La spondyloarthrite (SpA) est une pathologie rhumatologique caractérisée notamment par une inflammation et par des ossifications excessives se formant au niveau des enthèses. Il s’agit de zones de fortes contraintes mécaniques où les tendons et ligaments sont ancrés dans l’os via une zone fibrocartilagineuse. La sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) est un lipide bioactif qui joue un rôle important à la fois dans le remodelage osseux et la réponse inflammatoire. Notre objectif était donc d’explorer le rôle de la S1P dans l’ossification excessive de la SpA. Nous avons observé que les taux sériques de S1P des patients atteints de SpA sont significativement supérieurs à ceux de donneurs contrôles. Nous avons utilisé comme modèle des cultures primaires murines d’ostéoblastes, de chondrocytes et de ténocytes et des cultures organotypiques d’enthèse de souris. Nous avons observé que les enzymes de synthèse de la S1P, les sphingosine kinases 1 et 2, contribuent à la minéralisation des ostéoblastes et des chondrocytes. L’effet pro-minéralisant de la S1P est partiellement médié par deux de ses récepteurs (S1P1 et S1P3). De plus, la production de S1P est stimulée suite à un étirement cyclique dans les ostéoblastes et les chondrocytes, et après un traitement avec les cytokines TNF-α et IL-17 dans les chondrocytes. Finalement, l’inhibition générale du métabolisme de la S1P par le Fingolimod conduit à une diminution de la minéralisation dans les ostéoblastes et encore davantage dans les chondrocytes. Ces résultats suggèrent que le métabolisme de la S1P participe à l’ossification excessive de la SpA. Des études in vivo sont maintenant nécessaires pour valider cette possibilité / Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a rheumatic disease characterized in particular by enthesis ectopic ossification and inflammation. Enthesis is a zone of concentration of mechanical stresses where ligaments and tendons attach to bone through fibrocartilaginous connections. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that plays an important role in both bone remodelling and in inflammatory response. Our aim was to explore the role of S1P in SpA excessive ossification. We observed that serum S1P concentrations in SpA patients are significantly higher compared to control donors. We used primary mouse osteoblasts, chondrocytes and tenocytes as cellular models and organotypic cultures of mice enthesis. We observed that S1P synthetizing enzymes, sphingosine kinases 1 and 2, stimulate osteoblasts’ and chondrocytes’ mineralizing process. S1P pro-mineralizing effect was partially mediated by two of the S1P receptors (S1P1 and S1P3). Moreover, S1P production was enhanced by cyclic strain in osteoblasts and chondrocytes and by pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-17) in chondrocytes. Finally, the inhibition of S1P metabolic pathway by Fingolimod reduced the mineralization in cultured osteoblasts and even more in chondrocytes. These results suggest that S1P metabolism participates in SpA excessive ossification. In vivo studies are now needed to validate this possibility

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancy diagnosed in women and is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. It is a heterogeneous group of diseases that have a different response, prognosis, and clinical outcomes. Estrogen, progesterone and HER2 negative breast cancer, known as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), does not respond to hormonal therapy. Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) has shorter overall survival rate among other subtypes. Tumors sharing both TNBC and BLBC are considered less responsive to currently available treatment. Chemoresistance to treatment has been a challenge in cancer biology and force investigation toward developing new targeted therapies, which selectively target specific subtypes. Sphingolipid metabolites have an important physiological role in determining cell fate. Sphingolipid metabolites, ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), are implicated in cancer. S1P exerts its functions via extracellular and intracellular targets. S1P synthesized inside the cell is exported outside and binds to G-protein coupled receptors, the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors 1-5 (S1PR1-5). Although the intracellular function is not well defined, its suggested intracellular S1P promotes cell apoptosis. The S1P pathway has received great attention recently due its function in cell survival and death. This effect was reported to be concentration dependent. In this research, I focused on S1P effect on nine TNBC/BLBC cell lines. I examined the in-vitro effects of S1P on apoptosis, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in triple negative/ basal-like breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, I studied the co-administration of S1P with currently used chemotherapeutic agents in these cell lines. Data show that S1P can selectively induce cell death in TNBC/BLBC cell lines at a specific concentration. In this research, I found that the mechanism of cell death following treatment with different S1P concentrations was mainly due to apoptosis. Results show that S1P leads to cell shrinkage, rounding and detachment in the nine TNBC/BLBC cell lines. S1P combination with doxorubicin and docetaxel at different concentrations shows no beneficial effect of the combination compared to the chemotherapeuitc agent alone. In some cell lines, the combination showed a protective effect. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism by which S1P induces cell apoptosis, inhibits cell growth, and demonstrates lack of responsiveness in combination studies.

Platelet exocytosis is essential for hemostasis and for many of its sequelae. Platelets release numerous bioactive molecules stored in their granules enabling them to exert a wide range of effects on the vascular microenvironment. Are these granule cargo released thematically in a context-specific pattern or via a stochastic, kinetically-controlled process? My work describes platelet exocytosis using a systematic examination of platelet secretion kinetics. Platelets were stimulated for increasing times with different agonists (i.e. thrombin, PAR1-agonist, PAR4-agonist, and convulxin) and micro-ELISA arrays were used to quantify the release of 28 distinct α-granule cargo molecules. Agonist potency directly correlated with the speed and extent of release. PAR4-agonist induced slower release of fewer molecules while thrombin rapidly induced the greatest release. Cargo with opposing actions (e.g. pro- and anti-angiogenic) had similar release profiles, suggesting limited thematic response to specific agonists. From the release time-course data, rate constants were calculated and used to probe for underlying patterns. Probability density function and operator variance analyses were consistent with three classes of release events, differing in their rates. The distribution of cargo into these three classes was heterogeneous suggesting that platelet secretion is a stochastic process potentially controlled by several factors such as cargo solubility, granule shape, and/or granule-plasma membrane fusion routes. Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that is stored in platelets. S1P is essential for embryonic development, vascular integrity, and inflammation. Platelets are an abundant source of S1P due to the absence of the enzymes that degrade it. Platelets release S1P upon stimulation. My work attempts to determine how this bioactive lipid is released from platelets. Washed platelets were stimulated with agonists for defined periods of time and the supernatant and pellet fractions were separated by centrifugation. Lipids were separated by liquid phase extraction and S1P was quantified with a triple quadrapole mass spectrometer. A carrier molecule (BSA) is required to detect release of S1P. Further, there is a dose-dependent increase in total S1P with increasing BSA. S1P release shows characteristics similar to other platelet granule cargo e.g. platelet factor IV (PF4). Platelets from Unc13-d Jinx mice and VAMP8-/- mice, which are secretion-deficient (dense granule, alpha granule and lysosome), were utilized to understand the process of S1P release. S1P release was more affected in Unc13-d Jinx mice mirroring their dense granule secretion defect. Fluorescence microscopy and sub-cellular fractionation were used to examine localization of S1P in platelets. S1P was observed to be enriched in a granule population. These studies indicate the existence of two pools of S1P, a readily extractable agranular pool, sensitive to BSA, and a granular pool that requires the secretion machinery for release. The secretion machinery of platelets in addition to being involved in the release of normal granule cargo is thus proved to be involved in the release of bioactive lipid molecules like S1P.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among women and is the first cause of neoplastic death in women globally. In the last decade our understanding of breast cancer biology has increased and led to the development of a number of targeted therapies, one of which is targeting the cell apoptosis pathway. One of the new targeting pathways under investigation, which was found to be involved in both cell apoptosis and cell proliferation processes, is the sphingolipid signalling pathway. The sphingolipid pathway represents a group of intracellular and extracellular bioactive lipid molecules, including ceramide, ceramide- 1-phosphate, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In my research, I focused on the role S1P plays in breast cancer and its potential application as a therapeutic agent. I examined the effects of S1P on the apoptosis, proliferation, and cytotoxicity of different types of breast cancer cell lines in vitro. In addition, I evaluated the effect of both low and high doses of S1P when co-administrated with anticancer drugs commonly used in breast cancer treatment in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, I studied the S1P cellular distribution following exogenous administration. My results demonstrate that S1P can selectively induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells without harming normal breast cells and that S1P is more effective against aggressive breast cancer cells. Another major finding of my study is that S1P can increase the efficacy of chemotherapies against human breast cancer cells. Although S1P cannot directly substitute the current chemotherapies, S1P may function as a good candidate for combination therapy. Furthermore, my work showed that the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effect of S1P is correlated with its intracellular action and that chronic exposure of exogenous S1P in vivo is not toxic to the major organs. Certainly, S1P inclusion in breast cancer treatment modalities may decrease the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer patients and improve clinical outcomes. Further investigations are required to understand the mechanism by which S1P induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation.

There is significant sequence homology and anatomical co-distribution between cannabinoid (CB1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in the CNS, but potential functional relationships between these lysolipid receptors have not been examined. Therefore, to investigate possible relationships between these two systems at the level of G-protein activation, agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding and autoradiography were conducted. Autoradiographic studies were first performed to localize receptor-mediated G-protein activation in mouse brain. Coronal brain slices were processed for stimulation of [35S]GTPγS binding using the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) or SIP. High levels of WIN- and S1P-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were observed in the caudate putamen, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum. To further characterize the relationship between S1P-and CB1-mediated G-protein activation, spinal cords from adult male CB1 receptor knockout mice, CNS-deleted S1Pl receptor knockout mice and wild type C57 mice were collected, and assessed using agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. Results from this experiment revealed that the S1Pl receptor is predominant in mouse spinal cord. To further investigate potential CBl and SIP receptor interactions spinal cords were collected from adult male ICR mice. Additivity studies were preformed using agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγs binding. Results showed significantly less than additive stimulation when spinal cord tissue was treated with both WIN and SIP. These results suggest an interaction between the CB1 and S1P receptors in the mouse spinal cord. The effect of cannabinoid antagonists, SR141716A (CB1) and SR144528 (CB2) on S1P-and WIN-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were also examined in mouse spinal cord homogenates. These results showed that there was no significant difference between S1P-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in the presence of SR141716A or SR144528 compared to vehicle control. This shows that S1P produced stimulation independent of the CBl or CB2receptor. In addition WIN-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was not affected by SR144528, but was inhibited by SR141716A, confirming that this action is due to the CB1 receptor. The combined results of this project demonstrate an interaction between CB1 and S1P receptors in certain CNS regions where they are co-distributed, such as the caudate putamen, hippocampus, substantia nigra, cerebellum and spinal cord. These results may be due to convergence on a common pool of G-proteins via dimerization or co-localization in lipid rafts, or a possible direct ligand-receptor interaction.

The bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has emerged as a key regulator of a variety of important physiological functions, including cell growth, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, lymphocyte trafficking, and mast cell function. S1P is formed by two different sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and binds to a family of 5 differentially expressed G-protein coupled receptors (S1PRs). The majority of research to date has focused on the activation of these receptors, but there is compelling evidence to suggest that S1P exerts intracellular functions independent of S1PRs. However no bona fide intracellular targets of S1P have been identified. In my dissertation, I have identified a novel intracellular binding protein for S1P. This finding has important implications for the pleiotropic actions of S1P.

La contribution des cellules souches au développement tumoral est une percée conceptuelle récente dans notre compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires impliqués dans la carcinogenèse. En ce sens, il est reconnu depuis quelques années qu'une sous-population de cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSC) mobilisables en réponse à des facteurs de croissance tumoraux pourrait contribuer au développement tumoral. Les recherches rapportées dans ce mémoire nous ont permis d'étudier certains partenaires clé dans la régulation de la migration et de la survie cellulaire des MSC. L'observation préalable d'une modulation conjointe de l'expression d'une métalloprotéase matricielle de type membranaire (MT1-MMP) et du transporteur microsomal de glucose-6-phosphate (G6PT) nous a permis d'évaluer la contribution respective de ces joueurs dans la signalisation affectant la chimiotaxie des cellules souches ainsi que des cellules tumorales cérébrales. De plus, nous avons évalué l'impact de certains « mannosides » synthétisés en vue de cibler spécifiquement les fonctions de surfaces de MT1-MMP et qui pourraient être à l'origine de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques anticancéreuses affectant le recrutement des cellules souches au foyer tumoral. Finalement, l'importance de l'axe de signalisation MT1-MMP/G6PT dans la mobilisation du calcium intracellulaire en réponse à la sphingosine-1-phosphate, un lipide bioactif synthétisé par des niveaux d'expression élevés de sphingosine-kinase retrouvé au niveau tumoral, permet également de concevoir le ciblage effectif de l'un ou l'autre de ces partenaires dans la progression tumorale. L'ensemble de nos résultats permettra de mieux comprendre les phénomènes régulant la survie et le recrutement des MSC aux sites de foyers tumoraux, en plus de fournir de précieux renseignements sur un nouvel axe original de signalisation liant les fonctions de MT1-MMP à celles, inattendues, de G6PT. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Cellules souches, Cancer, MT1-MMP, G6PT, Sphingosine-1-phosphate.

No description available.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite and an important signaling molecule that plays a significant role in fibrosis. S1P synthesis is catalyzed by sphingosine kinases (SphKs), which phosphorylate sphingosine into S1P. The present study tested the hypothesis that SphK1-S1P signaling pathway participates in the kidney damage in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Wild type and SphK1 knockout mice were subjected to UUO for 7 days or 14 days and then four groups of kidneys were collected: wild type control group (WT-C), wild type UUO group (WT-UUO), SphK1-/- control group (KO-C) and SphK1-/- UUO group (KO-UUO). The mRNA level of SphK1 in WT-UUO was increased by 6.1 folds compared to WT-C. The fibrotic markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I were both upregulated in UUO groups, whereas the levels of these two markers were significant lower in KO-UUO than that in WT-UUO. The immunohistochemistry analyses showed that the distribution of α-SMA and collagen was located in the interstitial space and that the infiltration of immune cells was more in UUO groups than that in control groups, but there was no significant difference between KO-UUO and WT-UUO, suggesting a direct effect of SphK1 deletion on renal fibrotic markers independent of immune regulation. Further, the morphological examination showed that UUO-induced tubular injury and glomerular damage were significantly reduced in KO-UUO compared with WT-UUO. Our study suggests that SphK1-S1P signaling pathway mediates kidney damage in UUO mice. Manipulating SphK1-S1P signaling pathway may be used as a therapeutic strategy in renal interstitial fibrosis.

Intracellular recordings were made from isolated frog sciatic-sartorius nerve-muscle preparations, and the effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1-P) on miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) were studied. Extracellular application of S1-P (1 and 30 μM) had no significant effects on the frequency and amplitude of MEPPs. Delivery into nerve terminals by liposomes containing 10-5, 10-4 or 10-3 M S1-P was associated with a concentration-dependent increase in MEPP frequency of 37, 63 and 86%. The per cent of median MEPP amplitude was not significantly changed, but there was an increase in the number of 'giant' MEPPs. Pre-exposure of the preparations to S1-P 10-5 but not 10-8 M entrapped in liposomes for 15 min blocked the effects of subsequent superfusion of S1-P (10-4 M)-filled liposomes on MEPP frequency. Thus, intracellular S1-P receptors seem to undergo 'desensitization' to higher concentrations of S1-P. The result provides the first evidence that S1-P acting intracellularly but not extracellularly enhances spontaneous transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction.