An estimated 90% of resident sculpin (Cottus asper and C. aleuticus) were impacted by a spill of 45,000 litres of sodium hydroxide, which occurred on the Cheakamus River, British Columbia on August 5, 2005. This study examined sculpin biology, life history, how sculpins are recovering from the impact, and whether they are re-entering the Cheakamus River from the adjacent Squamish and Mamquam Rivers. Sculpins were sampled in the three river systems via minnow trapping and electrofishing. Morphometric data were recorded and fin clips were taken as deoxyribonucleic acid vouchers to validate field species identification and to determine population distinctiveness among the three systems. Populations were not distinct, suggesting recolonization from other rivers is occurring. The data show sculpins will undergo seasonal downstream spawning migrations and also suggest sculpins are opportunistic habitat colonizers. This research bears useful implications for the adaptive management, recovery, and sustainability of sculpins in the Cheakamus River.

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Submitted by Alexandre Magnum Leme (alexandremagnumleme@gmail.com) on 2018-06-06T18:37:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alexandre Leme.pdf: 17126597 bytes, checksum: 7146a11ccba9f60e71ce7404fc5616a6 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br), reason: - A ficha catalográfica está após a capa e o correto é após a página de rosto na versão digital. Na versão impressa, ela deve vir no verso da página de rosto. - Favor verificar o título do capítulo Índice. O correto é Sumário. on 2018-06-06T19:29:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Magnum Leme (alexandremagnumleme@gmail.com) on 2018-06-06T19:48:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alexandre Leme.pdf: 17588860 bytes, checksum: f14b7589595476ddfa37ecc37df9836f (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br), reason: - Na folha de aprovação está faltando o conceito: favor solicitar à Seção de Pós-Graduação on 2018-06-07T11:21:36Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Magnum Leme (alexandremagnumleme@gmail.com) on 2018-06-07T12:18:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Alexandre Leme.pdf: 17592673 bytes, checksum: 808ca0e115bf662c3378ae7dbfa632a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-06-07T17:46:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leme_am_me_rcla.pdf: 17579022 bytes, checksum: fa6b94de2f7751d34757bd7db7c0a590 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T17:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leme_am_me_rcla.pdf: 17579022 bytes, checksum: fa6b94de2f7751d34757bd7db7c0a590 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, a rodovia se apresenta como um dos modais mais utilizados para o transporte de derivados do Petróleo, consequente a esse fato os espaços ambientais adjacentes a rodovias se destacam como áreas importantes para mapeamentos de sensibilidade ambiental a derrames de óleo. Dados da CETESB (2009) apontam que no período de 1978 a 2009 cerca de 40% dos acidentes ambientais envolvendo produtos perigosos no Estado de São Paulo foram referentes ao transporte rodoviário. As Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Óleo (Cartas SAO) apresentam o índice de sensibilidade ambiental, obtido a partir de características do meio físico e representado num intervalo de 1 a 10, além de informações bióticas e socioeconômicas, representadas na forma de ícones predefinidos. Estas cartas são importante ferramenta de apoio técnico gerencial para a tomada de decisão no planejamento de ações de emergência, em casos de acidentes envolvendo óleo e são amplamente utilizadas em áreas costeiras, onde são produzidas a partir de adaptações de metodologia elaborada pela National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Não existe, porém, uma padronização destas cartas para ambientes terrestres. A presente pesquisa propõe um índice de sensibilidade terrestre denominado índice socioambiental a derrames de óleo em rodovias (ISS), por contemplar fatores físicos, bióticos e socioeconômicos em sua composição. O presente trabalho realiza também uma comparação entre o resultado do mapeamento realizado com este índice e aquele ancorado somente no meio físico, nos moldes do que é efetuado para ambientes costeiros, como contribuição para a padronização futura das Cartas SAO em ambientes terrestres. Para a elaboração do índice proposto, utilizou-se primeiramente a técnica de Compartimentação Fisiográfica, por meio da qual são estabelecidas áreas com características homogêneas, para posterior classificação da sensibilidade ao óleo. O processo de compartimentação se deu por meio de fotointerpretação de imagens orbitais SPOT 5 e trabalho de campo, o que propiciou a delimitação de 13 Unidades Básicas de Compartimentação – UBCs, classificadas de acordo com cinco parâmetros físicos: declividade, textura e espessura do perfil de alteração do solo , profundidade do nível d’água e densidade de drenagem e cinco parâmetros socioambientais: existência de unidades de Conservação, área ocupada por fragmentos florestais, uso e ocupação do solo, IDHM dos municípios e vulnerabilidade da rodovia. Foram estabelecidos pesos variando de 1 a 3 para cada parâmetro e realizada uma álgebra de mapas no software ArcGIS 10.2.2 (ESRI), para a elaboração das duas cartas de sensibilidade. Na primeira carta, os índices de sensibilidade foram obtidos somente a partir das características do meio físico (IST), enquanto a segunda incorporou na elaboração do índice as características bióticas e socioeconômicas (ISS). Como resultado, a área de estudo apresentou uma maior concentração de índices elevados e intermediários de sensibilidade para o IST e concentração de valores de média a baixa sensibilidade para o ISS. Conclui-se que o índice de sensibilidade ambiental ao óleo utilizando os fatores bióticos e socioeconômicas (ISS) é uma representação mais realista das características do meio terrestre, com produção rápida e objetiva e que permite a aplicação em ambientes similares, embora haja necessidade de atualização constante, por incluir características dinâmicas, como as socioeconômicas. / In Brazil, the highway is one of the most used modalities for the transport of petroleum derivatives and because of that the space adjacent to highways stands out as important area for environmental sensitivity mapping to oil spills. Data from CETESB (2009) indicate that from 1978 to 2009, about 40% of the accidents involving dangerous products in the State of São Paulo were related to the road transport. The Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Oil Spills present the environmental sensitivity index obtained from characteristics of the physical environment and represented in a range from 1 to 10, as well as biotic and socioeconomic information, represented as predefined icons. These maps are an important tool for decisionmaking for emergency response in case of accidents involving oil and are widely used in coastal areas, where they are produced based on a methodology designed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). There is, however, no standardization for the terrestrial environment. This research proposes a terrestrial sensitivity index called socio environmental index to oil spills on highways (ISS), considering physical, biotic and socioeconomic factors in its composition. The present research also compares the result of the mapping performed with this index and that anchored only in the physical environment, as applied for coastal areas, as a contribution to the future standardization of the SAO mapping for terrestrial environment. For the proposed index, the Physiographic Compartmentalization technique was applied, in order to establish homogeneous areas, for later classification of their oil sensitivity. This process was performed by the photointerpretation of SPOT 5 images and field work, and 13 Basic Compartmentation Units – UBCs were delimitated and classified according to five physical parameters: slope, texture and thickness of the soil profile, water depth and drainage density and also five socio-environmental parameters: existence of conservation units, area of forest fragments, land cover and landuse, municipalitie´s IDH, and highway vulnerability. Weights ranging from 1 to 3 were established for each parameter and a map algebra was performed in the ArcGIS 10.2.2 software (ESRI), to produce the two sensitivity maps. In the first map, the sensitivity indexes were obtained only from the characteristics of the physical environment (IST), while the second incorporated the biotic and socioeconomic characteristics (ISS) into the index. As a result, the study area presented a higher concentration of high and intermediate sensitivity index for the IST and concentration of medium to low sensitivity index for the ISS. It is concluded that the environmental sensitivity index to oil using biotic and socioeconomic factors (ISS) is a more realistic representation of the terrestrial environment, with rapid and objective production and allows the application in similar environments, although there is a need for updating, because it includes dynamic characteristics, such as socioeconomic ones.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09991.pdf: 5492615 bytes, checksum: ba479cf83ce76514f63501df3fa92374 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

We often want a compiler to generate executable code that runs as fast as possible. One consideration toward this goal is to keep values in fast registers to limit the number of slower memory accesses that occur. When there are not enough physical registers available for use, values are ``spilled'' to the runtime stack. The need for spills is discovered during register allocation wherein values in use are mapped to physical registers. One factor in the efficacy of register allocation is the number of values in use at one time (register collisions). Register collision is affected by compiler optimizations that take place before register allocation. Though the main purpose of compiler optimizations is to make the overall code better and faster, some optimizations can actually increase register collisions. This may force the register allocation process to spill. This thesis studies the effects of different compiler optimizations on register collisions.

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Oil spills have long been recognized as a significant threat to wildlife. Historically, mortality estimates have served as the basis for assessing impact to natural resources. However, these mortality estimates alone neglect the more wide-spread impact of oil spills on wildlife including birds, many of which may not immediately succumb to exposure, but instead suffer sublethal injury that may negatively affect physiological homeostasis, reproduction, and long-term survival. Therefore, there is a need to improve our understanding of the risk of exposure and effect of sublethal oiling during damage assessments. In this dissertation I evaluated the extent of sublethal oil exposure in the immediate aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon spill on American oystercatchers (Haematopus palliatus), black skimmers (Rynchops niger), brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), clapper rails (Rallus crepitans), and seaside sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus) through both visual evaluation of and under the application of ultraviolet light to individual birds potentially exposed to oil. I found that there were many individual birds with modest oil exposure, demonstrating that more birds are exposed to oil than are accounted for by mortality estimates. Additionally, I developed a field-adapted technique using an in vitro method in brown pelicans that was effective in determining oxidative hematologic injury as measured by a suite of parameters including a reduction in circulating erythrocytes and hemoglobin, formation of Heinz bodies, and an increase in reticulocytes, in birds exposed to oil. I then applied this suite of parameters to individual birds affected in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon spill, and found that birds with modest visible or UV-detectible oil exposure suffer hematologic injury, a quantifiable adverse sublethal effect of modest oil exposure. Finally, I used an experimental approach to evaluate the pathologic effects of crude oil exposure in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), evaluating the same suite of hematologic parameters as well as gross pathology, histopathology, and electron microscopy. This controlled study provided evidence that there may be significant variability in the response of birds to oil exposure that may be attributable to species-specific sensitivity and/or other factors such as the use of dispersants after oil spills. Collectively, this body of work demonstrated that many more birds are exposed to oil during spill events than are accounted for by mortality estimates alone, and that these birds can suffer quantifiable sublethal hematologic injury. The ability to accurately assess the extent of exposure and hematologic damage caused by oil spills is critical to determine the appropriate approach to management needed to offset impacts to fisheries, wildlife, habitats, and economic resources impacted by oil spills. / Doctor of Philosophy / Fossil fuels are the world's primary energy source and are an important part of everyday life. Our reliance on petroleum requires extraction, transportation, storage, and refinement of millions of gallons of crude oil each day. As an unintended consequence, some of this oil is inadvertently spilled into the environment, and these oil spills have long been recognized as a threat to wildlife. Assessing the impact of oil spills on wildlife is a major concern to industries, government, and the general public. Historically, mortality estimates have served as the basis for assessing impact to natural resources. However, these mortality estimates alone neglect the more wide-spread impact of oil spills on wildlife including birds, many of which may not immediately succumb to exposure, but instead suffer sublethal physiologic injury that negatively affects physiology, reproduction, and long-term survival. Therefore, there is a need to improve our understanding of the risk of exposure and effects of sublethal oiling during damage assessments. In this dissertation, I evaluated the extent of sublethal exposure to oil from The Deepwater Horizon spill for several species of birds through both visual evaluation of and under the application of ultraviolet light. This demonstrated that many more birds are affected by oil exposure than are accounted for by mortality estimates. Additionally, I developed a field-adapted technique in a controlled setting that is effective in determining oxidative injury to red blood cells in birds exposed to oil, and applied this approach to several species in the field during the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon spill. Finally, I used an experimental approach to evaluate the extent of pathologic effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil exposure in individuals under controlled dosages. The ability to accurately assess the extent of damage caused by oil spills is critical to determine the appropriate approach to management needed to offset impacts to fisheries, wildlife, habitats, and economic resources impacted by oil spills.