The cardiovascular disease, particularly acute myocardial infarction, is the most common cause of death worldwide. It is well documented that adaptation to chronic hypoxia increases resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in heart tissue. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important signalling role by the activation of the protective pathways during I/R, although, the excess of ROS during reperfusion leads to cardiac tissue injury. As the cellular antioxidant system is responsible for the maintenance of redox homeostasis, the main aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between myocardial tolerance to I/R injury and regulation of main components of antioxidant systems, related transcription factors and their target genes in protective and non- protective regimens of chronic hypoxia. We found differences in cardioprotective phenotype in rats exposed to three regimens of chronic normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 0.1, 3 weeks). The adaptation to continual (CNH) and intermittent (CNH-8; 8 h/day) regimen of hypoxia increased myocardial resistance to I/R damage, whereas 1-hour daily interruption of hypoxic adaptation (INH-23) abolished cardioprotective effect and decreased the ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Both cardioprotective regimens significantly increased...

(in English): The aim of the work was to perform in-depth analysis of M2KO mice both at baseline and upon a challenge with a cold stress and to explore the role of opposing receptors (i.e. adrenoceptors) in adaptation to lacking M2-receptors in the heart. We have performed receptor binding studies, study of receptor gene expression, echocardiography, telemetric monitoring of heart rate, body temperature and activity, heart rate variability and biorhythm analysis, analysis of heart rate response to the application of drugs (carbachol, atropine, isoprenaline, propranolol), assessment of adenylyl cyclase and NO synthase activity, measurement of catecholamine blood concentration and gene expression of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes. We have found that the disruption of M2-receptor gene caused a compensatory decrease of cardiostimulatory β1-adrenoceptors and β2-adrenoceptors with corresponding down-regulation of the gene expression, M3-receptors were down-regulated as well. Missing M2-receptors were functionally replaced by the main cardioinhibitory β3-adrenoceptors that were up-regulated, not by cardioinhibitory M4-receptors. β3-adrenoceptors were found to signal through adenylyl cyclase instead of NO synthase. All these changes were found in the left ventricle only, so heterologous regulation is...

Author: Bc. Michaela Tejnecká Title: The effect of regularly applied Nordic walking on selected cardiorespiratory parameters in adults after heart valve surgery. Aim: The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of six months of Nordic walking intervention on selected casrdiorespiratory parameters in adults after heart valve surgery. Methods: The study included ten individuals (mean age 62 years) who were at least five years apart after heart valve surgery. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a pulsed wrist tonometer, blood oxygen saturation (BOS) and heart rate (HR) were measured using a pulse oximeter, and the ejection fraction of the heart (EF) was evaluated echocardiographically. Nordic walking training units took plaxe once a week for 6 months. During this intervention, the level of training gradually increased both in distance and elevation of the terrain. Results: In all probands there was an average reduction in systolic blood pressure during exercise by an average of 10,3 mmHg and a reductionin heart rate during exercise by an average of 24 beats per minute. The resting ejection fraction increased by an average of 5,5% after six month intervention. These changes were statistically significant (p<0,01). The results of the work point to the benefits of Nordic walking for cardiac...

Succinate is one of the intermediate in the Krebs cycle, which in recent years has been shown to interfere with other cellular events, some of which may affect cardiac ischemic tolerance. The aim of this project was to clarify its cardioprotective role in rat hearts subjected to acute ischemia-reperfusion. The myocardial resistance to acute ischemia (infarct size and incidence and severity of ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias) was analyzed using the Langendorff method of isolated perfused heart at a constant flow with acute succinate administration. Local ischemia was induced by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery. Acute administration of 1 mM succinate before 60 minutes of ischemia or before reperfusion only had a beneficial effect on reducing the infarct size by 25-30 % compared to the control group. At the same time, it had an adverse effect on the incidence and severity of ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias. Key words: Succinate, heart, rat, heart-attack, ventricular arrhythmias

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Despite advances in research and therapy, cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. A closer understanding of the endogenous protective mechanism may improve pharmacological interventions for the treatment of heart diseases. Cold acclimation or hardening has strong potential for reducing cardiovascular risk and the literature shows that it stimulates the β-adrenergic and thyroid systems in tissues. At the same time, the adrenergic system in the heart is one of the main regulators of cardiac activity. However, these signaling pathways have surprisingly not been studied at the protein level in the heart yet, and no studies can be found on the subject matter in current literature. Our results show a reduced infarct size induced by ischemic injury in cold-acclimated rats (CA) at 8 ř C for 5 weeks and then returning to normothermic conditions for 2 weeks (CAR). The aim of this dissertation is to determine, the degree of involvement of the adrenergic system in the myocardium during acclimation after 3 days, 10 days, 5 weeks of CA and subsequent CAR at the level of all three β-adrenergic receptor isoforms (β-ARs) and their signaling pathways. The results show unchanged signaling of β1-AR-Gs-adenylyl cyclase-protein kinase A in the cardioprotective regimes CA and CAR, whose...

Title: The CVS method as a diagnostic of the cardiovascular system Objective: The aim of this thesis is to introduce the CVS (cardiovascular system) method as a potential diagnostic method to detect the overloading of the heart muscle, and thereby increased susceptibility to subsequent myocardial infarction and hypertension. Method: This thesis presents a data analysis on different groups of people, which were provided to us during the development of the CVS method. These were several groups of healthy individuals (athletes) and three groups of patients suffering from problems with the cardiovascular system (colaps conditions, obesity and hypertension). The groups were measured for their values of the heart rate and blood pressure at rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Subsequently the energy required to pump blood to the heart muscle and climbing speed pulse pressure depending on the heart rate was evaluated. Results: The CVS method shows differences in the energy consumption of the heart muscle in various groups of people. The results showed that at the same level of exercise the load of the heart muscle is higher by patients than by athletes. Considering the samples that we had available, the CVS method proved its diagnostic value when evaluating the overall effectiveness of the...

The main purpose of dissertation was to be formed economic characteristics district Tabor with appreciation status of the small and middle companies in a given district and possibility their next development. The partial purpose was activity analysis to the local action groups, their comparison and meaning for the development of the small and middle companies. The first step in the processing of the thesis was the study of literature. For the diploma thesis was the method of comparison, the questionnaire and the method of SWOT analysis.

Children heart diseases can be divided into congenital and acquired heart defects. The acquired heart defects can be further divided into acquired heart defects, heart rhythm disorders, including hypertension, inflammatory heart diseases and heart failure. Children heart diseases can occur at any age, even if it is a congenital heart defect that is less severe. The goal of this thesis was to find out the specifics of nursing care of children with heart diseases who are hospitalized at ICU and to find out the most common nursing diagnoses according to NANDA II taxonomy, and their treatment in case of children with heart diseases who are hospitalized at ICU. During the realization of the research part, a qualitative research survey was conducted using semi-structured interviews with the nurses, participant observation and the method of content analysis, which provide a more complex view of the composition of the children with heart disease hospitalized at ICU. The interviews were conducted with the nurses at the children's ICU, where the participant observation and the method of content analysis took place as well. The results of the research show that nursing care differs in the case of cardiologic disordered children and otherwise disordered children in some areas, as well as the needs. In the research part it was found out what the most frequent nursing interventions in case of these children are and how much they differ from the interventions of children with other diseases, who are also hospitalized at ICU. Furthermore, the research shows that nurses have a negative opinion on nursing diagnoses, although they are used in the documentation. This was found not only in the semi-structured interviews with the nurses, but also during the participated observation and the content analysis of the documentation. The research also revealed that some nursing diagnoses are specific to cardiologic disordered children, but, for example, the nursing diagnosis of the risk of infection associated with invasive entry is used in case of all children hospitalized at ICU. The diploma thesis should inform nurses about nursing care in case of children with heart disease hospitalized at ICU.

IN ENGLISH The ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a consequence of myocardial infarction, represents a major cause of death worldwide. One of the most effective cardioprotective interventions increasing the resistance of hearts to the I/R injury is the adaptation to a chronic hypoxia (CH). However, the molecular mechanisms of CH are still not well understood. The most important factors responsible for the I/R injury are reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by complexes I and III within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Potential candidates maintaining ROS at a low level are mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtCK) and two hexokinase isoforms (HK1 and HK2). These enzymes highly support the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by increasing the availability of ADP for complex V of the respiratory chain. In addition, the HK binding to mitochondria inhibits binding of the pro- apoptotic protein BAX, thereby protecting cardiac cells against apoptosis. Besides the mitochondrial CK isoform, there are two cytosolic CK (CKM and CKB) present in cardiomyocytes that help to maintain energy homeostasis. Based on the known anatomical and physiological differences between the left (LV) and the right (RV) ventricles, the first study focused on the comparing ventricles in terms of the energy...