The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of social media on crisis communication. To evaluate this impact, a case study method was utilized examining the crisis communication response of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on April 20, 2010. This study focused on the response of the responsible party, British Petroleum, and the general public over three social media: Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. Through extensive analysis of both the company's and public response to the Gulf spill, nine implications were identified regarding social media's influence on crisis communication. These implications highlighted the potential for organizations to build interpersonal relationships with its publics. These relationships were found to be crucial in times of crises. The implications of this study also pointed to interactivity, using a "human voice," trust, and credibility as crucial factors in building these relationships and leading an effective crisis response across social media. This study also noted the new stress for organization's to respond quickly to crises as a result of instant news brought by social media. Implications of this study also highlighted social media's influence on individuals becoming contributing members of a crisis response. While social media has influenced the practice of crisis communication in many ways, this study found that the principles and ethics of the field have remained the same. In conclusion, analysis suggests that BP neglected using social media in its crisis response, a channel which has entered the mainstream of crisis communication. As a result, this study recommends the use of social media before, during, and after a crisis to ensure the welfare of a company and its relationship with its publics.

Every year thousands of tons of chemicals are transported by railroad in Delaware County, Indiana. All the rail lines pass through the geographical center of Muncie. Because of population densities close to rail lines is high, the vulnerability is substantial for any kind of chemical spill.To respond to possible emergency problems, the latest technology is needed which can be used in the most efficient and fastest way, so that lives can be protected. GIS can provide detailed, and time sensitive information before and after the disaster, thereby increasing the ability to make better decisions during the time of emergency.According to Gosnell (2004), the Emergency Management Agency of Delaware County is least prepared for any kind of action plan if a chemical spill situation occurs. This research is intended to create an Emergency Management System for a hypothetical chemical spill involving all the five phases of operation using GIS so that it can be a demonstration for the emergency management agency of Delaware County of how such a situation can be planned from its initial stage to final stage of operation thereby the life, property and environment can be protected. / Department of Geography

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perinotto_rrc_me_rcla.pdf: 7856943 bytes, checksum: 17e8581630be4a2e1add4cefd13abc6f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Derrames de óleo causam recorrentes e graves prejuízos aos ecossistemas costeiros em todo o mundo. O mapeamento de sensibilidade ambiental é componente essencial e fonte de informação primária para o planejamento de contingência, que estabelece diretrizes de ações de resposta aos derrames. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir áreas prioritárias de proteção e zonas de sacrifício por meio do mapeamento, em escala operacional, da sensibilidade a derrames de óleo dos ambientes costeiros dos municípios de São Vicente, Santos e Guarujá (SP), baseando-se na proposta elaborada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente, com utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica. A região apresenta elevada complexidade e relevância econômica com alto risco de ocorrência de derrames pela presença do Porto de Santos. Possui grande variedade de ecossistemas costeiros e estuarinos sensíveis que abrigam comunidades de elevada diversidade biológica. Como resultados são apresentados 3 Cartas Táticas, 21 Cartas Operacionais e Quadros Descritivos com informações de cada segmento mapeado; além do mapa e das indicações das Áreas Prioritárias e Zonas de Sacrifício, sugeridas de acordo com critérios relevantes, baseados nas características de cada segmento, e considerados a partir do conhecimento detalhado adquirido no desenvolvimento deste trabalho, que constitui importante contribuição à gestão ambiental da zona costeira estudada / Oil spills have caused recurrent and severe damages in coastal ecosystems all around the world. The environmental sensitivity mapping is an essential component and prime information source for the contingency planning, which establishes emergency response actions to oil spills. This study aimed to define high priority areas for protection and sacrifice zones by mapping, in detailed scales, the environmental sensitivity to oil spills of coastal habitats in São Vicente, Santos and Guarujá municipalities (São Paulo State). This mapping was done using a Geographic Information System and was based on the methodology and standards suggested by the Brazilian Environmental Ministry. The study area has high economic importance and complexity, with many risks of oil spills because of the presence of the “Porto de Santos”. The region shows a wide variety of sensitive estuarine and coastal ecosystems that shelter high biodiversity. As result are presented 3 ESI maps in tactical scales; 21 ESI maps in detailed scales; Descriptive Tables with information from each coastal segment mapped; and the map with indicated areas for high priority protection and sacrifice zones. These areas were suggested according to relevant criteria, based on characteristics of each segment, and considered from the detailed knowledge acquired in the development of this work that represents an important contribution to the coastal environmental management in the study area

The Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, off the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico. Following the spill, British Petroleum, leaser of the rig, set up a funding institution known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) to support research and understanding of the spill on the environments and peoples of the gulf. This outreach project was created alongside research of the RECOVER consortium, funded by GoMRI, to communicate what is happening within research labs around the country to understand the effect that the spill had on fish in pelagic and coastal regions of the gulf. The outreach project is composed of a short film (Deepwaters: The Science of a Spill, 18 min) and related outreach materials posted to Instagram (@FishandOilSpills).

Within two months of its emergence, the BP Gulf Oil spill had become the worst environmental disaster in United States history. However, for those studying public relations the oil spill brought more than ecological disaster, by providing a case study of crisis communication. Although there were a number of crisis responses from BP throughout the course of the oil spill, the primary crisis response crafted by BP was an image restoration campaign which premiered in early June 2010. This campaign, though it exhibits qualities of a standard crisis response, was wildly unpopular with the United States Government and citizenry. This rhetorical analysis attempts to uncover the reasons behind the campaign's failure through an application of the genre model of criticism. By defining the crisis communication genre and applying it to the artifact, the current study uncovers the reasons behind the failure of the campaign. Through this discussion, this analysis identifies that BP did not address all necessary exigencies, nor did it consider the influence a rhetor can have on a message. An explanation for the failure of BP' s campaign provided a plethora of implications to the fields of public . relations and rhetorical criticism, while beginning a discussion to help define the crisis communication genre.

The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform on April 20, 2010 resulted in the second largest oil spill in history. In this study, the distribution and chemical composition of hydrocarbons within a 45 km radius of the blowout was investigated. A complete set of hydrocarbon data were acquired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and from BP, including data from 16 research missions collected over eight weeks. The distribution of hydrocarbons was found to be more dispersed over a wider area in subsurface waters than previously predicted or reported. Several hydrocarbon plumes were identified including a near-surface plume (0.5 to 50 m), two small mid-depth plume (240 to 290 m and 850 to 880 m), and a large deepwater plume approximately 1,050 to 1,300 m below surface. Water soluble compounds were preferentially extracted from the rising oil in deepwater, and were found at potentially toxic levels both in and outside of areas previously reported to contain the majority of hydrocarbons. Data collected from different research missions were measured for a wide variety of chemical compounds, but not every sample was analyzed for the same chemical compounds. To overcome the challenge of variability in sample data, a non-parametric method of evaluating the percentage of detectable results, was used for all data analysis in addition to evaluation of total sample concentrations. The two analysis techniques yielded similar results. This approach may be useful in other studies in which samples are measured for varying number of compounds and have varying detection limits. The distribution and toxicity of hydrocarbons in sediments between August and October, 2010 was also investigated and was found to be fairly localized.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released millions of barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, impacting economically and ecologically important fishes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the oil have been shown to cause developmental impairments in early life stage fishes, such as morphological and behavioral changes related to eye formation and visual processing following PAH exposure. Prior research reported reduced eye growth in open water, pelagic species, as well as reduced photoreceptor-specific transcription factors associated with eye development following exposure to crude oil. Though changes in transcriptomic-level pathways associated with vision and visual processing have been reported, it has yet to be determined how these changes relate to physiological or behavioral-level effects in fish. Therefore, the present studies evaluated the effect of weathered crude oil on eye development and visual function in mahi-mahi, red drum, sheepshead minnow, and zebrafish larvae. Fish were assessed through several visually-mediated behavioral assays, analyzed histologically and immunohistologically, along with subsequent transcriptomic analyses and associated gene expression changes. Larvae exposed to crude oil experienced significantly reduced abilities to exhibit optomotor or optokinetic responses relative to controls, with associated reductions in retinal development. Furthermore, genes associated with eye development and phototransduction were downregulated, with subsequent decreases in the immunofluorescence of neurological connections within the retina and a choroid-specific increase in apoptotic activity. We related oil-induced transcriptomic-level effects to morphological, physiological, and behavioral-level impairments in larval teleost fishes.

The development of analytical methods for emerging contaminants creates many unique challenges for analytical chemists. By their nature, emerging contaminants have inherent data gaps related to their environmental occurrence, fate, and impact. This dissertation is a compilation of three studies related to method development for the structural identification of emerging contaminants, the detection and quantification of chemicals used in unprecedented quantities and applications, and the extraction of compounds from complex matrices where the solvent-solute-matrix interactions are not completely understood. The three studies present analytical methods developed for emerging contaminants in complex matrices, including: fluorochemical surfactants in aqueous film-forming foams, oil dispersant surfactants in seawater, and fullerene nanomaterials in carbonaceous solids. Aqueous film-forming foams, used in military and commercial firefighting, represent environmentally-relevant commercial mixtures that contain a variety of fluorochemical surfactants. Combining the surfactant-selective ionization of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry with high resolution mass spectrometry, chemical formulas for 11 different fluorochemical classes were identified. Then AFFF-related patents were used to determine the structures. Of the eleven classes of fluorochemicals, ten have little, if any, data on their environmental occurrence, fate, and potential impacts in the peer-reviewed literature. In addition, nine of the identified classes had either cationic or zwitterionic functionalities and are likely to have different transport properties compared to the well-studied anionic fluorochemicals, such as perfluorooctanoate. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the summer of 2010, one of the emergency response methods for the mitigation of the oil's environmental impact was the use of unprecedented amounts of oil dispersant to break down the oil slick and encourage biodegradation. This event illustrated the need for rapid analytical method development in order to respond to the potential environmental disaster in a timely manner. Using large volume injection liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, an analytical method was developed for the trace analysis of the multiple dispersant surfactant classes and the potential degradation products of the primary surfactant. Limits of detection ranged from 49 ��� 3,000 ng/L. The method provided excellent recovery (86 ��� 119%) and precision (10 ��� 23% RSD), while also accommodating for the high salinity of seawater samples and analyte contamination. Despite the fact that fullerene nanomaterials have been studied for almost three decades, research is still being conducted to fully understand the environmental properties of these materials. Previous studies to extract fullerenes from environmental matrices have resulted in low efficiency, high variability, or the extraction efficiencies have gone unreported. Extraction by ultrasonication with toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene increased the recovery 5-fold of a spiked, isotopically-labeled C������ surrogate from carbon lampblack as compared to that of the conventional approach of extracting with 100% toluene. The study revealed the importance of evaluating experimental variables such as extraction solvent composition and volume, and sample mass, as they have a significant impact on the quantitative extraction of fullerenes from environmental matrices. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Aug. 15, 2012 - Aug. 15, 2013

This thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of organoclays. X-ray diffraction has been used to study the changes in the basal spacings of montmorillonite clay and surfactant-intercalated organoclays. Variation in the d-spacing was found to be a step function of the surfactant concentration. Three different molecular environments for surfactant octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODTMA) within the surface-modified montmorillonite are proposed upon the basis of their different decomposition temperatures. High-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG) shows that the thermal decomposition of montmorillonite modified with ODTMA takes place in four steps attributing to dehydration of adsorbed water, dehydration of water hydrating metal cations, loss of surfactant and the loss of OH units respectively. In addition, it has shown that the decomposition procedure of DODMA and TOMA modified clays are very different from that of ODTMA modified ones. The surfactant decomposition takes place in several steps in the DODMA and TOMA modified clays while for ODTMA modified clays, it shows only one step for the decomposition of surfactant. Also TG was proved to be a useful tool to estimate the amount of surfactant within the organoclays. A model is proposed in which, up to 0.4 CEC, a surfactant monolayer is formed between the montmorillonite clay layers; up to 0.8 CEC, a lateral-bilayer arrangement is formed; and above 1.5 CEC, a pseudotrimolecular layer is formed, with excess surfactant adsorbed on the clay surface. While for dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODMA) and trioctadecylmethylammonium bromide (TOMA) modified clays, since the larger sizes of the surfactants, some layers of montmorillonite are kept unaltered because of steric effects. The configurations of surfactant within these organoclays usually take paraffin type layers. Thermal analysis also provides an indication of the thermal stability of the organoclay as shown by different starting decomposition temperatures. FTIR was used as a guide to determine the phase state of the organoclay interlayers as determined from the CH asymmetric stretching vibration of the surfactants to provide more information on surfactant configurations. It was used to study the changes in the spectra of the surfactant ODTMA upon intercalation into a sodium montmorillonite. Surfaces of montmorillonites were modified using ultrasonic and hydrothermal methods through the intercalation and adsorption of the cationic surfactant ODTMA. Changes in the surfaces and structure were characterized using electron microscopy. The ultrasonic preparation method results in a higher surfactant concentration within the montmorillonite interlayer when compared with that from the hydrothermal method. Both XRD patterns and TEM images demonstrate that SWy-2-Namontmorillonite contains superlayers. TEM images of organoclays prepared at high surfactant concentrations show alternate basal spacings between neighboring layers. SEM images show that modification with surfactant will reduce the clay particle aggregation. Organoclays prepared at low surfactant concentration display curved flakes, whereas they become flat with increasing intercalated surfactant. Fundamentally this thesis has increased the knowledge base of the structural and morphological properties of organo-montmorillonite clays. The configurations of surfactant in the organoclays have been further investigated and three different molecular environments for surfactant ODTMA within the surface-modified montmorillonite are proposed upon the basis of their different decomposition temperatures. Changes in the spectra of the surfactant upon intercalation into clay have been investigated in details. Novel surfactant-modified montmorillonite results in the formation of new nanophases with the potential for the removal of organic contaminants from aqueous media and for the removal of hydrocarbon spills on roads.

Contexte : Les modèles physico-chimiques sont de plus en plus utilisés en hygiène du travail pour estimer l’exposition aux contaminants chimiques de l’air. Ils prédisent l’exposition à l’aide d’équations mathématiques qui relient les caractéristiques de l'émission des contaminants et leur dispersion dans l'air aux concentrations qui en résultent. La mise en œuvre de ces modèles est rapide, moins coûteuse que l’échantillonnage de l’air, et particulièrement indiquée pour les évaluations d'expositions passées et/ou futures. Les estimations de ces modèles, quoique généralement satisfaisantes, peuvent être, dans certains cas, biaisées du fait des incertitudes associées à l’estimation des paramètres d'entrée, notamment, le taux d'émission des contaminants, qui peut être particulièrement difficile à estimer. Objectifs : L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de proposer des améliorations aux modèles physico-chimiques utilisés en hygiène du travail afin de permettre des estimations plus fiables des concentrations de solvants dans l’air des milieux de travail. Trois objectifs spécifiques étaient définis pour l’étude : (1) effectuer une revue critique de la littérature existante sur le modèle à deux compartiments ; (2) améliorer l’estimation du taux d’émission des contaminants en situations de petits déversements de solvants organiques purs ou de mélanges idéaux de solvants ; (3) améliorer l’estimation du taux d’émission des contaminants en situations de petits déversements de mélanges non-idéaux de solvants organiques. Méthodes : Pour le premier objectif, une revue documentaire des publications scientifiques ayant utilisé le modèle à deux compartiments pour évaluer l'exposition aux vapeurs de solvants a été effectuée. Les données d’exposition (scénarios, solvants, conditions d’études), de modélisation (paramètres d’entrée, résultats) et d’évaluation des performances prédictives du modèle ont été compilées et analysées afin d’identifier les forces et les facteurs potentiels d’amélioration du modèle. Pour le deuxième objectif, trois équations d’estimation des constantes de taux d'évaporation de contaminants alphas (α) ont été développées, en se basant sur des modèles de régression statistiques mettant en relation des alphas expérimentaux mesurés pour cinq solvants purs lors de 183 tests d’évaporation simulant des petits déversements de solvants, et divers déterminants de alpha étudiés. La capacité prédictive des trois équations a été évaluée en comparant les alphas estimés avec des données expérimentales internes et externes à l’étude. Pour le troisième objectif, deux équations dérivées de la Loi de Raoult ont été proposées pour estimer les constantes de taux d'évaporation alphas lors de petits déversements de 12 mélanges aqueux binaires non-idéaux de solvants, en corrigeant ou non, pour la non-idéalité des mélanges. Les concentrations atmosphériques de contaminants, corrigées ou non, ont été prédites à l’aide d’un modèle de petit déversement proposé par le logiciel IHMOD. La qualité des estimations du modèle a été évaluée en comparant, graphiquement et numériquement, les concentrations prédites corrigées ou non, avec des mesures de concentrations réelles. Résultats : Pour le premier objectif, la revue de littérature a démontré l’efficacité du modèle à deux compartiments pour l’évaluation des expositions chimiques sur la base de ses performances de prédiction qui étaient globalement dans un facteur de 0,3 à 3,7 fois les concentrations réelles avec 93 % des valeurs comprises entre 0,5 et 2. Le modèle surestimait les concentrations réelles dans 63 % des évaluations, ce qui témoigne de son utilité à faire prendre, généralement, des décisions conservatrices au profit des travailleurs. L’estimation adéquate des paramètres d’entrée, notamment, du taux d’émission des contaminants, et l’inclusion d’autres facteurs influents tels que la géométrie de la source d’émission, le type et la position du système de ventilation, la présence et l’orientation du travailleur dans une pièce, ont été identifiés parmi les points majeurs d’amélioration du modèle. Pour le deuxième objectif, les alphas expérimentaux mesurés pour les cinq solvants purs variaient entre 0,002 et 0,448 min-1 avec une moyenne de 0,076 min-1. Les principaux déterminants de alpha identifiés étaient la pression de vapeur du solvant, le volume de solvant déversé, la surface de déversement, le ratio de surface de déversement/volume de déversement, la vitesse d’air au-dessus du déversement et la forme du récipient de déversement. Les trois équations développées dans notre étude ont prédit les alphas expérimentaux externes avec un degré élevé d'exactitude et de précision. Les pourcentages moyens d'erreur étaient de –32,9, –32,0 et –25,5 %, respectivement, avec des écarts-types associés aux pourcentages moyens d'erreur de 17,7, 33,3 et 26,0 %, respectivement, et des R2 de 0,92, 0,65 et 0,87, respectivement. Pour le troisième objectif, concernant l’évaluation des mélanges de solvants, les alphas estimés corrigés pour la non-idéalité des mélanges (médiane = 0,0318 min-1) étaient supérieurs à ceux non corrigés (médiane = 0,00632 min-1). Les concentrations modélisées en utilisant les alphas corrigés concordaient raisonnablement avec les concentrations mesurées, avec un ratio médian des concentrations maximales prédites/mesurées de 0,92 (0,81 à 1,32) et une différence médiane entre les temps d’atteinte des concentrations maximales prédites et mesurées de –5 min. Sans correction pour la non-idéalité, le ratio médian des concentrations maximales prédites/mesurées était de 0,31 (0,08 à 0,75) et la différence médiane entre les temps d’atteinte des concentrations maximales prédites et mesurées était de +33 min, ce qui démontre l’importance de considérer la non-idéalité des mélanges lors du processus d’estimation des expositions aux mélanges non-idéaux de solvants. Conclusion : Cette thèse a permis de développer une base de données de scénarios d'exposition et de valeurs des paramètres d'entrée du modèle à deux compartiments, de même que, des équations pratiques et performantes pour estimer des taux d’émission de contaminants en situations de petits déversements de solvants purs ou de mélanges de solvants. En cela, nos résultats constituent un renforcement quantitatif et qualitatif des outils de modélisation existants et une avancée dans l'amélioration des modèles physico-chimiques utilisés en hygiène du travail pour estimer les expositions chimiques. / Context : Physico-chemical models are increasingly used in occupational hygiene to estimate airborne contaminant concentrations. They predict exposure concentrations through mathematical equations that relate the characteristics of the contaminants’ mass emission and their dispersion in the air to the resulting concentrations. These models are quick to use, low cost, and exclusively indicated for past and/or future exposure assessments. Their estimates have been shown to be, generally, in a good agreement with actual air contaminant concentrations. But, sometimes, these models’ outcomes can be substantially biased due to the uncertainty associated with the estimation of the input parameters, notably, the contaminant mass emission rate, which can be particularly challenging to estimate. Objectives : The main objective of this thesis was to propose some improvements to the physico-chemical models used in occupational hygiene in order to allow for more reliable estimates of solvents’ concentrations in the air of the workplaces. Three specific objectives were defined for the study : (1) to perform a critical review of the existing literature on the two-zone model; (2) to improve the estimation of the contaminants’ mass emission rate in exposure scenarios involving small spills of pure organic solvents or ideal solvent mixtures; (3) to improve the estimation of the contaminants’ mass emission rate in exposure scenarios involving small spills of non-ideal organic solvent mixtures. Methods : For the first objective, a literature review based on scientific publications that used the two-zone model to assess exposures to solvent vapours was performed. Data on the exposures (scenarios, solvents, study conditions), the modeling processes (input parameters, results) and on the predictive performance of the model were compiled and analyzed to identify the strengths and the potential areas for the improvement of the model. For the second objective, three equations for estimating the contaminants evaporation rate constants alphas (α) were developed, based on statistical regression models, relating experimental alphas measured for five pure organic solvents during 183 evaporation tests simulating small spills of solvents, and various determinants of alpha. The predictive ability of the three equations was assessed by comparing the estimated alphas with both internal and external experimental measured alphas. For the third objective, two equations derived from Raoult's Law were proposed to estimate the contaminants evaporation rate constants alphas during small spills of 12 non-ideal binary aqueous mixtures, correcting or not for the non-ideality of the mixtures. Corrected and non-corrected air contaminants concentrations were predicted using a small spill model proposed by the IHMOD modeling tool. The quality of the model estimates was assessed by comparing, graphically and numerically, the corrected and non-corrected predicted contaminants concentrations to measured contaminants concentrations. Results : For the first objective, the literature review demonstrated the effectiveness of the two-zone model for assessing chemical exposures based on its predictive performance which was globally within a factor of 0.3 to 3.7 times the actual concentrations, with 93 % of the values being between 0.5 and 2. The model overestimated the actual concentrations in 63 % of the evaluations, which underlines the usefulness of the model for, generally, leading to make conservative decisions that would be beneficial to the workers. The adequate estimation of input parameters, notably, the contaminant mass emission rate, and inclusion of other influential factors such as the geometry of the emission source, the type and position of the ventilation system, the presence and orientation of a worker in a room were the major avenues identified for the improvement of the model. For the second objective, the measured experimental alpha values varied from 0.002 to 0.448 min-1 with an average value of 0.076 min-1. The main determinants identified for alpha were the vapor pressure of the solvent, the spill volume, the spill surface area, the spill surface area-to-spill volume ratio, the air speed above the spill, and the shape of the spill container. The three equations developed in our study predicted the external experimental alphas with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The mean percentages of error were –32.9, –32.0 and –25.5 %, respectively, with associated standard deviations of the percentages of error of 17.7, 33.3 and 26.0 %, respectively, and associated R2 of 0.92, 0.65 and 0.87, respectively. For the third objective, regarding the evaluations of the solvent mixtures, the estimated alpha values which were corrected for the non-ideality of the mixtures (median = 0.0318 min-1) were higher than those which were not corrected (median = 0.00632 min-1). Modeled concentrations using the corrected alphas reasonably agreed with measured concentrations, with a median predicted peak concentrations-to-measured peak concentrations ratio of 0.92 (0.81 to 1.32) and a median difference between the predicted and the measured peak times of –5 min. Without correction for non-ideality, the median predicted peak concentrations-to-measured peak concentrations ratio was 0.31 (0.08 to 0.75) and the median difference between the predicted and the measured peak times was +33 min, which demonstrates the importance of accounting for the non-ideality effect during the process of estimating exposures related to non-ideal solvent mixtures. Conclusion : In this thesis, we developed a database of exposure scenarios and values for the input parameters of the two-zone model, as well as, new practical and efficiently robust equations for estimating contaminants’ mass emission rates in exposure scenarios involving small spills of pure and mixed volatile liquids. Our results constitute a quantitative and qualitative reinforcement of the existing modeling tools and a step further in the improvement of the physico-chemical models used in occupational hygiene to estimate chemical exposure levels.