effect the solubility and stability in biological systems. From this study, it was found that both copper oxide and zinc oxide NPs showed different trends in dissolution. Cu and Zn ions once coated with proteins and HA highly dissolved in ALF at low pH 4.5 compared with other fluids (Gamble’s solution and water) at extracellular pH which shows only slightly enhanced in the basal condition. The acidity of ALF may explain the higher solubility of metals that are phagocytized versus those that remain extracellular. Some general conclusions can be drawn from these investigations. It seems that analytical tools to characterize the interfacial region between nanopaerticles and these complex systems provide a reasonably good qualitative and quantitative description of the interactions.

Os materiais luminescentes convencionais produzidos industrialmente e aplicados em dispositivos fotônicos são baseados em matrizes inorgânicas contendo íons terras raras (TR). Entretanto, devido à grande flutuação de preço nas matérias primas de óxido de terras raras, se torna necessário a busca por materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, materiais luminescentes baseado em matrizes inorgânicas dopadas com íons Tin+ foram preparadas. Os materiais luminescentes de ZrO2 não dopado e dopado com íons Tin+ e TR3+ foram preparados pelo método sol-gel com diferentes razões W = [H2 O]/[TBZ] (TBZ: butóxido de zircônio) e calcinado a diferentes temperaturas (500, 600, 800 e 1000 °C). Além disso, o método de aquecimento dielétrico assistido por radiação micro-ondas foi utilizado para preparar a série de oxissulfetos de terras raras (TR2O2S; TR: La, Gd e Y) e Lu2O3 dopados com íons Ti e Mg, bem como o material Y3Al5O12 dopado com íons Ce3+. Os materiais foram caracterizados estruturalmente pela técnica de difração de raios X pelo método do pó, seguida do refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para extração dos parâmetros estruturais. Diferentes composições de fase tetragonal (t-) e monoclínica (m-) de ZrO2 foram obtidas com a variação dos parâmetros de síntese. Os resultados indicaram que a fase cristalina influencia diretamente nas propriedades ópticas dos materiais. As fases tetragonal e monoclínica da matriz de ZrO2, exibem cores de emissão azul e verde, respectivamente. Os dados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizados para caracterizar os nanocristais que possuem tamanho de partícula média de 50 nm. Os estados de valência dos íons TR dopados nos materiais de ZrO2 foram analisados utilizando a técnica de XANES, enquanto que a valência do íon Ti foi sondada pela técnica de EPR. A espectroscopia XANES por radiação Síncrotron foi utilizada para estudar a variação de valência dos íons Pr e Tb dopados na matriz de ZrO2 quando co-dopadas com íons Gd3+ que favorecem a formação de vacâncias de óxido, que possibilitam a redução TRIV → TR3+. Os materiais de ZrO2 foram estudados espectroscopicamente com a finalidade de inferir que a luminescência da matriz é oriunda de íons Ti3+ presentes como impurezas na rede cristalina. Todos os materiais dopados com íons Ti apresentaram bandas de emissão largas e intensas de cores sintonizáveis desde o azul até vermelho, devido aos diferentes deslocamento das bandas relacionadas aos níveis 3d1 do íon Ti3+ em diferentes ambientes químicos. Os íons S2- promovem um deslocamento das bandas de emissão para região do vermelho. Também foi investigado o fenômeno da luminescência persistente dos materiais dopados com íons Ti e estudado a influência da co-dopagem de íons geradores de vacâncias de óxido na duração da luminescência persistente. Os dados permitiram o desenvolvimento de mecanismos da luminescência persistente em função das matrizes e íons dopantes. Também, o fósforo Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ foi montado a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência. O dispositivo de iluminação de estado sólido gera luz branca de alta intensidade com rendimentos quânticos (Φ) da ordem de 80%. Por fim, os processos fotoluminescentes do íon Tin+ e Ce3+ dopado em diferentes matrizes proporcionaram a ampliação da gama de materiais inorgânicos para conversão de energia, que contribui para a pesquisa em materiais economicamente viáveis e sustentáveis. / The most commercially available luminescent materials to be applied in devices are based on inorganic matrices containing rare earth ions (RE). However, due to the large price fluctuation of rare earth oxides, it is necessary to search for new alternative materials. Therefore, luminescent materials based on inorganic matrices doped with titanium ions were prepared. The undoped and Ti and RE3+ doped ZrO2 materials were prepared by sol-gel method and calcined at different temperatures (500, 600, 800 and 1000 °C). Besides, the dielectric heating method assisted by microwave radiation was used to prepare the rare earth series of oxysulfides (TR2O2S; RT: La, Gd and Y) and Lu2O3 doped with Ti and Mg ions, as well as the Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. The materials were structurally characterized by X-ray powder diffraction technique along with the Rietveld refinement method for extracting structural parameters. It was possible to obtain different crystalline phase composition of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by varying the synthetic parameters. The experimental data show that the crystalline structure affects the photonic properties in a direct way. For example, the tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases show blue and green emission, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanocrystals have 50 nm of average size. The valence states of the RE ions were analyzed using XANES technique, whereas the valence of the Ti ion was probed by the EPR technique. The Synchrotron Radiation XANES spectroscopy was used to study the valence changes of Pr and Tb doped in ZrO2 matrix when co-doped with Gd3+ ions that favors the formation of oxide vacancies, leading to the reduction REIV → RE3+. The ZrO2 materials were studied spectroscopically and it was possible to infer that the luminescence of the ZrO2 matrix is derived from Ti3+ ions present as impurities in its crystal lattice. All materials doped with Ti ions showed intense broad emission bands with tunable colors from blue to red due to different splitting of 3d1 energy levels of the Ti3+ ion in different chemical environments. The chemical environments containing S2- ions promote a redshift of the emission bands. All Ti doped materials showed the phenomenon of persistent luminescence and the role of co-dopants were investigated as well. Based on these optical results, the mechanisms of the persistent luminescence were developed. Also, the luminescent Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ material obtained by the rapid microwave proved to be suitable for mounting a solid state lighting device having quantum yields (Φ) of 80%. The device was assembled to an optical base polymer of silicone and using a high-power GaN LED, generating high intensity white light. Finally, the photoluminescent processes of the Ti and Ce3+ ions doped in different matrices provided the expansion of the range of inorganic materials for energy conversion, which can contribute to the research on more economically viable and sustainable materials.

Os materiais luminescentes convencionais produzidos industrialmente e aplicados em dispositivos fotônicos são baseados em matrizes inorgânicas contendo íons terras raras (TR). Entretanto, devido à grande flutuação de preço nas matérias primas de óxido de terras raras, se torna necessário a busca por materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, materiais luminescentes baseado em matrizes inorgânicas dopadas com íons Tin+ foram preparadas. Os materiais luminescentes de ZrO2 não dopado e dopado com íons Tin+ e TR3+ foram preparados pelo método sol-gel com diferentes razões W = [H2 O]/[TBZ] (TBZ: butóxido de zircônio) e calcinado a diferentes temperaturas (500, 600, 800 e 1000 °C). Além disso, o método de aquecimento dielétrico assistido por radiação micro-ondas foi utilizado para preparar a série de oxissulfetos de terras raras (TR2O2S; TR: La, Gd e Y) e Lu2O3 dopados com íons Ti e Mg, bem como o material Y3Al5O12 dopado com íons Ce3+. Os materiais foram caracterizados estruturalmente pela técnica de difração de raios X pelo método do pó, seguida do refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para extração dos parâmetros estruturais. Diferentes composições de fase tetragonal (t-) e monoclínica (m-) de ZrO2 foram obtidas com a variação dos parâmetros de síntese. Os resultados indicaram que a fase cristalina influencia diretamente nas propriedades ópticas dos materiais. As fases tetragonal e monoclínica da matriz de ZrO2, exibem cores de emissão azul e verde, respectivamente. Os dados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizados para caracterizar os nanocristais que possuem tamanho de partícula média de 50 nm. Os estados de valência dos íons TR dopados nos materiais de ZrO2 foram analisados utilizando a técnica de XANES, enquanto que a valência do íon Ti foi sondada pela técnica de EPR. A espectroscopia XANES por radiação Síncrotron foi utilizada para estudar a variação de valência dos íons Pr e Tb dopados na matriz de ZrO2 quando co-dopadas com íons Gd3+ que favorecem a formação de vacâncias de óxido, que possibilitam a redução TRIV → TR3+. Os materiais de ZrO2 foram estudados espectroscopicamente com a finalidade de inferir que a luminescência da matriz é oriunda de íons Ti3+ presentes como impurezas na rede cristalina. Todos os materiais dopados com íons Ti apresentaram bandas de emissão largas e intensas de cores sintonizáveis desde o azul até vermelho, devido aos diferentes deslocamento das bandas relacionadas aos níveis 3d1 do íon Ti3+ em diferentes ambientes químicos. Os íons S2- promovem um deslocamento das bandas de emissão para região do vermelho. Também foi investigado o fenômeno da luminescência persistente dos materiais dopados com íons Ti e estudado a influência da co-dopagem de íons geradores de vacâncias de óxido na duração da luminescência persistente. Os dados permitiram o desenvolvimento de mecanismos da luminescência persistente em função das matrizes e íons dopantes. Também, o fósforo Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ foi montado a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência. O dispositivo de iluminação de estado sólido gera luz branca de alta intensidade com rendimentos quânticos (Φ) da ordem de 80%. Por fim, os processos fotoluminescentes do íon Tin+ e Ce3+ dopado em diferentes matrizes proporcionaram a ampliação da gama de materiais inorgânicos para conversão de energia, que contribui para a pesquisa em materiais economicamente viáveis e sustentáveis. / The most commercially available luminescent materials to be applied in devices are based on inorganic matrices containing rare earth ions (RE). However, due to the large price fluctuation of rare earth oxides, it is necessary to search for new alternative materials. Therefore, luminescent materials based on inorganic matrices doped with titanium ions were prepared. The undoped and Ti and RE3+ doped ZrO2 materials were prepared by sol-gel method and calcined at different temperatures (500, 600, 800 and 1000 °C). Besides, the dielectric heating method assisted by microwave radiation was used to prepare the rare earth series of oxysulfides (TR2O2S; RT: La, Gd and Y) and Lu2O3 doped with Ti and Mg ions, as well as the Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. The materials were structurally characterized by X-ray powder diffraction technique along with the Rietveld refinement method for extracting structural parameters. It was possible to obtain different crystalline phase composition of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by varying the synthetic parameters. The experimental data show that the crystalline structure affects the photonic properties in a direct way. For example, the tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases show blue and green emission, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanocrystals have 50 nm of average size. The valence states of the RE ions were analyzed using XANES technique, whereas the valence of the Ti ion was probed by the EPR technique. The Synchrotron Radiation XANES spectroscopy was used to study the valence changes of Pr and Tb doped in ZrO2 matrix when co-doped with Gd3+ ions that favors the formation of oxide vacancies, leading to the reduction REIV → RE3+. The ZrO2 materials were studied spectroscopically and it was possible to infer that the luminescence of the ZrO2 matrix is derived from Ti3+ ions present as impurities in its crystal lattice. All materials doped with Ti ions showed intense broad emission bands with tunable colors from blue to red due to different splitting of 3d1 energy levels of the Ti3+ ion in different chemical environments. The chemical environments containing S2- ions promote a redshift of the emission bands. All Ti doped materials showed the phenomenon of persistent luminescence and the role of co-dopants were investigated as well. Based on these optical results, the mechanisms of the persistent luminescence were developed. Also, the luminescent Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ material obtained by the rapid microwave proved to be suitable for mounting a solid state lighting device having quantum yields (Φ) of 80%. The device was assembled to an optical base polymer of silicone and using a high-power GaN LED, generating high intensity white light. Finally, the photoluminescent processes of the Ti and Ce3+ ions doped in different matrices provided the expansion of the range of inorganic materials for energy conversion, which can contribute to the research on more economically viable and sustainable materials.

<div>Vibrational spectroscopic imaging has become an emerging platform for chemical visualization of biomolecules and materials in complex systems. For over a century, both Raman and infrared spectroscopy have demonstrated the capability to recognize molecules of interest by harnessing the characteristic features from molecular fingerprints. With the recent development of hyperspectral vibrational spectroscopy imaging, which records the chemical information without sacrificing the spatial-temporal resolution, numerous discoveries has been achieved in the field of molecular and cellular biology. Despite the ability to provide complimentary chemical information to Raman-based approaches, infrared spectroscopy has not been extensively applied in routine studies due to several fundamental limitations: 1). the poor spatial resolution; 2). inevitable strong water absorption; 3). lack of depth resolution.</div><div>Mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy overcame all the above mentioned problems and for the first time, enabled depth-resolved in vivo infrared imaging of live cells, microorganisms with submicrometer spatial resolution. The development of epi-detected MIP microscopy further extends its application in pharmaceutical and materials sciences. With the deployment of difference frequency generation and other nonlinear optical techniques, the spectral coverage of the MIP microscopy was significantly enhanced to enable chemical differentiation in complex systems across the broad mid-infrared region. In addition to the efforts to directly improve the performance of MIP microscopy, a novel quantitative phase imaging approach based on polarization wavefront shaping via custom-designed micro-retarder arrays was developed to take advantage of the highly sensitive phase measurement in combination with the photothermal effect. Besides, the extended depth-of-field and multifocus imaging enabled by polarization wavefront shaping could both improve the performance of MIP microscopy for volumetric imaging.</div>