Title Coordination abilities in long-term concept sports training of children Objective The point of the thesis is handle the issue of coordination ability. In the first part of the thesis I will talk about general issues of children's sports training, developmental patterns and the characteristic of sensitive periods. The fundamental basis of my research part is find out how the coordination skills involved in long-term sports training, what is their role in motor development of children and what their biological basis. Methods The thesis has a theoretical character and it uses qualitative methods: compares, analyses and interprets texts and data acquired through background research. Results Coordination skills have proven essential element of successful mastery of motor skills in the concept of long-term sports training more or less dependent on coordination. If there are individual skills developed in the sensitive periods is very difficult to catch up with missed this and achieve the same level of skills acquired. Important role in the development of coordination skills and heredity plays a connection with the state and function of the central nervous system. Key words sports training of children, coordination, development, sensitive periods

Title: Specialized training in volleyball school categories and minivolleyball Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize the specialized volleyball training for selected categories in childhood on the basis of a brief proposal to develop training content for each category. Methods: A target selection of volleyball coaches were selected to complete a questionnaire for quantitative research. Results: The results of the poll relating coaches working with children and youth categories were displayed in graphs for clarity. According to the evaluation, and comparison with the literature the final literature, was a concise, well designed training content for category minivolleybal, younger and older students. Keywords: minivolleyball, children sports training, specialization, division of categories

Title: The possibilities of MMA sports training in Prague Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to summarize the knowledge of the MMA sports training in Prague, the characteristics of MMA, its history, principles and types. Further to characterize the individual components of wrestlers' sports training in the Czech Republic in comparison with conditions abroad. Methods: The method of data collection was a study of available literature, mapping of Prague area focusing on all MMA training opportunities, interviews and personal comments of specific coaches. Results: We found out that the possibilities of sports training and the gyms' facilities are of the same level throughout the Czech Republic but there are significant differences in approach to training and opportunities in gyms when compared to a successful foreign club. Keywords: MMA, sports training, martial arts, gym

Title: Sprinter's training in the specialized phase of the conditioning Selfanalysis of one's own training Goals: The main goal of this dissertation is to review the development of my own performance and to evaluate the training in the specialized phase of the conditioning. Next goal is to evaluate the individual development and the results of chosen STU, that are important for short smooth sprint, and afterthat to compare those indicators. Methods: Data for the explorative part were gained by the method of content-selfanalysis of training documents, and we I evaluated chosen special training indicators of those documents. We mainly focused on development of acceleration maximum speed, followed by the development of speed endurance and running with load (total volume in km). Results: The results of chosen training indicators are processed to the table and graphic form. The form of comments is used for analysis of sport preparation, setting up the compensative exercises, health condition and evaluation of performance' development during four years period with two different coaches. The load was increasing in all chosen STU. The individual approach of the coach and communication with the client was very important aspect, that also contributed to the conclusion, that the best results were reached with...

Title: One-sided strain as a risk factor of muscles imbalances in an ice-hockey training of children. Objectives: The objectives of this diploma thesis is a contribution to the solution of one-sided strain problems of older primary-school-aged juniors and its influence on ontogenesis of somatic parameters of children that train ice hockey. Methods: The thesis considered theoretical ways that described a long term influence of ice hockey training on ontogenesis of players, related risks of muscles imbalances origin and possibilities how to compensate these muscles imbalances. A sample of 200 probands specialised in ice hockey training was selected for testing and a control sample of 200 probands without any sport specialisation composed of 50 probands of a birth year 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002 respectively - primary-school-aged juniors. Six different exercises were selected for testing according to the inquiry methodology of Dostálová (2006) and Horkel (2001). Four out of those exercises tested muscles shortening and two exercises tested muscles debilitation. Results: The measured data were statistically assessed by two-sample t-test with equal variance. A long term influence of ice hockey training was confirmed. A significant muscle shortening of musculus iliopsoas of right lower extremity was...

Thesis title: Prevalence of hypermobility and its potential impact on ice hockey players injuries. Objectives: The primary goal of this thesis is to outline joint hypermobility based on available literature sources. Focus is on ice hockey players due to reason ice hockey is muscle and contact based sport. Secondary goal is to chart hypermobility presence on ice hockey players and detect possible connection between hypermobility and their previous musculoskeletal system injuries. There will be training improvement suggestions set according to analytical study results. Methods: Theoretical part is based on foreign literature and researches. Practical part quantitative analysis monitors selected joints injury frequency and is focused on joint hypermobility presence in selected junior professional male hockey players, 16 to 19 years old. Information regarding injuries where gathered by questionnaire and joint hypermobility test was set by test battery created for this research using clinical physical tests by Janda, by Sachse, and by Hospital del Mar criteria. Results were analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2010. Hypermobility and injured segments matches were further analyzed. Results: Results of this thesis clearly stated the answers for research questions which were placed. Prevalence of hypermobility in...

Este estudo teve como objetivos (a) comparar jogadores adolescentes de futsal de diferentes categorias competitivas e também titulares e reservas das mesmas categorias, em características antropométricas, motoras, indicadores do tempo de prática e desempenho técnico em situação real de jogo e (b) verificar as relações entre essas variáveis. Para isso, foram selecionados 28 jogadores adolescentes de futsal, nível federado, das categorias Sub-13 (n=14) e Sub-15 (n=14). Foram realizadas medidas de massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, comprimento de membros inferiores e indicadores de habilidades motoras obtidos fora da situação de jogo, tempo de prática dedicado à modalidade e desempenho técnico em situação real de jogo. De modo geral, houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as categorias. Porém, quando foi removido o efeito da idade cronológica, essas diferenças deixaram de existir. Comparando-se apenas os jogadores com participação efetiva nos jogos oficiais (titulares e reservas), não foram localizadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. As relações entre as medidas obtidas fora do jogo e os indicadores técnicos em situação real de jogo foram pequenas. Esses resultados realçam as limitações das comparações entre grupos de diferentes níveis competitivos para o entendimento da importância de determinada variável e também evidenciam a dificuldade em obter indicadores relevantes de desempenho no futsal a partir de medidas individuais. O desafio para as pesquisas futuras é o de elaborar testes com maior validade ecológica, e ao mesmo tempo, com a necessária validade interna / The aims of this study were (a) to compare youth indoor soccer players of different competitive levels and also first team and reserves of the same competitive levels in anthropometric, motor, total time dedicated to practice and technical performance during real games and (b) to verify the relations between these variables. The sample was composed by 28 indoor soccer players, divided into two teams (n=14) of different competitive level (Sub-13 and Sub-15). It was measured weight, height, skin fold thickness, leg length and indicators of motor skill outside the games, total time dedicated to practice and technical performance during real games. In general, there were significant statistical differences between the teams. However, removing the effects of chronological age, these differences disappear. Comparing only the players of different participation levels in games (first team and reserves), there were also no differences. The relations between the outside game measures and technical performance in game were weak. These results underline the limitations of comparing different competitive levels to uncover the importance of a determined variable and also evidence the difficult of obtaining relevant performance indicators from individualized measures. For future researches the challenge is to elaborate tests with high ecological and internal validity

O objetivo desta tese foi examinar o efeito de uma etapa de intensificação das cargas de força e de uma subsequente etapa de tapering no desempenho técnico e físico, respostas perceptuais e comportamentais, e respostas hormonais de jogadores adolescentes de basquetebol. Dezesseis jogadores de basquetebol (sub15 e sub 16) foram submetidos a cinco semanas de intensificação das cargas de força e três semanas de tapering. A carga interna de treinamento (CIT) foi registrada utilizando-se o método da Percepção Subjetiva do Esforço (PSE) da sessão. Os atletas responderam os questionários Profile of Mood States (POMS) e Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) semanalmente. A concentração de testosterona salivar, desempenho em testes físicos (teste T, Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery 1 [Yo-yo IR1], supino reto e leg press 45º), e ações de deslocamento e ações técnicas durante jogo reduzido foram registrados no início do treinamento (T1), ao final da intensificação (T2) e final de tapering (T3). Maiores valores de CIT foram registrados durante a intensificação (vs. tapering). Não foram observadas alterações na concentração de testosterona e na tolerância ao estresse durante o experimento. Entretanto, observou-se maior fadiga e menor energy index na etapa de intensificação (vs. tapering), sem alteração para o estado de vigor entre as etapas. Adicionalmente, foi observado aumento da carga levantada no supino reto e no leg press 45º (T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3), bem como melhora do desempenho no teste T (T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3) e Yo-yo IR1 (T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3; T2 vs. T3). O grupo também demonstrou redução do tempo dedicado as ações andar/parado (T1 vs. T2 e T3) e shuffle de baixa intensidade (T1 vs. T3), bem como aumento do tempo de corrida (T1 vs. T2 e T3). O programa de treinamento acarretou aumento com tamanho de efeito pequeno no número de ações de arremesso certo, total de arremessos, desarme realizado, rebote e finta com bola. Os atletas com melhor desempenho no Yo-yo IR1 apresentaram maior tempo dedicado a corrida e número de fintas com bola (vs. pior desempenho); os com melhor desempenho no teste T, maior número de fintas com bola; os com melhor desempenho no leg press 45º, maior número de fintas com bola. Não houve diferença nas ações realizadas pelos grupos melhor e pior desempenho no supino reto. Em conclusão, essas respostas adaptativas sugerem que, a) os jogadores de basquetebol adolescentes foram capazes de lidar apropriadamente com o estresse proveniente da intensificação das cargas de treinamento de força sucedida por uma etapa de tapering; b) que essa estratégia de treinamento foi eficaz para a melhora da aptidão física e do padrão de deslocamento na condição de jogo reduzido, e acarretou em um efeito \"pequeno\", mas possivelmente importante no desempenho técnico observado durante a condição de jogo reduzido; c) que o desempenho em testes físicos pode afetar o desempenho na condição de jogo reduzido / The aim of this thesis was to examine the effect of strength overloading and tapering on technical and physical performance, perceptual, behavioral and hormonal responses in adolescent basketball players. Sixteen basketball players (under15 and under16) were submitted to five weeks of strength overloading and three tapering weeks. Internal load training (ITL) was recorded using the session Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) were recorded weekly. Salivary testosterone concentration, performance in physical tests (T test, Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery 1 [Yo-yo IR1], bench press and leg press 45º), displacement action, and technical actions performed during small-sided game were recorded at the beginning of the study (T1), after overloading (T2) and tapering (T3). Higher values for ITL in overloading (vs. tapering) were observed. As well as higher fatigue and lower energy index in overloading (vs. tapering), but without difference for vigor state between periods. However, it was not observed changes in testosterone concentration and stress tolerance across the training program. There were increases in lifted load in bench press and leg press 45º (T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3), as well as improvements in T test (T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3) and Yo-yo IR1 performances (T1 vs. T2; T1 vs. T3; T2 vs. T3). A decrease in percentage time of standing/walking (T1 vs. T2 e T3) and low intensity shuffle actions (T1 vs. T3), and am increase in percentage time of running (T1 vs. T2 e T3) were observed. It was verified that the training program causes an increase with a small effect in number of successful shoots, total shoot, tackles made, rebounds and dribbling with the ball. Better performers in the Yo-yo IR1 showed higher number of dribbling with the ball, percentage of running time (vs. worse performance). Better performers in T test showed higher number of dribbling with the ball; the top performers in leg press 45º had higher number of dribbling with the ball. There was no difference for actions performed between athletes with better and worse performance in the bench press. In conclusion, these adaptive responses suggest that, a) adolescent basketball players were able to cope with stress from strength overloading, followed by a tapering period; b) this strategy was efficient to improve physical performance and displacement actions pattern in small sided games, and shows a small effect but, possibly, with an important practical effect on technical performance in small sided games; c) performance in physical tests affects the performance in small sided games

The use of the squat exercise (and its derivatives) in gym-based settings is widespread owing to perceived functional performance enhancing effects. In particular, there has been preponderance amongst practitioners with loads that maximise power outputs (Pmax) based on a perception that mechanical peak power is directly related to explosive functional performance such as sprinting ability. The optimal muscular quality associated with squats remains elusive though, mostly due to methodological limitations in the research. The four experimental studies in this thesis sought to quantify the kinetic and kinematic outputs of a machine squat-jump and their relationship to sprinting ability, both descriptively and across a training period. First, an analysis of the kinetic and kinematic outputs of a machine squat-jump across a spectrum of loads was performed, with an emphasis on power output. Then, the relationship of these outputs with sprint ability was investigated. Correlations do not imply cause and effect, thus a training intervention was undertaken to quantify the relationships of the change in performance measures over time, and allow a comparison of different training protocols. Specifically, one training group was prescribed training loads based on individually determined peak power outputs, and the other based on traditional maximal strength training loads. Because the intention of this thesis was to enhance our knowledge of best strength training practice for elite sporting performance, highly trained athletes were specifically chosen as subjects, cognizant of the population specific nature of training adaptation. In study one, it was determined that the point on the power-load spectrum where peak and mean power occurred in the machine squat-jump was 21.6 ± 7.1 %1RM (mean ± SD) and 39.0 ± 8.6 %1RM respectively although there was considerable individual variation in these points. A broad plateau in power outputs was evident for most subjects with at most a 9.9% (90% confidence limits ±2.4%) difference in peak or means power at loads up to 20 %1RM either side of the peak. Studies two and three established that, of the multiple kinetic and kinematic measures investigated, only 1RM strength, work and impulse (all relative to body mass) provided any indication of useful kinetic / kinematic outputs that were potentially worthwhile developing for enhancing sprint performance, albeit with only moderate correlations (r = ~ -0.3). Additionally, the intercorrelations between maximal strength and explosive kinetic and kinematic measures were only moderate (r = ~0.3), casting doubt on the common practice of pursuing high 1RM strength with the intention of improving explosive muscle performance. The training study provided evidence that training at the load that maximised individual peak power output was no more effective for improving sprint ability than training at heavy loads and the changes in kinetic and kinematic outputs were not usefully related to changes in sprint ability.

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