Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The term organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) was first explored by Bateman and Organ (1983) to refer to particular behaviours that may benefit an organisation and gestures that cannot be enforced by means of formal role obligations nor be elicited by contractual guarantee of recompense. Organ (1988) proposes that OCB may have a positive impact on employees and organisational performance. Incumbents who are experiencing satisfaction from performing their jobs are likely to be better ambassadors for the organisation and be committed to their organization (Buitendach, 2005). Silverthorne (2005, p. 171) considers job satisfaction to be important for effective organisations and defines job satisfaction as "... a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job". Previous research indicates that individuals are most likely to go beyond their formal job requirements when they are satisfied with their jobs or committed to their organisations, when they are given intrinsically satisfying tasks to complete, and/or when they have supportive or inspirational leaders. Research into Organisational Citizenship behaviour (OCB) has primarily focused on the effects of OCB on individual and organisational performance. Several empirical studies report that OCB produces various tangible benefits for employees, co-workers, supervisors and organisations in a variety of industries (Ackfeldt & Leonard, 2005). It essentially refers to prosocial organisational behaviour that goes beyond what is expected in role descriptions. Bolino, Turnley and Niehoff (2004) claim that three basic assumptions have characterised OCB research. Firstly, they argue that OCB research stemmed from non-self-serving motives such as organisational commitment and job satisfaction. Moreover, they maintain that OCB has led to a more effective functioning of organisations and finally that OCB benefited employees by making organisations more attractive to work in. Murphy, Athansou and King (2002) reported positive relationships between OCB and job satisfaction. Chiu and Chen (2005) investigated the relationship between job characteristics and OCB and recommend that managers enhance employees' intrinsic job satisfaction to promote the display of OCB. Most research studies have investigated OCB as an outcome variable with job satisfaction as one of its antecedents. Although the majority of researchers contend that OCB is an outcome of job satisfaction, some research indicates that the two variables can function as antecedents or consequences or there may well be a reciprocal relationship between the two variables. This study endeavours to elucidate the factors that are postulated to produce job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour, based on a sample of 133 employees in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. The results indicate that there are significant relationships between biographical characteristics and job satisfaction, between the dimensions of OCB and job satisfaction and between the job satisfaction dimensions and OCB. / South Africa

Millions of people, young and old, participate in sporting events in the roles of athlete or spectator or both. Sportsmanship affects the experience of both groups of participants. There is an absence of evidence showing that software that is designed using a set of research-based rules, can make a lasting, or even short-term difference in (a) the acquisition of sportsmanship knowledge and attitudes, and (b) the way children respond when placed in sporting situations, either as athletes or as spectators. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, determine whether schoolchildren, grades three through five, who use STAR Sportsmanship, a computer-based software program that was designed using a set of research-based rules and is rich with visual/ auditory examples and nonexamples, will (a) acquire more sportsmanship knowledge and attitudes, and (b) exhibit more sportsmanlike behaviors than those who do not use the software. Second, determine how those two outcomes would be impacted if all visual/ auditory examples (modeling based) were removed and replaced with auditory-only examples (lecture based). Through the use of a pre-post questionnaire of attitudes, and then with observations of behavior while youngsters were engaged in athletic events, changes in sportsmanship knowledge and attitudes were measured. This study compared questionnaire response levels and observation data of participants who either received no treatment or were assigned to use either a modeling-based or a lecture-based version of software that was developed to teach sportsmanship attitudes and behaviors to children. In regards to sportsmanship attitude and understanding, there was no measurable difference when comparing the pooled treatment group scores with the control group. The modeling treatment appeared to have a small effect when compared to both the lecture group and the control group. Furthermore, the findings showed some differences in measured attitudes and understanding between the grades, with the highest levels of sportsmanship understanding in those at the fourth grade. In regards to behavior, placement in either treatment group of the control group did not make a statistically significant impact. Grade placement, however, did however appear to make a significant impact.

Administrators and coaches in universities and colleges have focused on their students' moral development since the beginning of the higher education system. Students who participate in sports activities have acknowledged that they develop many life skills, including ethical behaviors, that can translate to non-sport environments, such as the classroom. Students who participate in organized sports programs in college often acknowledge their coach as a significant source of their development, due to the amount of time athletes and coaches spend with each other. Recently, instances of cheating have become widespread throughout American higher education. In this dissertation, I seek to evaluate the role that coaches, and overall sports participation has on the development of students' ethical behaviors both within sports and outside of the sport environment. I conducted three quantitative studies to evaluate the role that coaches play in the development of ethical behaviors in sports (as measured through sportsmanship), the similarities and differences in sportsmanship between participation in varsity or club sports, and the role that sports participation has on self-reported instances of cheating. I find that coaching behaviors that instill sportsmanship behaviors are similar to behaviors identified in youth sports and that the coaching behaviors are more predictive of coaches caring that their athletes act in a sportsmanlike way within varsity athletes than club athletes. Lastly, this study also indicates that participation in recreational sports programs is related to self-reported instances of cheating. The three studies identify that sports participation influences the development of ethical behaviors within college students.

2 pp. / 6-4-6; A Sports Ethics Program is a companion piece to the Josepheson Institute's Character Counts program. Utilizing the same principals as their Pursuing Victory with Honor sports ethics program, 6-4-6 is targeted at youth ages 5-13. Sportsmanship, teamwork and fun are the focus of this easy "user friendly" set of lessons and manual. It is designed to meet the needs of volunteer coaches and increase positive parental involvement in youth sporting events. Portable challenge games that focus on the six pillars of character begin each practice and are the basis for the program. Parents, coaches, and youth sign codes of conduct at the beginning of the sports season to establish expectations for all.

2 pp. / 6-4-6; A Sports Ethics Program is a companion piece to the Josepheson Institute's Character Counts program. Utilizing the same principals as their Pursuing Victory with Honor sports ethics program, 6-4-6 is targeted at youth ages 5-13. Sportsmanship, teamwork and fun are the focus of this easy "user friendly" set of lessons and manual. It is designed to meet the needs of volunteer coaches and increase positive parental involvement in youth sporting events. Portable challenge games that focus on the six pillars of character begin each practice and are the basis for the program. Parents, coaches, and youth sign codes of conduct at the beginning of the sports season to establish expectations for all.

2 pp. / 6-4-6; A Sports Ethics Program is a companion piece to the Josepheson Institute's Character Counts program. Utilizing the same principals as their Pursuing Victory with Honor sports ethics program, 6-4-6 is targeted at youth ages 5-13. Sportsmanship, teamwork and fun are the focus of this easy "user friendly" set of lessons and manual. It is designed to meet the needs of volunteer coaches and increase positive parental involvement in youth sporting events. Portable challenge games that focus on the six pillars of character begin each practice and are the basis for the program. Parents, coaches, and youth sign codes of conduct at the beginning of the sports season to establish expectations for all.

24 pp. / 6-4-6; A Sports Ethics Program is a companion piece to the Josepheson Institute's Character Counts program. Utilizing the same principals as their Pursuing Victory with Honor sports ethics program, 6-4-6 is targeted at youth ages 5-13. Sportsmanship, teamwork and fun are the focus of this easy "user friendly" set of lessons and manual. It is designed to meet the needs of volunteer coaches and increase positive parental involvement in youth sporting events. Portable challenge games that focus on the six pillars of character begin each practice and are the basis for the program. Parents, coaches, and youth sign codes of conduct at the beginning of the sports season to establish expectations for all.

2 pp. / 6-4-6; A Sports Ethics Program is a companion piece to the Josepheson Institute's Character Counts program. Utilizing the same principals as their Pursuing Victory with Honor sports ethics program, 6-4-6 is targeted at youth ages 5-13. Sportsmanship, teamwork and fun are the focus of this easy "user friendly" set of lessons and manual. It is designed to meet the needs of volunteer coaches and increase positive parental involvement in youth sporting events. Portable challenge games that focus on the six pillars of character begin each practice and are the basis for the program. Parents, coaches, and youth sign codes of conduct at the beginning of the sports season to establish expectations for all.