The investigation of renal pathophysiology and toxicology has traditionally been advanced by the development of increasingly defined and refined in vitro preparations. This study has sought to develop and evaluate various methods of producing pure samples of renal proximal tubules (PTs) from the Fischer rat. The introduction summarised the most common in vitro preparations together with the parameters used to monitor viability - particularly with regard to toxic events. The most prevalent isolation methods have involved the use of collagenase to produce dissociation of the cortex. However, the present study has shown that even the mildest collagenase treatment caused significant structural damage which resulted in a longevity of only 3hr in suspension. An alternative mechanical isolation technique has been developed in this study that consists of perfusion loading the renal glomeruli with Fe304 followed by disruption of the cortex by homogenisation and sequential sieving. The glomeruli are removed magnetically and the PTs then harvested by a 64μM sieve. PTs isolated in this way showed a vastly superior structural preservation over their collagenase isolated counterparts; also oxygen consumption and enzyme leakage measurements showed a longevity in excess of 6hr when incubated in a very basic medium. Attempts were then made to measure the cytosolic calcium levels in both mechanical and collagenase isolated PTs using the fluorescent calcium indicator Fura. However results were inconclusive due to significant binding of the Fura to the external PT surfaces. In conclusion, PTs prepared by the present mechanical isolation technique exhibit superior preservation and longevity compared with even the mildest collagenase isolation technique and hence appear to offer potential advantages over collagenase isolation as an in vitro renal system.

Class of 2015 Abstract / Objectives: To compare and evaluate effects on kidney function of mannitol dieresis versus saline diuresis on kidney function with cisplatin therapy. Methods: Patient charts documented between January 2010 and July 2013 were obtained and reviewed from a database of a university associated medical center. The patient’s lowest creatinine clearance (CrCl) and potassium levels during any time in therapy were compared against the baseline. Statistical testing for primary and secondary outcomes was calculated using the Independent-Samples T-Test. Results: A total of 140 patients were reviewed – 68 patients were included in the mannitol arm, 72 in the saline arm. All baseline characteristics reviewed were not statistically different between groups except for sex, which was skewed towards males in the saline arm of the study. Baseline CrCl was 97.14 ml/min in the mannitol arm, and 93.69 ml/min in the saline arm (p=0.91). The average change in CrCl was found to be -16.72 ml/min (95% CI, -21.85 to -11.59) in the mannitol arm, -14.00 ml/min (95% CI, -18.82 to -9.20) in the saline arm; this was not statistically different (p=0.41). There was an average change of -0.31 mmol/L in blood potassium levels in mannitol patients, and a change of 0.014 mmol/L in saline patients; this was found to be significantly different (p<0.01). Conclusions: In this single-center retrospective study, there appeared to be no benefit in using mannitol diuresis over saline diuresis. The use of mannitol incurs additional cost and place additional restrictions on administration.

L'insulino-résistance est une caractéristique majeure du syndrome métabolique dont l'incidence ne cesse d'augmenter dans les pays industrialisés parallèlement à l'épidémie d'obésité. La résistance à l'insuline s'accompagne de diverses atteintes au niveau cardiaque, vasculaire et rénal. L'objectif principal était dans un modèle d'insulino-résistance induite par un excès de fructose chez le rat d'évaluer l'influence de la modulation en sodium (en excès ou en restriction) sur les changements métaboliques cardio-rénaux. D'une part, l'influence d'une restriction sodée concomitante à un régime riche en fructose a été évaluée. Nous avons montré que la restriction sodée prévenait les dommages cardio-rénaux. Ces effets bénéfiques ont été associés à une diminution de l'inflammation rénale et du stress oxydant. De plus, une prévention des modifications du tissu adipeux induites par le régime riche en fructose a été également observée. D'autre part l'impact d'une insulino-résistance en présence d'une consommation excessive et précoce (sevrage) en sodium a été évalué. Quand l'insulino-résistance (régime fructose) est initiée secondairement à un régime hypersodé, l'hypertrophie cardiaque associée au régime sodé est diminuée après l'ajout d'une insulino-résistance. Ce résultat paradoxal pourrait représenter une mal-adaptation du muscle cardiaque que confirme l'altération de la fonction systolique. En conclusion ce travail démontre une fois de plus l'impact de la nutrition dans la modulation des atteintes des organes cibles. L'importance d'adopter une nutrition raisonnée par contrôle de l'ingestion de sodium peut permettre de réduire les atteintes des organes cibles observées dans l'insulino-résistance. / Insulin resistance is a major feature of the metabolic syndrome whose incidence is increasing in industrialized countries, in parallel with the obesity epidemic. Insulin resistance is associated with various cardiac, vascular and renal damages. The main objective was to evaluate the influence of sodium modulation (excess or restriction) on cardio-renal changes in a model of insulin resistance induced by fructose in rats. On one hand, the influence of salt restriction concomitant with a high fructose diet was evaluated. We have shown that sodium restriction prevents cardio-renal damages. These beneficial effects were associated with a reduction in renal inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, a prevention of adipose tissue changes induced by fructose-rich diet was also obeserved. On the other hand impact of insulin resistance in presence of an early (weaning) sodium and excessive consumption of sodium was evaluated. When insulin resistance (fructose diet) was initiated secondary to high salt diet, cardiac hypertrophy associated with sodium diet decreased after the addition of insulin resistance. This paradoxal result could represent a maladaptation of cardiac muscle confirmed the impaired systolic function. In conclusion this work further demonstrates the impact of nutrition in the modulation of target organ damage. Reducing sodium intake may provide an easy way to reduce target organ damage observed in insulino resistance.

A doença periodontal (DP) é uma doença inflamatória dos tecidos de suporte dos dentes, causada por microorganismos específicos. É relatado que a incidência possa ser de até 100% em cães a partir de um ano de idade. A DP está entre as doenças relacionadas com alteração glomerular, sendo a proteinúria sua característica. A glomerulonefrite é o tipo mais comum de glomerulonefropatia, sendo uma das maiores causas de doença renal crônica (DRC) em cães. É caracterizada por proteinúria, onde a relação proteína/creatinina urinária (RPCU), na maioria dos casos, encontra-se acima de 3,5, podendo estar associada com hipoalbuminemia e sinais de inflamação na urinálise. Azotemia também pode estar presente em diferentes níveis. Muitos estudos são realizados a fim de avaliar a relação da DP com lesões em órgãos distantes, porém ainda não há consenso entre os resultados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a possível relação entre a DP, em diferentes graus, com alterações renais, por meio de aferição da RPCU e da creatinina sérica. Foram atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 25 pacientes entre agosto de 2016 e janeiro de 2017. Desses, 18 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Todos os pacientes passaram por exame clínico geral, exame oral completo, exames de sangue (hemograma, creatinina, ureia, fosfatase alcalina - FA, alanina-amino-transferase – ALT e albumina), ultrassonografia abdominal, urinálise e RPCU. Foram encaminhados para profilaxia dentária onde foi estabelecido o grau de DP e realizado o tratamento adequado. O acompanhamento pós operatório deu-se aos 10 e aos 30 dias, com novas coletas de sangue e urina em cada uma dessas ocasiões. Os dados foram analisados no programa Excel e posteriormente exportados para o programa SPSS v. 20.0 para análise estatística. Para avaliar alterações entre as coletas e entre os graus de DP foi utilizado o modelo de Equações de Estimações Generalizadas, sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Foi diagnosticado apenas um paciente com alteração em RPCU (0,18%) e um em creatinina (0,18%). Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significativa entre diferentes graus de DP, nem ao longo das coletas pré e pós profilaxia. Sendo assim, concluiu-se que os pacientes analisados não apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros laboratoriais estudados independente do nível de DP e da realização de profilaxia dentária. / Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, caused by specific microorganisms. It is reported that the incidence may be up to 100% in dogs from one year of age. PD is among the diseases related to glomerular alteration, proteinuria being its characteristic. Nephritic glomerulopathy is the most common type of glomerulonephropathy, being one of the major causes of cronic renal disease (CKD) in dogs. It is characterized by proteinuria, where the ratio of urinary protein / creatinine (UPC) in most cases is above 3.5, although it may be associated with hypoalbuminemia and signs of inflammation in the urinalysis. Azotemia is also present in different levels. Many studies are conducted to evaluate the relationship of PD with lesions in distant organs, but there is still no consensus among the results. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible relationship between PD, to different degrees, with values of UPC and serum creatinine. Twenty-five patients were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias do Rio Grande do Sul between August 2016 and January 2017. Of these, 18 met the inclusion criteria. All patients underwent general clinical examination, complete oral examination, blood tests (complete blood count, serum creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase - AL, alanine amino transferase – ALT and albumin), abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis and UPC. They were referred for dental prophylaxis where the degree of PD was established and the appropriate treatment was performed. The postoperative follow-up occurred at 10 and 30 days, with new collections of blood and urine at each of these occasions. The data were analyzed in the Excel program and later exported to the SPSS v. 20.0 for statistical analysis. In order to evaluate changes between the collections and between the DP degrees, the Generalized Estimates Equation model was used, and a significance level of 5% was considered. Only one patient with RPCU (0.18%) and serum creatinine (0.18%) were diagnosed. No statistically significant relationship was found between different degrees of PD nor during pre and post prophylaxis collections. Therefore, it is concluded that the patients analyzed did not present alterations in the renal parameters studied regardless of the level of PD and the performance of dental prophylaxis.

A doença periodontal (DP) é uma doença inflamatória dos tecidos de suporte dos dentes, causada por microorganismos específicos. É relatado que a incidência possa ser de até 100% em cães a partir de um ano de idade. A DP está entre as doenças relacionadas com alteração glomerular, sendo a proteinúria sua característica. A glomerulonefrite é o tipo mais comum de glomerulonefropatia, sendo uma das maiores causas de doença renal crônica (DRC) em cães. É caracterizada por proteinúria, onde a relação proteína/creatinina urinária (RPCU), na maioria dos casos, encontra-se acima de 3,5, podendo estar associada com hipoalbuminemia e sinais de inflamação na urinálise. Azotemia também pode estar presente em diferentes níveis. Muitos estudos são realizados a fim de avaliar a relação da DP com lesões em órgãos distantes, porém ainda não há consenso entre os resultados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a possível relação entre a DP, em diferentes graus, com alterações renais, por meio de aferição da RPCU e da creatinina sérica. Foram atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 25 pacientes entre agosto de 2016 e janeiro de 2017. Desses, 18 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Todos os pacientes passaram por exame clínico geral, exame oral completo, exames de sangue (hemograma, creatinina, ureia, fosfatase alcalina - FA, alanina-amino-transferase – ALT e albumina), ultrassonografia abdominal, urinálise e RPCU. Foram encaminhados para profilaxia dentária onde foi estabelecido o grau de DP e realizado o tratamento adequado. O acompanhamento pós operatório deu-se aos 10 e aos 30 dias, com novas coletas de sangue e urina em cada uma dessas ocasiões. Os dados foram analisados no programa Excel e posteriormente exportados para o programa SPSS v. 20.0 para análise estatística. Para avaliar alterações entre as coletas e entre os graus de DP foi utilizado o modelo de Equações de Estimações Generalizadas, sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Foi diagnosticado apenas um paciente com alteração em RPCU (0,18%) e um em creatinina (0,18%). Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significativa entre diferentes graus de DP, nem ao longo das coletas pré e pós profilaxia. Sendo assim, concluiu-se que os pacientes analisados não apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros laboratoriais estudados independente do nível de DP e da realização de profilaxia dentária. / Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, caused by specific microorganisms. It is reported that the incidence may be up to 100% in dogs from one year of age. PD is among the diseases related to glomerular alteration, proteinuria being its characteristic. Nephritic glomerulopathy is the most common type of glomerulonephropathy, being one of the major causes of cronic renal disease (CKD) in dogs. It is characterized by proteinuria, where the ratio of urinary protein / creatinine (UPC) in most cases is above 3.5, although it may be associated with hypoalbuminemia and signs of inflammation in the urinalysis. Azotemia is also present in different levels. Many studies are conducted to evaluate the relationship of PD with lesions in distant organs, but there is still no consensus among the results. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible relationship between PD, to different degrees, with values of UPC and serum creatinine. Twenty-five patients were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias do Rio Grande do Sul between August 2016 and January 2017. Of these, 18 met the inclusion criteria. All patients underwent general clinical examination, complete oral examination, blood tests (complete blood count, serum creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase - AL, alanine amino transferase – ALT and albumin), abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis and UPC. They were referred for dental prophylaxis where the degree of PD was established and the appropriate treatment was performed. The postoperative follow-up occurred at 10 and 30 days, with new collections of blood and urine at each of these occasions. The data were analyzed in the Excel program and later exported to the SPSS v. 20.0 for statistical analysis. In order to evaluate changes between the collections and between the DP degrees, the Generalized Estimates Equation model was used, and a significance level of 5% was considered. Only one patient with RPCU (0.18%) and serum creatinine (0.18%) were diagnosed. No statistically significant relationship was found between different degrees of PD nor during pre and post prophylaxis collections. Therefore, it is concluded that the patients analyzed did not present alterations in the renal parameters studied regardless of the level of PD and the performance of dental prophylaxis.

A doença periodontal (DP) é uma doença inflamatória dos tecidos de suporte dos dentes, causada por microorganismos específicos. É relatado que a incidência possa ser de até 100% em cães a partir de um ano de idade. A DP está entre as doenças relacionadas com alteração glomerular, sendo a proteinúria sua característica. A glomerulonefrite é o tipo mais comum de glomerulonefropatia, sendo uma das maiores causas de doença renal crônica (DRC) em cães. É caracterizada por proteinúria, onde a relação proteína/creatinina urinária (RPCU), na maioria dos casos, encontra-se acima de 3,5, podendo estar associada com hipoalbuminemia e sinais de inflamação na urinálise. Azotemia também pode estar presente em diferentes níveis. Muitos estudos são realizados a fim de avaliar a relação da DP com lesões em órgãos distantes, porém ainda não há consenso entre os resultados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a possível relação entre a DP, em diferentes graus, com alterações renais, por meio de aferição da RPCU e da creatinina sérica. Foram atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 25 pacientes entre agosto de 2016 e janeiro de 2017. Desses, 18 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Todos os pacientes passaram por exame clínico geral, exame oral completo, exames de sangue (hemograma, creatinina, ureia, fosfatase alcalina - FA, alanina-amino-transferase – ALT e albumina), ultrassonografia abdominal, urinálise e RPCU. Foram encaminhados para profilaxia dentária onde foi estabelecido o grau de DP e realizado o tratamento adequado. O acompanhamento pós operatório deu-se aos 10 e aos 30 dias, com novas coletas de sangue e urina em cada uma dessas ocasiões. Os dados foram analisados no programa Excel e posteriormente exportados para o programa SPSS v. 20.0 para análise estatística. Para avaliar alterações entre as coletas e entre os graus de DP foi utilizado o modelo de Equações de Estimações Generalizadas, sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Foi diagnosticado apenas um paciente com alteração em RPCU (0,18%) e um em creatinina (0,18%). Não foi encontrada relação estatisticamente significativa entre diferentes graus de DP, nem ao longo das coletas pré e pós profilaxia. Sendo assim, concluiu-se que os pacientes analisados não apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros laboratoriais estudados independente do nível de DP e da realização de profilaxia dentária. / Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth, caused by specific microorganisms. It is reported that the incidence may be up to 100% in dogs from one year of age. PD is among the diseases related to glomerular alteration, proteinuria being its characteristic. Nephritic glomerulopathy is the most common type of glomerulonephropathy, being one of the major causes of cronic renal disease (CKD) in dogs. It is characterized by proteinuria, where the ratio of urinary protein / creatinine (UPC) in most cases is above 3.5, although it may be associated with hypoalbuminemia and signs of inflammation in the urinalysis. Azotemia is also present in different levels. Many studies are conducted to evaluate the relationship of PD with lesions in distant organs, but there is still no consensus among the results. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible relationship between PD, to different degrees, with values of UPC and serum creatinine. Twenty-five patients were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias do Rio Grande do Sul between August 2016 and January 2017. Of these, 18 met the inclusion criteria. All patients underwent general clinical examination, complete oral examination, blood tests (complete blood count, serum creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase - AL, alanine amino transferase – ALT and albumin), abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis and UPC. They were referred for dental prophylaxis where the degree of PD was established and the appropriate treatment was performed. The postoperative follow-up occurred at 10 and 30 days, with new collections of blood and urine at each of these occasions. The data were analyzed in the Excel program and later exported to the SPSS v. 20.0 for statistical analysis. In order to evaluate changes between the collections and between the DP degrees, the Generalized Estimates Equation model was used, and a significance level of 5% was considered. Only one patient with RPCU (0.18%) and serum creatinine (0.18%) were diagnosed. No statistically significant relationship was found between different degrees of PD nor during pre and post prophylaxis collections. Therefore, it is concluded that the patients analyzed did not present alterations in the renal parameters studied regardless of the level of PD and the performance of dental prophylaxis.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite and an important signaling molecule that plays a significant role in fibrosis. S1P synthesis is catalyzed by sphingosine kinases (SphKs), which phosphorylate sphingosine into S1P. The present study tested the hypothesis that SphK1-S1P signaling pathway participates in the kidney damage in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Wild type and SphK1 knockout mice were subjected to UUO for 7 days or 14 days and then four groups of kidneys were collected: wild type control group (WT-C), wild type UUO group (WT-UUO), SphK1-/- control group (KO-C) and SphK1-/- UUO group (KO-UUO). The mRNA level of SphK1 in WT-UUO was increased by 6.1 folds compared to WT-C. The fibrotic markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I were both upregulated in UUO groups, whereas the levels of these two markers were significant lower in KO-UUO than that in WT-UUO. The immunohistochemistry analyses showed that the distribution of α-SMA and collagen was located in the interstitial space and that the infiltration of immune cells was more in UUO groups than that in control groups, but there was no significant difference between KO-UUO and WT-UUO, suggesting a direct effect of SphK1 deletion on renal fibrotic markers independent of immune regulation. Further, the morphological examination showed that UUO-induced tubular injury and glomerular damage were significantly reduced in KO-UUO compared with WT-UUO. Our study suggests that SphK1-S1P signaling pathway mediates kidney damage in UUO mice. Manipulating SphK1-S1P signaling pathway may be used as a therapeutic strategy in renal interstitial fibrosis.

No description available.

No description available.

Pyelonefrit är en inflammation i njurarna och undersökningen som främst används vid utredning är dimerkaptosuccinat (DMSA)-scintigrafi. Pyelonefrit drabbar framförallt barn och risk finns för njurparenkymskador. Syftet med studien var att utreda om DMSA-scintigrafi efter pyelonefrit hos barn är berättigad. Detta granskades genom att beräkna den generella risken för cancer, specifika riskökningen för njurparenkymcancer, antal upptäckta njurparenkymskador och eventuella könsskillnader. Vetenskapliga artiklar söktes upp via sökmotorn PRIMO. Metoden var retrospektiv med kvantitativ ansats där materialet bestod av svarsutlåtanden från DMSA-scintigrafier på barn 0-2 år med frågeställning njurparenkymskador efter pyelonefrit. Urvalet bestod av 91 barn; 52 flickor och 39 pojkar varav 16 stycken exkluderades. Av de studerade 75 barnen hade sex (8 %) njurparenkymskador, med medelålder på 9,2 månader, och det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan kön och njurparenkymskada (p=0,246). Medelvärdet på given aktivitet gav en effektiv medeldos på 0,69 mSv. Den generella riskökningen vid en DMSA-scintigrafi blev 0,01-0,014 och 0,00019 för njurparenkymcancer. Trots att relativt få barn drabbas av njurparenkymskador, finns ändå risk att drabbas av komplikationer från skadan. Skadorna är därför viktiga att upptäcka. Riskökningen för cancerutveckling och njurparenkymcancer efter DMSA-scintigrafi är mycket låg. Nyttan (att upptäcka njurparenkymskadorna) överväger risken (strålningen), vilket gör DMSA-scintigrafin till en berättigad undersökningsmetod. / A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy is used to test for pyelonephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys with risk of renal scarring. Aiming to investigate if DMSA scan after pyelonephritis in children is justified, we calculated the general cancer risk, the specific increased renal cancer risk, the number of discovered renal scarring and potential differences between the sexes. The method was retrospective and quantitative and data was based on results from DMSA scans of children aged 0-2 years. From the original set of 91 children (52 girls, 39 boys), 16 were excluded. Of the remaining 75, six (8 %) had renal scarring; with an average age of 9,2 months, and there was no significant difference between sex and renal parenchymal damage (p=0,0246). The mean activity from a DMSA scan equaled an effective dose of 0.69 mSv, with general cancer versus renal cancer risk being 0.01-0.014 and 0.00019, respectively. Even though only a few children develop renal scarring, there is still a risk of complications. Renal scarring is therefore important to discover. The increased risk for cancer and renal cancer after a DMSA scan is low. The benefits (discovering renal scarring) are greater than the risk (radiation), making the DMSA scan justified.