Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitously found foodborne pathogen that is frequently associated with two types of illness: emesis and diarrhea. Two heat labile enterotoxins have been associated with the diarrheal syndrome whereas a heat stable acid stable peptide toxin has been associated with the emetic syndrome. In the U.S, B. cereus is responsible for 1-2% of the total outbreaks from bacteria. Although there are reports of isolation and characterization of this pathogen from various food stuffs all around the world, there are no reports on the levels, toxin producing ability, or growth characteristics from U.S retail rice. Considering that rice is grown mostly in developing countries and most of the rice in the U.S is imported, there is a high chance of the rice being contaminated with B. cereus spores. Therefore, the major objective of this thesis was to characterize B. cereus spores from U.S retail rice. The levels were determined and further the enterotoxigenic ability and the growth characteristics along with the physical characteristics of the isolates were studied. Among the 178 samples analyzed, Spores of Bacillus species were found in 94 (52.8%) of the rice samples with an average concentration of 32.6 CFU/g (3.6-460 CFU/g). Eighty nine of the 94 isolates were tested positive for one of the two enterotoxins produced by B. cereus. none of the 94 isolates tested positive for the emetic gene. All the isolates generally grew well in cooked rice. Levels of 106/g were detected in cooked rice after 22h at 200C and after 34h at 170C whereas at 120C the counts did not go above 104/g even after 48h. A significant difference in the heat resistance of the emetic and the diarrheal strains was found. The emetic but not the diarrheal type grew well at inoculum levels of 102/g and 103/g level following cooking. So these results suggest although the diarrheal type are more predominant in U.S retail rice, the chances of foodborne illness arising from the diarrheal strains is low. B. cereus, B, thuringiensis and B. mycoides were investigated for their physical characteristics. Appendages were not found on B. mycoides. By contrast, all the isolates had exosporia. The isolates were characterized to be moderately to highly hydrophobic and all the isolates had a net negative charge. Judging by their physical characteristics, it can be concluded that these spores may have a high affinity for adhering to inert surfaces.

Humidity responsive materials sense, respond and adapt to the environment in response to changes in humidity. An important potential application of this material technology is the creation of “smart textiles” that facilitate moisture management in clothing. Materials used for clothing must have characteristics such as elasticity, washability and abrasion resistance, but smart textiles that have been demonstrated to date lack these characteristics. It is the need for improved materials that motivated the present study. Here, we developed spore-cellulose nanofiber composites (CNF) and spore-polyurethane (PU) composites, which are two biologically-based humidity-responsive materials that derive their high energy density humidity responsiveness from spores. We demonstrate the use of these hygromorphing materials for smart textiles by coupling the responsive materials to fabrics to create a textile that vents in humid environments and closes in dry environments. This material can be used in clothing to enable fast evaporation of sweat from the skin and improved comfort. Because the spore-CNF composite is not elastic stretchy or water resistant and therefore is undesirable for real world clothing applications, we also developed a stretchy spore-PU composite that is simultaneously humidity responsive, stretchy and water and abrasion resistant. In addition, we fabricated spore-PU based hygromorphing fabric bilayer actuators to create venting smart textiles with adaptive permeability properties that are compatible with clothing applications. These smart fabrics have the potential to improve the functionality and utility of garments, especially those intended for athleticwear, workwear and protective garments.

Basidiospores of the Basidiomycete Psilocybe mutans have been found to germinate only in the presence of water extracts of animal dung. The chemical nature of the factor present in the dung that induces germination is not known, nor has it ever been isolated· Experiments showed that extracts of bile salts cause the basidiospores to germinate, indicating that since bile salts are found in dung, they may be the factor which stimulates the spores to germinate. Investigations of the properties of the factor in dung show that the factor has solubility properties that are similar to those of the bile acids. It was found that the bile salts are able to stimulate the germination of the spores optimally at a concentration that corresponds to the critical micellar concentration of the bile salts. This suggests that the bile salts activate the germination due to their surface active properties.

Les plantes haploïdes doublées (HD) sont des individus complètement homozygotes qui peuvent être obtenus via l’androgenèse in vitro. Les HD sont très appréciés comme outils de recherche en génétique et en amélioration végétale. La culture de microspores isolées (CMI) est le moyen le plus efficace de produire des HD. Malheureusement, les orges de printemps à six rangs, le type prédominant cultivé dans l’Est du Canada, sont considérées comme récalcitrantes à cause d’une faible embryogenèse et d’une propension à l’albinisme. Notre objectif était de développer un protocole CMI adapté à ce type d’orge. Nous avons entamé des travaux exploratoires sur quatre cultivars : ACCA et Léger (six rangs, printemps), Gobernadora (deux rangs, printemps) et Igri (deux rangs, hiver). Dans une première phase, nous avons évalué l’impact de quatre facteurs physiques. Nous avons trouvé que l’optimisation du stade de récolte des tiges pouvait augmenter de 2 à 4 fois la récolte de microspores embryogéniques. Deuxièmement, deux des prétraitements (0,3 M mannitol pendant 2 jours et une combinaison de froid et de chaleur pendant 15 jours) ont tous deux été significativement plus productifs qu’un prétraitement très largement employé (28 jours à 4 °C). Troisièmement, l’ajout de mannitol au milieu d’induction a permis de doubler le nombre de plantes vertes obtenues. Finalement, la densité des microspores à l’étalement a eu un impact significatif sur l’obtention de plantes vertes, 106 microspores/ml s’étant avéré optimal. Dans une deuxième phase, nous avons exploré l’utilisation de régulateurs de croissance alternatifs tant dans le milieu d’induction (thidiazuron et dicamba) que de régénération (meta-topoline). Comparativement à des milieux témoins contenant principalement la 6-benzyl-aminopurine, nos milieux d’induction ont produit 5,1 fois plus de plantes vertes, principalement par réduction de l’albinisme. Notre milieu de régénération amélioré a permis d’obtenir 2,9 fois plus de plantes vertes que le témoin. Finalement, ces résultats ont été validés avec succès sur des génotypes F1 d’un programme d’amélioration. Au terme de ce travail, nous avons ainsi réussi à améliorer substantiellement l’efficacité de la CMI chez les orges de printemps à six rangs. / Doubled haploid (DH) plants are completely homozygous individuals that can be generated via in vitro androgenesis. DHs are useful as research tools both for genetic studies and in plant breeding. Isolated microspore culture (IMC) is the most efficient way to produce DHs. Unfortunately, six-row spring barley genotypes, the main type produced in Eastern Canada, are considered recalcitrant because of a low embryogenesis and a high rate of albinism. Our objective was to develop an IMC protocol more suitable to this type of barley. We carried out exploratory work on four barley cultivars: ACCA and Léger (six-row, spring), Gobernadora (two-row, spring) and Igri (two-row, winter). In a first phase, we explored four factors. First, we found that a 2-4-fold increase in the yield of embryogenic microspores is possible by optimizing the harvest stage for each genotype. Second, two pretreatments (0.3M mannitol for 2 days or a combination of cold and heat over 15 days) both performed significantly better than the commonly used cold pretreatment (28 days at 4°C). Third, an induction medium containing mannitol doubled green plant regeneration. Fourth, we observed a marked effect of microspore plating density on the number of green plants obtained, with 106 microspores/ml yielding the best results. In a second phase we explored the use of alternative growth regulators both in the induction medium (thidiazuron and dicamba) and in the regeneration medium (meta-topoline). Compared to control media containing 6-benzyl-aminopurine, our improved induction medium lead to a 5.1-fold increase in green plant production, mainly achieved by reducing albinism. Similarly, our regeneration medium yielded 2.9-fold more green plants than the control. Finally, these results were successfully validated using F1 genotypes from a breeding program. On the whole, we have succeeded in substantially improving the efficiency of IMC in this type of recalcitrant barley.

The lipids of the spores of the Basidiomycetes: Ustilago bullata, Lycoperdon perlatum and Calvatia gigantea were investigated. The spores of U. bullata were found to have hydrocarbons ranging from C_9 to C_24, methyl esters of fatty acids ranging from C_14 to C_24, and free fatty acids from C_14 to C_24. The spores of L. perlatum were found to have few hydrocarbons (C_22 being the predominent one); no methyl esters were detected and the fatty acids were from C_15 to C_18. Long chain aldehydes (C_30) were also detected in low concentration. At the ultrastructural level the Lycoperdon spores were found to have rodlets (100 A° apart) and protrusions which indicates that the spores have surface characteristics similar to the spores of Ustilago maydis and Penicillium. The C. gigantea spores were found to contain long branched chain hydrocarbons (C_30) with a methyl branch on the number 3 carbon. No methyl esters were found and only two free fatty acids (C_16, C_18 ) were detected. The fatty acid content values in spores of U. maydis decreased during germination. Acetate-1-- ^14C was incorporated into diglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols during the germination process.

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