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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Dinâmica dos Espodossolos, da vegetação e do clima durante o Quaternário tardio na região nordeste do estado do Espírito Santo / Late Quaternary dynamics of Spodosols, vegetation and climate at the northeastern region of Espírito Santo state

Buso Junior, Antonio Alvaro 08 May 2015 (has links)
Esse trabalho, realizado na região nordeste do estado do Espírito Santo, é dividido em duas partes. A primeira envolve a caracterização da precipitação polínica moderna da vegetação de mata de tabuleiros e de duas fisionomias de vegetação de muçununga. A segunda consiste na reconstrução paleoambiental no Quaternário tardio, com base em estudo interdisciplinar aplicado a Espodossolos e sedimento lacustre. A caracterização da precipitação polínica moderna mostrou que a mata de tabuleiros é marcada por maiores taxas de acumulação polínica, maiores frequências de Urticaceae/Moraceae e presença de táxons raros, tais como Glycydendron, Rinorea, Hydrogaster, Virola e outros. A vegetação da muçununga arborizada foi caracterizada por taxa de acumulação polínica intermediária, altas frequências de Byrsonima, e frequências mais elevadas de Araliaceae, Doliocarpus e Lundia. A vegetação de muçununga campestre é caracterizada por menores taxas de acumulação polínica e maiores frequências de Poaceae, Cyperaceae e Asteraceae. A comparação desses resultados com amostra superficial de sedimento lacustre mostrou que em amostras sedimentares o sinal polínico de mata de tabuleiros pode ser mascarado pela alta frequência de espécies semi-aquáticas das famílias Poaceae e Cyperaceae, e por altas frequências de espécies pioneiras, tais como Cecropia. O estudo de reconstrução do paleoambiente permitiu a elaboração de um modelo para a evolução das manchas de Espodossolo da região, as quais sustentam as diferentes fisionomias da vegetação de muçununga. Segundo esse modelo, essas manchas seriam originárias da transformação do Argissolo devido a fatores relacionados ao relevo e a paleoclimas mais úmidos. Entretanto, não é possível descartar a possibilidade de que algumas manchas de Espodossolo tenham se originado em sedimentos intrinsecamente arenosos relacionados ao Pós-Barreiras. O estudo também permitiu inferir flutuações do paleoclima durante o Quaternário tardio. Um clima mais úmido no intervalo aproximado de 31000-23000 anos cal. AP, com chuvas bem distribuídas ao longo do ano, é inferido com base no início do processo de podsolização e no desenvolvimento de algumas das atuais manchas de Espodossolo. O intervalo seguinte, aproximadamente entre 23000-8000 anos cal. AP, é inferido como menos úmido que o anterior, com base na expansão pontual de plantas C4 observada na matéria-orgânica do solo, e na ausência do sinal polínico de mata de tabuleiros entre 11000-8000 anos cal. AP no sedimento lacustre. O último intervalo, entre cerca de 7000 anos cal. AP até hoje, é inferido como mais úmido, com base no início do registro polínico em área de Espodossolo alagado e formação de horizonte B espódico secundário, e também na expansão das matas de tabuleiros observada no sinal polínico do sedimento lacustre. O registro polínico sedimentar mostra a presença de táxons com distribuição disjunta entre os biomas Amazônia e Mata Atlântica desde cerca de 8500 anos cal. AP. O registro polínico, a matéria-orgânica sedimentar e a matéria-orgânica dos solos não mostram indícios de expansão de campos e savanas com predomínio de plantas C4 durante os últimos 17000 anos cal. AP, o que pode indicar que a região pode ter sido um refúgio florestal durante os períodos menos úmidos do Pleistoceno tardio e do Holoceno / This study was carried out at the northeastern region of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It is organized in two main parts. The first one is related to the characterization of the modern pollen rain of the \"tabuleiros\" forest vegetation and of two distinct physiognomies of mussununga vegetation. The second part consists of the late Quaternary paleoenvironment reconstruction, based on interdisciplinary study applied in Spodosols and lake sediment. The modern pollen rain of the \"tabuleiros\" forest is characterized by the highest pollen accumulation rates, highest frequencies of Urticaceae/Moraceae, and the presence of less frequent and rare taxa as Glycydendron, Rinorea, Hydrogaster, Virola, and others. The wooded mussununga vegetation is characterized by intermediate pollen accumulation rates, high frequencies of Byrsonima, and high frequencies of Araliaceae, Doliocarpus and Lundia when compared with the other vegetation types. The grassland mussununga vegetation is characterized by the lowest pollen accumulation rates, and the highest frequencies of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. The comparison of these results with the pollen assemblage from lake sediment surface sample shows that in sediment samples the \"tabuleiros\" forest signal may be masked by high frequencies of semi aquatic herbs, mainly Poaceae and Cyperaceae, and pioneer species, especially Cecropia. The paleoenvironment reconstruction study allowed the development of a model for the evolution of Spodosol spots in the region, which sustain the distinct physiognomies of the mussununga vegetation. According to this model, these Spodosol spots originate from the transformation of the Ultisol due to factors related to the relief and more humid paleoclimate events. However, some of these Spodosol spots may have evolved on intrinsically sandy Post-Barreiras sediments. The paleoenvironment study also allowed some inferences about late Quaternary climate fluctuations. Based on the beginning of the podsolization process and on the evolution of some Spodosol spots, the climate during the interval from ~31,000-23,000 cal yr BP may have been humid, without dry period along the year. The next interval, from ~23,000 to 8000 cal yr BP is inferred less humid than the previous one, based on the spatially restricted expansion of C4 plants, observed in the soil organic matter, and on the absence of the \"tabuleiros\" forest pollen signal, from ~11,000 to 8000 cal yr BP, in the lake sediment. The climate of the last interval, from ~7000 yr cal BP to the present, is inferred more humid than the previous one, based on the beginning of the pollen record in a flooded Spodosol site, and on the expansion of the \"tabuleiros\" forest in the pollen record of the lake sediment. Geographically disjunct taxa between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest biomes are present in the pollen record from the lake sediment since ~8500 cal yr BP to the present. Pollen records, and sediment and soil organic matter do not show the expansion of grasslands or savannas dominated by C4 plants during the last 17,000 cal yr BP, which may indicate that the region probably was a forest refuge during the less humid intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene
2

Dinâmica dos Espodossolos, da vegetação e do clima durante o Quaternário tardio na região nordeste do estado do Espírito Santo / Late Quaternary dynamics of Spodosols, vegetation and climate at the northeastern region of Espírito Santo state

Antonio Alvaro Buso Junior 08 May 2015 (has links)
Esse trabalho, realizado na região nordeste do estado do Espírito Santo, é dividido em duas partes. A primeira envolve a caracterização da precipitação polínica moderna da vegetação de mata de tabuleiros e de duas fisionomias de vegetação de muçununga. A segunda consiste na reconstrução paleoambiental no Quaternário tardio, com base em estudo interdisciplinar aplicado a Espodossolos e sedimento lacustre. A caracterização da precipitação polínica moderna mostrou que a mata de tabuleiros é marcada por maiores taxas de acumulação polínica, maiores frequências de Urticaceae/Moraceae e presença de táxons raros, tais como Glycydendron, Rinorea, Hydrogaster, Virola e outros. A vegetação da muçununga arborizada foi caracterizada por taxa de acumulação polínica intermediária, altas frequências de Byrsonima, e frequências mais elevadas de Araliaceae, Doliocarpus e Lundia. A vegetação de muçununga campestre é caracterizada por menores taxas de acumulação polínica e maiores frequências de Poaceae, Cyperaceae e Asteraceae. A comparação desses resultados com amostra superficial de sedimento lacustre mostrou que em amostras sedimentares o sinal polínico de mata de tabuleiros pode ser mascarado pela alta frequência de espécies semi-aquáticas das famílias Poaceae e Cyperaceae, e por altas frequências de espécies pioneiras, tais como Cecropia. O estudo de reconstrução do paleoambiente permitiu a elaboração de um modelo para a evolução das manchas de Espodossolo da região, as quais sustentam as diferentes fisionomias da vegetação de muçununga. Segundo esse modelo, essas manchas seriam originárias da transformação do Argissolo devido a fatores relacionados ao relevo e a paleoclimas mais úmidos. Entretanto, não é possível descartar a possibilidade de que algumas manchas de Espodossolo tenham se originado em sedimentos intrinsecamente arenosos relacionados ao Pós-Barreiras. O estudo também permitiu inferir flutuações do paleoclima durante o Quaternário tardio. Um clima mais úmido no intervalo aproximado de 31000-23000 anos cal. AP, com chuvas bem distribuídas ao longo do ano, é inferido com base no início do processo de podsolização e no desenvolvimento de algumas das atuais manchas de Espodossolo. O intervalo seguinte, aproximadamente entre 23000-8000 anos cal. AP, é inferido como menos úmido que o anterior, com base na expansão pontual de plantas C4 observada na matéria-orgânica do solo, e na ausência do sinal polínico de mata de tabuleiros entre 11000-8000 anos cal. AP no sedimento lacustre. O último intervalo, entre cerca de 7000 anos cal. AP até hoje, é inferido como mais úmido, com base no início do registro polínico em área de Espodossolo alagado e formação de horizonte B espódico secundário, e também na expansão das matas de tabuleiros observada no sinal polínico do sedimento lacustre. O registro polínico sedimentar mostra a presença de táxons com distribuição disjunta entre os biomas Amazônia e Mata Atlântica desde cerca de 8500 anos cal. AP. O registro polínico, a matéria-orgânica sedimentar e a matéria-orgânica dos solos não mostram indícios de expansão de campos e savanas com predomínio de plantas C4 durante os últimos 17000 anos cal. AP, o que pode indicar que a região pode ter sido um refúgio florestal durante os períodos menos úmidos do Pleistoceno tardio e do Holoceno / This study was carried out at the northeastern region of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It is organized in two main parts. The first one is related to the characterization of the modern pollen rain of the \"tabuleiros\" forest vegetation and of two distinct physiognomies of mussununga vegetation. The second part consists of the late Quaternary paleoenvironment reconstruction, based on interdisciplinary study applied in Spodosols and lake sediment. The modern pollen rain of the \"tabuleiros\" forest is characterized by the highest pollen accumulation rates, highest frequencies of Urticaceae/Moraceae, and the presence of less frequent and rare taxa as Glycydendron, Rinorea, Hydrogaster, Virola, and others. The wooded mussununga vegetation is characterized by intermediate pollen accumulation rates, high frequencies of Byrsonima, and high frequencies of Araliaceae, Doliocarpus and Lundia when compared with the other vegetation types. The grassland mussununga vegetation is characterized by the lowest pollen accumulation rates, and the highest frequencies of Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. The comparison of these results with the pollen assemblage from lake sediment surface sample shows that in sediment samples the \"tabuleiros\" forest signal may be masked by high frequencies of semi aquatic herbs, mainly Poaceae and Cyperaceae, and pioneer species, especially Cecropia. The paleoenvironment reconstruction study allowed the development of a model for the evolution of Spodosol spots in the region, which sustain the distinct physiognomies of the mussununga vegetation. According to this model, these Spodosol spots originate from the transformation of the Ultisol due to factors related to the relief and more humid paleoclimate events. However, some of these Spodosol spots may have evolved on intrinsically sandy Post-Barreiras sediments. The paleoenvironment study also allowed some inferences about late Quaternary climate fluctuations. Based on the beginning of the podsolization process and on the evolution of some Spodosol spots, the climate during the interval from ~31,000-23,000 cal yr BP may have been humid, without dry period along the year. The next interval, from ~23,000 to 8000 cal yr BP is inferred less humid than the previous one, based on the spatially restricted expansion of C4 plants, observed in the soil organic matter, and on the absence of the \"tabuleiros\" forest pollen signal, from ~11,000 to 8000 cal yr BP, in the lake sediment. The climate of the last interval, from ~7000 yr cal BP to the present, is inferred more humid than the previous one, based on the beginning of the pollen record in a flooded Spodosol site, and on the expansion of the \"tabuleiros\" forest in the pollen record of the lake sediment. Geographically disjunct taxa between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest biomes are present in the pollen record from the lake sediment since ~8500 cal yr BP to the present. Pollen records, and sediment and soil organic matter do not show the expansion of grasslands or savannas dominated by C4 plants during the last 17,000 cal yr BP, which may indicate that the region probably was a forest refuge during the less humid intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene
3

Physico-Chemical, Minearlogical and Micromorphological Studies on Alfisol and Spodosol Profiles from Southern Ontario, Canada

Hathout, Salah 05 1900 (has links)
The relationship between soil properties and micromorphological features was studied in six Alfisol and six Spodosol profiles from Southern Ontario. The total porosity of the soil material was largely related to the size, shape and conformation of the soil voids in thin sections, while the differential development of plasma fabric could be used to discern a sequence of degrees of weathering which was also expressed by various mineralogical and physico-chemical indices. The relative proportions of soil constituents in thin sections was successfully used to indicate the existing textural discontinuities in five of the profiles studied. The elementary structure of soil thin sections is considered the most important micromorphological feature in the investigation of the degree of B horizon development in both Alfisol and Spodosol profiles. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
4

Temporal Dynamics of Groundwater Flow Direction in a Glaciated, Headwater Catchment

Benton, Joshua Robert 12 May 2020 (has links)
Shallow groundwater flow in the critical zone of steep headwater mountain catchments is often assumed to mimic surface topography. However, groundwater flow is influenced by other variables, such as the elevation of the water table and subsurface hydraulic conductivity, which can result in temporal variations in both magnitude and direction of flow. In this study, I investigated the temporal variability of groundwater flow in the soil zone (solum) within the critical zone of a headwater catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in North Woodstock, NH. Groundwater levels were continuously monitored throughout several seasons (March 2019 to Jan 2020) in a network of wells comprising three hillslope transects within the upper hillslopes of the catchment. Five clusters of three wells per cluster were screened from 0.18 – 1.1 m depth at the base of the solum. Water levels were also monitored in five deeper wells, screened from 2.4 - 6.9 m depth within glacial sediments of the C horizon. I conducted 47 slug tests across the well network to determine hydraulic properties of the aquifer materials surrounding each well. In addition, our team conducted a large-scale auger investigation mapping soil horizon depths and thicknesses. Results show that the magnitude of hydraulic gradients and subsurface hydrologic fluxes varied at each site with respect to changing water-table elevation, having a maximum range of 0.12 m/m and 9.19 x 10-6 m/s, respectively. The direction of groundwater flow had an arithmetic mean deviating from surface topography by 2-10 degrees, and a total range that deviated from surface topography by as much as 51 degrees. During lower water table regimes, groundwater flow direction deviated from the ground surface, but under higher water table regimes, in response to recharge events, flow direction mimicked surface topography. Within most of the well clusters, there is an observable connection between the slope direction of the top of the C horizon and the direction of groundwater flow during lower water table regimes. Slug test results show the interquartile range of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) within the C horizon (1.5×10-7 to 9.8×10-7 m/s) is two orders of magnitude lower than the interquartile range of Ksat values within the solum (2.9×10-5 to 5.2×10-5 m/s). Thus, the C horizon is on average a confining unit relative to the solum that may constrict groundwater flow below the solum. Additionally, results from the larger scale auger investigation suggest that deviations in subsurface topography of the C horizon may be generalizable at the larger hillslope scale. Overall, these results indicate that 1) shallow groundwater flow direction and magnitude within this headwater catchment are dynamic and can deviate from surface topography, and 2) the subsurface topography of the C horizon can influence groundwater flow direction. These results imply that temporal dynamics of groundwater flow direction and magnitude should be considered when characterizing subsurface flow in critical zone studies. Additionally, knowledge of subsurface topography of confining units may provide constraints on the temporal variability of groundwater flow direction. / M.S. / Streams that originate at higher elevations (defined as headwater streams) are important drinking water sources and deliver water and nutrients to maintain freshwater ecosystems. Groundwater is a major source of water to these streams, but little is known about how groundwater flows in these areas. Scientists delineate watersheds (areas of land that drain water to the same point) using surface topography. This approach works well for surface water, but not as well for groundwater, as groundwater may not flow in the same direction as surface water. Thus, assuming that the ground-watershed is the same as the surface watershed can lead to errors in hydrologic studies. To obtain more accurate information about groundwater flow in headwater areas, I continuously measured groundwater levels in forest soils at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in North Woodstock, NH. My main objective was to determine if there is variability in the direction and amount of groundwater flow. I also measured the characteristics of the soils to identify the thicknesses of soil units and the permeability of those units. I used these data to evaluate the relationship between groundwater flow direction, surface topography, and the permeability of soil units. Overall, I found that groundwater flow direction can differ significantly from surface topography, and groundwater flow direction was influenced by the groundwater levels. When groundwater levels were high (closer to the land surface), groundwater flow was generally in the same direction as surface topography. However, when groundwater levels were lower, flow direction typically followed the slope of the lowest permeability soil unit. These results suggest that scientists should not assume that groundwater flow follows the land surface topography and should directly measure groundwater levels to determine flow direction. In addition, results from this study show that characterizing soil permeability can help scientists make more accurate measurements of groundwater flow.
5

Estudo da matéria orgânica e composição elementar de solos arenosos de regiões próximas a São Gabriel da Cachoeira no Amazonas / Study of the organic matter and elemental composition of sandy soil from regions next to São Gabriel da Cachoeira in Amazonas

Santos, Cleber Hilario dos 14 March 2014 (has links)
A Amazônia representa a maior biodiversidade do mundo e representa um reservatório enorme e dinâmico de carbono, não só na biomassa, mas também no solo. O ciclo do carbono neste bioma é muito importante, principalmente para questões abordadas às mudanças climáticas. Avaliar e compreender a dinâmica do carbono e outros elementos no solo da Amazônia pode ajudar os cientistas a melhorar os modelos e antecipar cenários. Novos métodos, que permitem medições de carbono do solo in situ, são uma abordagem fundamental para este tipo de região, devido aos custos financeiros para a coleta e envio de amostras de solo da floresta para o laboratório, e demanda muito tempo nesta atividade. No presente estudo, uma topossequência de um sistema Latossolo-Espodossolo com caulim associado, desenvolvido a partir de rochas granito gnáissicas do embasamento cristalino, foi estudada. As amostras foram coletadas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira, estado do Amazonas. Dois perfis de solo: Espodossolo Humilúvico (P1) no topo e Latossolo Amarelo (P2) na meia encosta da topossequência foram descritos e amostrados em um total de dezoito amostras. Os objetivos principais foram avaliar e caracterizar através de métodos químicos e espectroscópicos a matéria orgânica e a composição elementar nestes solos arenosos utilizando a análise elementar (CHNS), espectroscopia de emissão ótica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS), espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES), espectroscopia de fluorescência induzida por laser (FIL), fluorescência de luz UVVisível e absorção de radiação na região no UV-Visível. Através dos resultados obtidos pela análise elementar foi possível notar que para o Espodossolo Humilúvico houve variações diferenciadas nos teores de carbono, mas para o Latossolo Amarelo, não se pode inferir uma tendência de incremento ou decréscimo do teor de carbono ao longo do perfil, pois o teor de carbono para a maioria das amostras de solo foi inferior a 0,3%, o limite de detecção do CHNS. A espectroscopia de matrizes de fluorescência de excitação-emissão (MEE) foi uma técnica mais seletiva e sensível do que a fluorescência bidimensional para os ácidos húmicos (AH), mostrando informações interessantes, variações estruturais e grande diferença entre os cromóforos que emitem fluorescência nos extratos de ácido fúlvico 2 (EAF2) e AH. A combinação dos espectros de MEE com a análise de fatores paralelos (PARAFAC) permitiu caracterizar qualitativamente os EAF2, podendo identificar e associar com mais clareza os três fluoróforos obtidos, com seus respectivos componentes, ácidos fúlvicos (grupos de fluoróforos simples e complexos) e proteína, com diagnóstico de consistência do tensor núcleo (CORCONDIA) de 85,8%. Esta combinação permitiu caracterizar quantitativamente os AH, identificando a contribuição das intensidades de dois fluoróforos, associados aos AH, grupos de fluoróforos mais complexos e simples, com CORCONDIA de 84,2%. A partir dos resultados de LIBS, uma forte correlação foi encontrada e os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson\'s obtidos para o ajuste logarítmico foi de R = 0,98 e R = 0,99 para o carbono e o alumínio, respectivamente, entre os valores obtidos por LIBS e as técnicas de referências (CHNS e ICP OES) para o Espodossolo Humilúvico. Nenhuma relação foi observada para o ferro, provavelmente devido aos teores estarem abaixo do limite de detecção. A técnica FIL mostrou para o Espodossolo Humilúvico que o horizonte de transição (Tr) estaria funcionando como uma \"peneira molecular\", acumulando a matéria orgânica pouco humificada, permitindo a passagem para os horizontes de caulim (K1 e K2) de compostos com estruturas mais humificadas, mais complexas, de difícil degradação (mais recalcitrantes), mas de menor tamanho molecular, como anéis aromáticos condensados e/ou conjugação de anéis aromáticos simples, corroborando com a eficiência da extração do AH. Para o Latossolo Amarelo, observou-se um aumento no grau de humificação do horizonte superficial BA em relação ao A2. Logo, estes resultados contribuem para um melhor entendimento sobre a quantificação de carbono, grau de humificação e alterações estruturais da matéria orgânica dos solos arenosos da região de São Gabriel da Cachoeira na Amazônia. / The Amazon represents the world\'s biggest biodiversity, comprehending a large and dynamic carbon pool, considering its biomass and soil, as well. The carbon cycle in this biome is very important, especially in questions regarding climatic changes. To evaluate and to understand the carbon and other elements cycles in Amazonian soil can help scientists to improve models and foresee scenarios. New methods, allowing carbon measurements on site, are a crucial approach for this kind of region, due to the financial costs to collect and ship soil samples from forest to laboratory, and the time spent in this activity. In the present study, it was analyzed a topsequence of an Oxisol-Spodosol system with kaolin associated, generated from granitic-gneiss rocks of crystalline basement. The soil samples were collected in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, Brazil, considering two different soil profiles: Spodosols (P1), at the top layer, and yellow Oxisols (P2) at the topsequence hillside, representing a total of eighteen samples. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize the organic matter content and elemental composition by chemical and spectroscopic methods using elemental analysis (CHNS), laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS), fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The CHNS results showed differences in the carbon content for the Spodosol (P1) samples; however, it was not observed any differences for the Oxisol (P2) samples, once the carbon content data obtained for these samples were lower than the equipment detection limit (0.3%). The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was more sensitive for detecting humic acids (HA) than the two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, showing interesting information, structural variations and large difference among chromophores that emit fluorescence in fulvic acid extracts 2 (EAF2) and HA. The EAF2 were qualitatively characterized by combining the EEM spectra with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which allowed to identify clearly the three fluorophores obtained and their respective components, fulvic acids (simple and complex groups of fluorophores) and protein, with core consistency diagnostic (CORCONDIA) of 85.8%. These data also allowed to quantify the HA, identifying contributions of intensities from two fluorophores associated with HA, complex groups and simple fluorophores, presenting CORCONDIA of 84.2%. Regarding the carbon and aluminum content results for the Spodosol samples, a strong correlation was found between the LIBS values and the standard techniques (CHNS and ICP OES). The Pearson\'s coefficients obtained by logarithmic fit were R = 0.98 and R = 0.99 for carbon and aluminum, respectively. It was not observed any differences for the iron contents from the analyzed samples, probably due to the low content observed regarding the detection limit this element presents. The LIFS technique indicated that the transition horizon (Tr) would be acting as a \"molecular sieve\" in the Spodosol soil (P1), accumulating less humified organic matter, and allowing passage to kaolin horizons (K1 and K2) of compounds with more humified, more complex, difficult to degrade (recalcitrant) structures, but with lower molecular size, such as condensed aromatic rings and/or combination of simple aromatic rings. These results were in accordance to the HA extraction efficiency. For the yellow Oxisol (P2) samples, it was observed a humification degree increase in the surface horizon BA compared to the A2 horizon. This way, the data obtained contribute to a better understanding regarding carbon quantification, humification degree and organic matter structural alterations on sandy soils in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, at the Amazonian region.
6

Estudo da matéria orgânica e composição elementar de solos arenosos de regiões próximas a São Gabriel da Cachoeira no Amazonas / Study of the organic matter and elemental composition of sandy soil from regions next to São Gabriel da Cachoeira in Amazonas

Cleber Hilario dos Santos 14 March 2014 (has links)
A Amazônia representa a maior biodiversidade do mundo e representa um reservatório enorme e dinâmico de carbono, não só na biomassa, mas também no solo. O ciclo do carbono neste bioma é muito importante, principalmente para questões abordadas às mudanças climáticas. Avaliar e compreender a dinâmica do carbono e outros elementos no solo da Amazônia pode ajudar os cientistas a melhorar os modelos e antecipar cenários. Novos métodos, que permitem medições de carbono do solo in situ, são uma abordagem fundamental para este tipo de região, devido aos custos financeiros para a coleta e envio de amostras de solo da floresta para o laboratório, e demanda muito tempo nesta atividade. No presente estudo, uma topossequência de um sistema Latossolo-Espodossolo com caulim associado, desenvolvido a partir de rochas granito gnáissicas do embasamento cristalino, foi estudada. As amostras foram coletadas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira, estado do Amazonas. Dois perfis de solo: Espodossolo Humilúvico (P1) no topo e Latossolo Amarelo (P2) na meia encosta da topossequência foram descritos e amostrados em um total de dezoito amostras. Os objetivos principais foram avaliar e caracterizar através de métodos químicos e espectroscópicos a matéria orgânica e a composição elementar nestes solos arenosos utilizando a análise elementar (CHNS), espectroscopia de emissão ótica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS), espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES), espectroscopia de fluorescência induzida por laser (FIL), fluorescência de luz UVVisível e absorção de radiação na região no UV-Visível. Através dos resultados obtidos pela análise elementar foi possível notar que para o Espodossolo Humilúvico houve variações diferenciadas nos teores de carbono, mas para o Latossolo Amarelo, não se pode inferir uma tendência de incremento ou decréscimo do teor de carbono ao longo do perfil, pois o teor de carbono para a maioria das amostras de solo foi inferior a 0,3%, o limite de detecção do CHNS. A espectroscopia de matrizes de fluorescência de excitação-emissão (MEE) foi uma técnica mais seletiva e sensível do que a fluorescência bidimensional para os ácidos húmicos (AH), mostrando informações interessantes, variações estruturais e grande diferença entre os cromóforos que emitem fluorescência nos extratos de ácido fúlvico 2 (EAF2) e AH. A combinação dos espectros de MEE com a análise de fatores paralelos (PARAFAC) permitiu caracterizar qualitativamente os EAF2, podendo identificar e associar com mais clareza os três fluoróforos obtidos, com seus respectivos componentes, ácidos fúlvicos (grupos de fluoróforos simples e complexos) e proteína, com diagnóstico de consistência do tensor núcleo (CORCONDIA) de 85,8%. Esta combinação permitiu caracterizar quantitativamente os AH, identificando a contribuição das intensidades de dois fluoróforos, associados aos AH, grupos de fluoróforos mais complexos e simples, com CORCONDIA de 84,2%. A partir dos resultados de LIBS, uma forte correlação foi encontrada e os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson\'s obtidos para o ajuste logarítmico foi de R = 0,98 e R = 0,99 para o carbono e o alumínio, respectivamente, entre os valores obtidos por LIBS e as técnicas de referências (CHNS e ICP OES) para o Espodossolo Humilúvico. Nenhuma relação foi observada para o ferro, provavelmente devido aos teores estarem abaixo do limite de detecção. A técnica FIL mostrou para o Espodossolo Humilúvico que o horizonte de transição (Tr) estaria funcionando como uma \"peneira molecular\", acumulando a matéria orgânica pouco humificada, permitindo a passagem para os horizontes de caulim (K1 e K2) de compostos com estruturas mais humificadas, mais complexas, de difícil degradação (mais recalcitrantes), mas de menor tamanho molecular, como anéis aromáticos condensados e/ou conjugação de anéis aromáticos simples, corroborando com a eficiência da extração do AH. Para o Latossolo Amarelo, observou-se um aumento no grau de humificação do horizonte superficial BA em relação ao A2. Logo, estes resultados contribuem para um melhor entendimento sobre a quantificação de carbono, grau de humificação e alterações estruturais da matéria orgânica dos solos arenosos da região de São Gabriel da Cachoeira na Amazônia. / The Amazon represents the world\'s biggest biodiversity, comprehending a large and dynamic carbon pool, considering its biomass and soil, as well. The carbon cycle in this biome is very important, especially in questions regarding climatic changes. To evaluate and to understand the carbon and other elements cycles in Amazonian soil can help scientists to improve models and foresee scenarios. New methods, allowing carbon measurements on site, are a crucial approach for this kind of region, due to the financial costs to collect and ship soil samples from forest to laboratory, and the time spent in this activity. In the present study, it was analyzed a topsequence of an Oxisol-Spodosol system with kaolin associated, generated from granitic-gneiss rocks of crystalline basement. The soil samples were collected in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, Brazil, considering two different soil profiles: Spodosols (P1), at the top layer, and yellow Oxisols (P2) at the topsequence hillside, representing a total of eighteen samples. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize the organic matter content and elemental composition by chemical and spectroscopic methods using elemental analysis (CHNS), laserinduced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS), fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The CHNS results showed differences in the carbon content for the Spodosol (P1) samples; however, it was not observed any differences for the Oxisol (P2) samples, once the carbon content data obtained for these samples were lower than the equipment detection limit (0.3%). The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was more sensitive for detecting humic acids (HA) than the two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, showing interesting information, structural variations and large difference among chromophores that emit fluorescence in fulvic acid extracts 2 (EAF2) and HA. The EAF2 were qualitatively characterized by combining the EEM spectra with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which allowed to identify clearly the three fluorophores obtained and their respective components, fulvic acids (simple and complex groups of fluorophores) and protein, with core consistency diagnostic (CORCONDIA) of 85.8%. These data also allowed to quantify the HA, identifying contributions of intensities from two fluorophores associated with HA, complex groups and simple fluorophores, presenting CORCONDIA of 84.2%. Regarding the carbon and aluminum content results for the Spodosol samples, a strong correlation was found between the LIBS values and the standard techniques (CHNS and ICP OES). The Pearson\'s coefficients obtained by logarithmic fit were R = 0.98 and R = 0.99 for carbon and aluminum, respectively. It was not observed any differences for the iron contents from the analyzed samples, probably due to the low content observed regarding the detection limit this element presents. The LIFS technique indicated that the transition horizon (Tr) would be acting as a \"molecular sieve\" in the Spodosol soil (P1), accumulating less humified organic matter, and allowing passage to kaolin horizons (K1 and K2) of compounds with more humified, more complex, difficult to degrade (recalcitrant) structures, but with lower molecular size, such as condensed aromatic rings and/or combination of simple aromatic rings. These results were in accordance to the HA extraction efficiency. For the yellow Oxisol (P2) samples, it was observed a humification degree increase in the surface horizon BA compared to the A2 horizon. This way, the data obtained contribute to a better understanding regarding carbon quantification, humification degree and organic matter structural alterations on sandy soils in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, at the Amazonian region.
7

The radium distribution in some Swedish soils and its effects on radon emanation

Edsfeldt, Cecilia January 2001 (has links)
The aim of this study has been to clarify how the radiumdistribution in soils affects the radon emanation. Thedistribution of radium, uranium and thorium has been determinedusing sequential extractions. In the study, soils from twodifferent locations were investigated. In the first part the applicability of the sequentialextraction method for determining Ra distribution in differentsoil types was investigated, using a simple sequentialextraction method. Sampled soils were clay, sand and till fromthe vicinity of the Stockholm Esker. The main part of Rnemanating Ra was associated with Fe oxides in the soil. Themethods applied provided information about the radon risk ofthe soil, but, inorder to gain more information on theprocesses governing Ra distribution and radon emanation insoils, a more detailed sequential extraction procedure would bedesirable. The second part consisted of a detailed study of theradionuclide distribution and the geochemistry in a podzolisedglacial till from Kloten in northern Västmanland. A moredetailed sequential extraction procedure was used, and thespecific surface area of samples was measured. Samples weretaken from E, B, and C horizons; radium and thorium wereenriched in the B horizon, whereas uranium had its maximumconcentration in the C horizon. Extractable radium primarilyoccurred in the exchangeable pool, possibly organicallycomplexed, whereas extractable uranium and thorium were mainlyFe oxide bound. Oxide-bound Ra was important only in the Bhorizon. The radon emanation was not correlated with the amountof exchangeable Ra, but instead with the oxide bound Ra.However, the amount of oxide-bound Ra was too small to accountfor all the emanated Rn, thus, exchangeable Ra was interpretedas the main source of emanated Rn. This exchangeable Ra wasmore emanative in the B horizon than in the C horizon. Theexplanation is the larger surface area of the B horizonsamples; the specific surface area appears to be the maingoverning parameter for Rn emanation in this soil. The surfacearea is largely created by the precipitation of amorphous Feoxides, thus, Fe oxides has a significant effect on Rnemanation. Comparing the two studies, the Stockholm samples had thesame amounts of oxide-bound Fe and surface-bound Ra. Still theradon emanation was much smaller for these samples than in theKloten soil. The amount of organic matter in the B horizon ofthe Kloten soil is however, much larger than the organic mattercontent in the Stockholm samples. It is suggested that thelarge Rn emanation in the B horizon of Kloten is caused by thecombined effect of Fe oxides and organic matter. The variability of226Ra distribution in soils was also investigated.The226Ra distribution was determined for samples from60-70 cm and 80-90 cm depth, from three adjacent soil profilesin a podzolic glacial till. Ra distributions, and estimationsof Rn risk based on the Ra distributions, of a single soilprofile, are likely to be representative for a similar area,provided that the samples are taken from a sufficientdepth. KEYWORDS: distribution, emanation, extraction, glacial till,podzol, Ra, radium, radon, Rn, sequential soil, spodosol, Th,thorium, U, uranium, variability
8

The radium distribution in some Swedish soils and its effects on radon emanation

Edsfeldt, Cecilia January 2001 (has links)
<p>The aim of this study has been to clarify how the radiumdistribution in soils affects the radon emanation. Thedistribution of radium, uranium and thorium has been determinedusing sequential extractions. In the study, soils from twodifferent locations were investigated.</p><p>In the first part the applicability of the sequentialextraction method for determining Ra distribution in differentsoil types was investigated, using a simple sequentialextraction method. Sampled soils were clay, sand and till fromthe vicinity of the Stockholm Esker. The main part of Rnemanating Ra was associated with Fe oxides in the soil. Themethods applied provided information about the radon risk ofthe soil, but, inorder to gain more information on theprocesses governing Ra distribution and radon emanation insoils, a more detailed sequential extraction procedure would bedesirable.</p><p>The second part consisted of a detailed study of theradionuclide distribution and the geochemistry in a podzolisedglacial till from Kloten in northern Västmanland. A moredetailed sequential extraction procedure was used, and thespecific surface area of samples was measured. Samples weretaken from E, B, and C horizons; radium and thorium wereenriched in the B horizon, whereas uranium had its maximumconcentration in the C horizon. Extractable radium primarilyoccurred in the exchangeable pool, possibly organicallycomplexed, whereas extractable uranium and thorium were mainlyFe oxide bound. Oxide-bound Ra was important only in the Bhorizon. The radon emanation was not correlated with the amountof exchangeable Ra, but instead with the oxide bound Ra.However, the amount of oxide-bound Ra was too small to accountfor all the emanated Rn, thus, exchangeable Ra was interpretedas the main source of emanated Rn. This exchangeable Ra wasmore emanative in the B horizon than in the C horizon. Theexplanation is the larger surface area of the B horizonsamples; the specific surface area appears to be the maingoverning parameter for Rn emanation in this soil. The surfacearea is largely created by the precipitation of amorphous Feoxides, thus, Fe oxides has a significant effect on Rnemanation.</p><p>Comparing the two studies, the Stockholm samples had thesame amounts of oxide-bound Fe and surface-bound Ra. Still theradon emanation was much smaller for these samples than in theKloten soil. The amount of organic matter in the B horizon ofthe Kloten soil is however, much larger than the organic mattercontent in the Stockholm samples. It is suggested that thelarge Rn emanation in the B horizon of Kloten is caused by thecombined effect of Fe oxides and organic matter.</p><p>The variability of<sup>226</sup>Ra distribution in soils was also investigated.The<sup>226</sup>Ra distribution was determined for samples from60-70 cm and 80-90 cm depth, from three adjacent soil profilesin a podzolic glacial till. Ra distributions, and estimationsof Rn risk based on the Ra distributions, of a single soilprofile, are likely to be representative for a similar area,provided that the samples are taken from a sufficientdepth.</p><p>KEYWORDS: distribution, emanation, extraction, glacial till,podzol, Ra, radium, radon, Rn, sequential soil, spodosol, Th,thorium, U, uranium, variability</p>
9

Mapeamento de Muçunungas no sul da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto / Supervised classifiers mapping muçunungas in the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo

Brito, Carolina Ramalho 28 February 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3809983 bytes, checksum: 1e1c4e38e746cb96d9590dfed817a6ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / In areas of the field of Training Barriers in southern Bahia and northern Espírito Santo is a kind of distinctive environment in terms of vegetation and soil characteristics, known regionally Muçununga. They are mainly found on Spodosols, ecologically unique adaptations depending on the conditions of nutritional poverty of the soil, with species tolerant to extremes of excess and lack of water, and still represent an ecosystem associated with the Atlantic Forest. This study aimed to: 1) evaluate the performance of the Maximum Likelihood classifiers and Support Vector Machine and the contribution of different compositions of multispectral bands, the vegetation index (NDVI), and principal component analysis of sensor images TM/Landsat5 for separating features of muçunungas. 2) Assess the supervised classifications for separating features of muçununga, with reference to the visual classification. 3) evaluate the distribution pattern, size, frequency and density of muçunungas in the region. We acquired nine scenes from the satellite / sensor Sensor TM/Landsat5-TM (Thematic Mapper) orbit 215, paragraphs 71, 72 and 73 days 29/05/2006; orbit 216, paragraphs 71, 72 and 73 on 19 / 07/2007 and orbit 215, paragraphs 71, 72 and 73 day 27/08/2007 with spatial resolution of 30 meters, which range from the municipality of Linhares-up Prado ES-BA divided into three areas: the coastal region of Spirit Santo, Bahia coastal region and the interior region of both states. Moreover, were provided by the company Fibria Cellulose three mosaics of RapidEye satellite images with radiometric and geometric corrections. The classes of land use were established according to the prior knowledge of the area. We collected 75 samples for each training class studied and validation samples were obtained from the database of land use provided by Fibria Cellulose. We performed a combination of ten bands, six bands of the sensor TM/Landsat5 (lanes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7), one index vegatação NDVI and the first three principal components. For supervised classification algorithm MaxVer, the bands were grouped in combinations of one to 10 bands for a total of 1023 combinations processed using ArcGIS10.1. A supervised classification algorithm of Support Vector Machine was held at Envi software, testing the ten best combinations MaxVer generated in each of the three areas studied. The evaluation of the accuracy of the classifications was performed from the confusion matrices that were obtained by crossing thematic maps derived classification. The region was divided into ranges of 10 km long from the coast towards the interior of the states of Bahia and Espírito Santo. In these bands, and analyzed the percentage area muçunungas. Were also analyzed four indentations in the region east / west, aiming to analyze the distribution, frequency and density of muçunungas in the region. From the results of ratings, performance classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM) can be considered satisfactory. However, MaxVer classifier obtained better results for the three regions analyzed. The areas classified as Muçununga merged with other classes such as pasture, eucalypt forest, body of water due to the spectral characteristics of vegetation enclave. The thematic map produced by supervised classification of the best combination in each region, using the algorithm Maxver reached Kappa index of 0.91 in the Holy Spirit, 0.90 and 0.81 in the Bahia region of the interior. The combination of one or two bands inferior results obtained while the best results were combinations with 6-8 bands. The use of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has promoted improvement in Kappa, but the increase is most notable in the classification obtained from the combination of these with the visible bands. The use of principal components representative did not represent an increase in the accuracy of the ratings except for those who had only the visible bands. The distribution of muçunungas presented a heterogeneous pattern, it increases its occurrence as it departed from the coast up to 40 km. From kilometer 50 to 80 there was a decrease explained by the approach of Crystalline Basement. 2254 were mapped areas muçunungas across the region, from the RapidEye satellite image. So are approximately 1.08% of the mapped region with presence of muçunungas. Despite the low percentage of muçunungas, the amount of which is representative of the region and most of them are smaller than five hectares. So do efforts are required to know the space of distruibuição muçunungas in order to generate information for the conservation of the remnants. / Em áreas de domínio da Formação Barreiras na região sul da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo ocorre um tipo de ambiente diferenciado em termos de vegetação e características edáficas, denominado regionalmente de Muçununga. São encontradas principalmente sobre Espodossolos, ecologicamente únicas em função das adaptações às condições de pobreza nutricional do solo, com espécies tolerantes a extremos de excessos e falta de água, e ainda representam um dos ecossistemas associados à Mata Atlântica. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar o desempenho dos classificadores da Máxima Verossimilhança e Support Vector Machine e a contribuição de diferentes composições de bandas multiespectrais, do índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), e da análise de componentes principais das imagens do sensor TM/Landsat5 para a separação de feições das muçunungas. 2) Avaliar as classificações supervisionadas para a separação de feições de muçununga, tendo como referência a classificação visual. 3) Avaliar o padrão de distribuição, o tamanho, frequência e densidade das muçunungas na região. Foram adquiridas nove cenas do satélite/sensor Sensor TM/Landsat5-TM (Thematic Mapper) da órbita 215, pontos 71, 72 e 73 do dia 29/05/2006; da órbita 216, pontos 71, 72 e 73 do dia 19/07/2007 e da órbita 215, pontos 71, 72 e 73 do dia 27/08/2007 com resolução espacial de 30 metros, que englobam desde o município de Linhares- ES até Prado-BA divididas em três áreas: região litorânea do Espírito Santo, região litorânea da Bahia e região do interior de ambos os estados. Além disso, foram disponibilizados pela empresa Fibria Celulose três mosaicos de imagens do satélite Rapideye com as devidas correções radiométricas e geométricas. As classes de uso do solo foram estabelecidas de acordo com o conhecimento prévio da área. Foram coletadas 75 amostras de treinamento para cada classe estudada e as amostras de validação foram obtidas a partir de base de dados de uso do solo fornecida pela Fibria Celulose. Foi realizada a combinação de dez bandas: seis bandas do Sensor TM/Landsat5 (bandas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 7), uma do índice de vegatação NDVI e as três primeiras componentes principais. Para a classificação supervisionada do algoritmo MaxVer, as bandas foram agrupadas em combinações de uma até 10 bandas perfazendo um total de 1023 combinações, processadas no software ArcGIS10.1. A classificação supervisionada do algoritimo Support Vector Machine foi realizada no software Envi, testando as dez melhores combinações geradas no MaxVer de cada uma das três áreas estudadas. A avaliação da exatidão das classificações foi realizada a partir das matrizes de confusão que foram obtidas pelo cruzamento dos mapas temáticos, resultantes da classificação. A região foi dividida em faixas de 10 km de extensão a partir do litoral em direção ao interior dos estados da Bahia e do Espírito Santo. Nestas faixas, analisaram a percentagem e a área de muçunungas. Também foram analisados quatro recortes da região na direção leste/oeste, com objetivo de analisar a distribuição, a frequência e a densidade das muçunungas na região. A partir dos resultados das classificações, o desempenho do classificador Support Vector Machine (SVM) pode ser considerado satisfatório. Entretanto, classificador MaxVer obteve melhores resultados para as três regiões analisadas. As áreas classificadas como Muçununga confundiram-se com outras classes tais como pastagem, eucalipto, mata, corpo d agua devido às características espectrais desse enclave vegetacional. O mapa temático produzido pela classificação supervisionada da melhor combinação em cada região, utilizando o algoritmo Maxver, atingiu índice Kappa de 0,91 no Espírito Santo; 0,90 na Bahia e 0,81 na região do interior. A combinação de uma e duas bandas obtiveram resultados inferiores enquanto que os melhores resultados foram com combinações de 6 a 8 bandas. O uso do índice de vegetação normalizada (NDVI) promoveu melhora no índice Kappa, mas o incremento é mais notável na classificação obtida a partir da combinação destes com as bandas do visível. A utilização das componentes principais não representou aumento representativo na acurácia das classificações, exceto para aquelas que só apresentavam bandas do visível. A distribuição das muçunungas apresentou um padrão heterogêneo, pois aumenta sua ocorrência à medida que se distanciava do litoral até 40 km. A partir do kilometro 50 até aos 80 houve um decréscimo explicado pela aproximação do Embasamento Cristalino. Foram mapeadas 2254 áreas de muçunungas em toda a região, a partir da imagem satélite Rapideye. Assim, são cerca de 9,08% da região mapeada com presença de muçunungas. Apesar da percentagem baixa de muçunungas, a quantidade delas é representativa na região e a maioria delas são menores que cinco hectares. Assim, fazem-se necessários esforços para se conhecer a distruibuição espacial das muçunungas, no sentido de gerar subsídios para a conservação dos remanescentes.
10

Distribuição dos depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas associadas à sistemas pedológicos Latossolo/Espodossolo na região amazônica: análise de imagens orbitais e estudos de campo / White kaolinitic clay deposits distribution associated with the Oxisol/Spodosol pedologic systems in the Amazon region: field studies and satellite images analysis

Osvaldo José Ribeiro Pereira 01 September 2011 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral determinar a distribuição espacial de depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas na região de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, estado do Amazonas, por meio de estudos de campo e análise de imagens orbitais. Foram desenvolvidos estudos em duas escalas distintas. Um de detalhe, com coleta de amostras em uma área de 0,3km2 e com pontos de amostragem eqüidistantes de 50m, e outo regional em área de 65km2 com características geoambietais semelhantes àquelas observadas na zona de estudo detalhado. Buscou-se selecionar variáveis pedológicas (textura e cor do solo, concentração de óxidos e oxidróxidos de ferro), topográficas e fitofisionômicas relacionadas às possíveis ocorrências de depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas. Para a área de detalhe determinou-se a textura, a cor e a concentração de óxidos e oxidróxidos de ferro para os primeiros 100cm do solo. Os resultados obtidos foram mapeados e posteriormente associados aos dados de relevo, tipo de solo e vegetação local. A partir do estudo em escala local verificou-se que a textura do solo e a concentração de óxidos e oxidróxidos de ferro variam nos primeiros 100 cm de solo, na transição dos Latossolos para os Espodossolos. Foi possível verificar, a partir da espacialização em superfície contínua dos atributos dos solos analisados e das correlações com a vegetação e com a topografia local, que os depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas estão limitados aos locais com condições pedológicas específicas, o que permite a identificação indireta através do estudo dos padrões espectrais da vegetação e da morfologia do terreno. Com base em técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento, efetuo-se o mapeamento regional da vegetação e da geomorfologia e realizou-se a associação destes atributos com os dados estudados em escala local para a determinação de depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas em escala regional. Nesta escala, os resultados mostraram que a ocorrência de tais depósitos limita-se a condições geoambientais, intimamente associadas com o regime hídrico e com a topografia da região, que permitem sua formação e provável desaparecimento com a evolução dos processos de hidromorfia, devido à erosão geoquímica e conseqüente aplainamento das colinas residuais. Concluindo, os depósitos de argilas cauliníticas brancas ocorrem em condições geoambientais específicas associadas aos topos de colinas residuais, na transição entre o sistema pedológico Latossolo/Espodossolo associados à fitofisionomias transicionais entre as formações da Floresta Ombrófila Densa e da Campinarana / This study had the mainly objective to determine the spatial distribution of white kaolinitic clay deposits in São Gabriel da Cachoeira region, Amazonas State, in field studies and by satellite images analysis. The study was carried out in two different spatial scales. At field study (detailed area) was sampled 50 points to describe an area of 0.3 km², with equidistant sampling points of 50 m. The extrapolation was made through a regional scale study in an area of 65km², adopting vegetation and soil features similar to those observed in field study scale. The select pedologic variables (soil texture and color, concentration of iron oxides and oxidroxides), topographic and vegetation features related to the possible white kaolinitic clay deposits occurrence were selected for analyses. Through the field study area, it was determined the texture, color and iron oxides and oxidroxides concentration for the first 100 cm of soil depth. The results were spacialized and thereafter correlated to topographic aspect, soil unit and local vegetation. In the field scale study it was showed that soil texture and oxides and oxidroxides concentrations have an expressive variability in the first 100 cm of soil depth, considering the transition between Oxisols and Spodosols. It was observed, through the soil attributes maps and correlation with vegetation and the local topography features, that the white kaolinitic clay deposits are limited to sites with specific soil conditions, which allows indirect identification by studying the spectral patterns of vegetation and terrain morphology. Based on remote sensing and GIS techniques, it was made the regional vegetation and geomorphology maps, and the association of these attributes with the maps made at field scale study showed the determination of white kaolinitic clay deposits on a regional scale. On this scale, the results showed that the occurrence of such deposits is limited to geo-environmental conditions, closely associated with the water system and the topography of the region, allowing their formation and disappearance due to hydromorphic processes and geochemistry erosion, what causes the flattening of residual hills. The white kaolinitic clay deposits occur in specific geo-environmental conditions associated with residual hill tops between the boundary transition of the Oxisol/Spodosol pedologic system associated with transitional vegetation units between the Dense Rain Forest and Campinarana

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