Nesta pesquisa in vitro verificou-se a possível correlação do manchamento superficial de resinas compostas com grau de conversão, rugosidade, sorção e solubilidade. Foram testados cinco compósitos: Charisma Opal, Filtek P90, GrandioSO, IPS Empress Direct e NDurance; todos da cor A2. Foram confeccionados 40 espécimes de cada material. Dez espécimes foram destinados aos testes de sorção e solubilidade, que foram divididos em dois grupos (n=5): Grupo 1 (com desidratação prévia) e Grupo 2 (sem desidratação prévia). Trinta espécimes foram destinados aos testes de grau de conversão, rugosidade e manchamento superficial; que foram divididos em dois grupos: Imediato e 24 horas. No grupo Imediato, a leitura do espectro para o cálculo do grau de conversão e a leitura da cor inicial (baseline) foram realizadas imediatamente após a confecção dos espécimes, que foram imersos nas bebidas corantes na sequência. No grupo 24 horas, os espécimes foram mantidos em água destilada a 37oC por 24 h. A leitura do espetro final para o cálculo do grau de conversão e a leitura da cor inicial (baseline) foram realizadas 24 h após a confecção dos espécimes, que só então foram imersos nas bebidas corantes. O polimento e a leitura da rugosidade foram realizados após a leitura do espectro e antes da imersão nas bebidas. Os espécimes foram divididos em três grupos (n=5): água destilada (controle), café e vinho tinto. A amostra foi mantida imersa nas bebidas por 7 dias, com temperatura em 37oC. A leitura da cor final foi realizada após esse período, em ambos os grupos. A diferença de cor foi calcula a partir da fórmula CIEDE2000. A análise estatística foi realizada e o teste de Pearson foi aplicado para a análise da correlação das propriedades testadas. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada neste estudo, não foi possível estabelecer correlação entre manchamento dos compósitos resinosos com grau de conversão, rugosidade superficial, sorção e solubilidade; não foi encontrada diferença no manchamento do grupo que foi submetido imediatamente às bebidas corantes com o grupo que foi submetido ao manchamento após 24 horas da sua confecção; o vinho tinto causou maior alteração de cor do que o café; e o comportamento dos compósitos na presença das bebidas corantes não foi semelhante. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa nas duas metodologias usadas para o teste de sorção e solubilidade. / This in vitro research verified the possible correlation of superficial staining of resin composites with degree of conversion, roughness, sorption and solubility. Five composites were tested: Charisma Opal, Filtek P90, GrandioSO, IPS Empress Direct and NDurance; shade A2. Forty specimens of each material were prepared. Ten specimens were reserved for sorption/solubility tests and were divided into 2 groups (n=5): Group 1 (with previous dehydration) and Group 2 (without previous dehydration). Thirty specimens were reserved for degree of conversion, roughness and staining tests; which were divided into 2 groups: Immediate and 24 hours. In Immediate group, degree of conversion and initial color measurement (baseline) were calculated immediately after sample preparation, which was immersed in coloring beverages. In 24 hours group, specimens were maintained in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Initial color measurement (baseline) and degree of conversion were calculated 24 h after sample preparation. Polishing and roughness measurement were made before the immersion of specimens in beverages. Sample was divided into 3 groups (n=5): distilled water (control), coffee and red wine. The specimens were maintained immersed for staining during 7 days at 37oC. Final color measurement was made after this period, in both groups. Color difference was calculated based on CIEDE2000 formula. Statistical analysis was performed and Pearson test was applied to analyze correlation between the properties tested. According to the methodology used in this research, it was not possible to establish correlation between composite staining and degree of conversion, roughness, sorption and solubility; it was not found any difference between Immediate and 24 hours groups; staining caused by red wine were more intense than coffee; the composites behavior in staining was not similar. Despite of this result, there was no significant difference between the sorption/solubility methods tested.

Nesta pesquisa in vitro verificou-se a possível correlação do manchamento superficial de resinas compostas com grau de conversão, rugosidade, sorção e solubilidade. Foram testados cinco compósitos: Charisma Opal, Filtek P90, GrandioSO, IPS Empress Direct e NDurance; todos da cor A2. Foram confeccionados 40 espécimes de cada material. Dez espécimes foram destinados aos testes de sorção e solubilidade, que foram divididos em dois grupos (n=5): Grupo 1 (com desidratação prévia) e Grupo 2 (sem desidratação prévia). Trinta espécimes foram destinados aos testes de grau de conversão, rugosidade e manchamento superficial; que foram divididos em dois grupos: Imediato e 24 horas. No grupo Imediato, a leitura do espectro para o cálculo do grau de conversão e a leitura da cor inicial (baseline) foram realizadas imediatamente após a confecção dos espécimes, que foram imersos nas bebidas corantes na sequência. No grupo 24 horas, os espécimes foram mantidos em água destilada a 37oC por 24 h. A leitura do espetro final para o cálculo do grau de conversão e a leitura da cor inicial (baseline) foram realizadas 24 h após a confecção dos espécimes, que só então foram imersos nas bebidas corantes. O polimento e a leitura da rugosidade foram realizados após a leitura do espectro e antes da imersão nas bebidas. Os espécimes foram divididos em três grupos (n=5): água destilada (controle), café e vinho tinto. A amostra foi mantida imersa nas bebidas por 7 dias, com temperatura em 37oC. A leitura da cor final foi realizada após esse período, em ambos os grupos. A diferença de cor foi calcula a partir da fórmula CIEDE2000. A análise estatística foi realizada e o teste de Pearson foi aplicado para a análise da correlação das propriedades testadas. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada neste estudo, não foi possível estabelecer correlação entre manchamento dos compósitos resinosos com grau de conversão, rugosidade superficial, sorção e solubilidade; não foi encontrada diferença no manchamento do grupo que foi submetido imediatamente às bebidas corantes com o grupo que foi submetido ao manchamento após 24 horas da sua confecção; o vinho tinto causou maior alteração de cor do que o café; e o comportamento dos compósitos na presença das bebidas corantes não foi semelhante. Além disso, não houve diferença significativa nas duas metodologias usadas para o teste de sorção e solubilidade. / This in vitro research verified the possible correlation of superficial staining of resin composites with degree of conversion, roughness, sorption and solubility. Five composites were tested: Charisma Opal, Filtek P90, GrandioSO, IPS Empress Direct and NDurance; shade A2. Forty specimens of each material were prepared. Ten specimens were reserved for sorption/solubility tests and were divided into 2 groups (n=5): Group 1 (with previous dehydration) and Group 2 (without previous dehydration). Thirty specimens were reserved for degree of conversion, roughness and staining tests; which were divided into 2 groups: Immediate and 24 hours. In Immediate group, degree of conversion and initial color measurement (baseline) were calculated immediately after sample preparation, which was immersed in coloring beverages. In 24 hours group, specimens were maintained in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Initial color measurement (baseline) and degree of conversion were calculated 24 h after sample preparation. Polishing and roughness measurement were made before the immersion of specimens in beverages. Sample was divided into 3 groups (n=5): distilled water (control), coffee and red wine. The specimens were maintained immersed for staining during 7 days at 37oC. Final color measurement was made after this period, in both groups. Color difference was calculated based on CIEDE2000 formula. Statistical analysis was performed and Pearson test was applied to analyze correlation between the properties tested. According to the methodology used in this research, it was not possible to establish correlation between composite staining and degree of conversion, roughness, sorption and solubility; it was not found any difference between Immediate and 24 hours groups; staining caused by red wine were more intense than coffee; the composites behavior in staining was not similar. Despite of this result, there was no significant difference between the sorption/solubility methods tested.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina (PAAF) em diferentes técnicas de coloração, em lesões nodulares de cavidade oral e região de cabeça e pescoço, quanto a sua sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, nas colorações de Panótico, Papanicolau e Hematoxilina-Eosina . Foram selecionados 46 pacientes consecutivamente que procuraram a Clínica da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da FOUSP, portadores de lesões nodulares em cavidade oral e região de cabeça e pescoço. Como critérios de inclusão foram selecionados pacientes de ambos os sexos, todas as etnias, acima dos 5 anos de idade, sem restrição de comorbidades e que foram realizadas PAAF com confirmação diagnóstica pela biópsia. Como critérios de exclusão da pesquisa estão os pacientes abaixo dos 5 anos de idade e pacientes que foram somente submetidos a PAAF sem confirmação diagnóstica pela biópsia. O material obtido pela PAAF foi enviado em 6 lâminas diferentes, corados pelo método de Panótico, Papanicolau e Hematoxilina-Eosina a um mesmo patologista apenas com o diagnóstico clínico. Após a emissão do laudo da PAAF, o laudo do anátomo patológico era emitido, servindo como padrão ouro. Após os cálculos, o resultado da sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para o método de coloração com o Panótico foram de 28,6%, 76%, 15,4, respectivamente, para o método de coloração com o Papanicolau foram de 71,4%, 76,7%, 23,3%, respectivamente e para o método de coloração com a Hematoxilina-Eosina foram de 82,1%, 23,3%, 28,6%, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na proporção de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia entre as diferentes técnicas de coloração (X2 13,27, p=0,01). Podemos concluir que, na metodologia do presente estudo, as colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Papanicolau demonstraram a mesma sensibilidade, para diagnosticar neoplasias malignas. A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina demonstrou uma melhor especificidade para diagnosticar neoplasias benignas, quando comparadas com a colorações de Papanicolau e Panótico. A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina demonstrou uma melhor acurácia, para dar diagnóstico definitivo, seguida das colorações de Papanicolau e Panótico. / The present study aimed to evaluate the Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in different staining techniques in nodular lesions of the oral cavity and head and neck region, as their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, staining with Panoptic, Papanicolaou and Hematoxylin-Eosin. 46 patients who sought the Clinic of the Discipline of Clinical Stomatology at FOUSP were selected consecutively, with nodular lesions in the oral cavity and head and neck region. Inclusion criteria were patients of both sexes, all ethnicities, above 5 years-old, with no restriction of comorbidities and FNAB performed with confirmation by biopsy. Exclusion criteria were patients under 5 years-old and patients who only underwent FNAB without confirmation by biopsy. The material obtained by FNAB was sent on 6 different slides, stained by the method of Panoptic, Papanicolaou and Hematoxylin-Eosin, to the same pathologist only with the clinical diagnosis. After the final report of FNAB, the biopsy report was issued, serving as gold standard. After the calculations, the results of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Panoptic staining were 28.6%, 76% and 15.4%, respectively. The result of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Papanicolaou staining were 71,4%, 76.7% and 23.3%, respectively. The result of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Hematoxylin-Eosin staining were 82.1%, 23.3%, 28.6%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between the different staining techniques (X2 13.27, p = 0.01). We can conclude, in the methodology of this study that, Hematoxylin-Eosin and Papanicolaou stains showed the same sensitivity of diagnosing malignant neoplasms. The Hematoxylin-Eosin stain showed a better specificity for diagnosing benign neoplasms, compared with Papanicolaou and Panoptic stains. Hematoxylin-eosin stain showed better accuracy, to give definitive diagnosis, followed by Papanicolaou and Panoptic stains.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina (PAAF) em diferentes técnicas de coloração, em lesões nodulares de cavidade oral e região de cabeça e pescoço, quanto a sua sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, nas colorações de Panótico, Papanicolau e Hematoxilina-Eosina . Foram selecionados 46 pacientes consecutivamente que procuraram a Clínica da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da FOUSP, portadores de lesões nodulares em cavidade oral e região de cabeça e pescoço. Como critérios de inclusão foram selecionados pacientes de ambos os sexos, todas as etnias, acima dos 5 anos de idade, sem restrição de comorbidades e que foram realizadas PAAF com confirmação diagnóstica pela biópsia. Como critérios de exclusão da pesquisa estão os pacientes abaixo dos 5 anos de idade e pacientes que foram somente submetidos a PAAF sem confirmação diagnóstica pela biópsia. O material obtido pela PAAF foi enviado em 6 lâminas diferentes, corados pelo método de Panótico, Papanicolau e Hematoxilina-Eosina a um mesmo patologista apenas com o diagnóstico clínico. Após a emissão do laudo da PAAF, o laudo do anátomo patológico era emitido, servindo como padrão ouro. Após os cálculos, o resultado da sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para o método de coloração com o Panótico foram de 28,6%, 76%, 15,4, respectivamente, para o método de coloração com o Papanicolau foram de 71,4%, 76,7%, 23,3%, respectivamente e para o método de coloração com a Hematoxilina-Eosina foram de 82,1%, 23,3%, 28,6%, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na proporção de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia entre as diferentes técnicas de coloração (X2 13,27, p=0,01). Podemos concluir que, na metodologia do presente estudo, as colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Papanicolau demonstraram a mesma sensibilidade, para diagnosticar neoplasias malignas. A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina demonstrou uma melhor especificidade para diagnosticar neoplasias benignas, quando comparadas com a colorações de Papanicolau e Panótico. A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina demonstrou uma melhor acurácia, para dar diagnóstico definitivo, seguida das colorações de Papanicolau e Panótico. / The present study aimed to evaluate the Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in different staining techniques in nodular lesions of the oral cavity and head and neck region, as their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, staining with Panoptic, Papanicolaou and Hematoxylin-Eosin. 46 patients who sought the Clinic of the Discipline of Clinical Stomatology at FOUSP were selected consecutively, with nodular lesions in the oral cavity and head and neck region. Inclusion criteria were patients of both sexes, all ethnicities, above 5 years-old, with no restriction of comorbidities and FNAB performed with confirmation by biopsy. Exclusion criteria were patients under 5 years-old and patients who only underwent FNAB without confirmation by biopsy. The material obtained by FNAB was sent on 6 different slides, stained by the method of Panoptic, Papanicolaou and Hematoxylin-Eosin, to the same pathologist only with the clinical diagnosis. After the final report of FNAB, the biopsy report was issued, serving as gold standard. After the calculations, the results of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Panoptic staining were 28.6%, 76% and 15.4%, respectively. The result of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Papanicolaou staining were 71,4%, 76.7% and 23.3%, respectively. The result of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Hematoxylin-Eosin staining were 82.1%, 23.3%, 28.6%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between the different staining techniques (X2 13.27, p = 0.01). We can conclude, in the methodology of this study that, Hematoxylin-Eosin and Papanicolaou stains showed the same sensitivity of diagnosing malignant neoplasms. The Hematoxylin-Eosin stain showed a better specificity for diagnosing benign neoplasms, compared with Papanicolaou and Panoptic stains. Hematoxylin-eosin stain showed better accuracy, to give definitive diagnosis, followed by Papanicolaou and Panoptic stains.

Não consta resumo na publicação. / Abstract not available.

The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) during pregnancy is of concern. MDMA treatment of rats during a period of brain growth analogous to late human gestation leads to neurochemical and behavioral changes. MDMA from postnatal day (P)11–20 in rats produces reductions in serotonin and deficits in spatial and route-based navigation. In this experiment we examined the impact of MDMA from P11 to P20 (20 mg/kg twice daily, 8 h apart) on neuronal architecture. Golgi impregnated sections showed significant changes. In the nucleus accumbens, the dendrites were shorter with fewer spines, whereas in the dentate gyrus the dendritic length was decreased but with more spines, and for the entorhinal cortex, reductions in basilar and apical dendritic lengths in MDMA animals compared with saline animals were seen. The data show that neuronal cytoarchitectural changes are long-lasting following developmental MDMA exposure and are in regions consistent with the learning and memory deficits observed in such animals.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis-induced hospitalization in young children. A natural RSV infection fails to elicit long-lasting immunity, further increasing the need for an effective vaccine. Despite the significant healthcare burden, there is no licensed RSV vaccine currently available. While most RSV vaccine strategies focus on the induction of humoral immunity, high antibody titers do not prevent RSV infection. It remains unclear if protective immunity can be achieved through robust cellular immunity. Previous work has indicated that a relatively low frequency of virus-specific CD8 T cells is induced following an RSV infection in human infants. In addition, RSV-specific memory CD8 T cells diminish to almost undetectable frequencies in the blood of the elderly. The lack of long-lasting immunity against RSV may be explained by an absence or low frequency of memory CD8 T cells within the lung following infection. However, I determined that the majority of effector CD8 T cells reside within the lung tissue following infection with either RSV or influenza A virus (IAV), both of which replicate primarily in the airways. In addition, approximately 70% of antigen-experienced memory CD8 T cells persist in the lung tissue at day 30 following RSV infection. In contrast, the majority of CD8 T cells remain in the pulmonary vasculature following intranasal infection with either of the systemically replicating viruses lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or vaccinia virus. Therefore, the tissue tropism of a virus will determine if CD8 T cells preferentially accumulate in the lung tissue following infection of the respiratory tract. An experimental formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine caused enhanced respiratory disease in vaccinated children following a natural RSV infection. Incomplete knowledge of the underlying immunological mechanisms that were responsible for mediating the enhanced disease has greatly hampered vaccine development. Previous studies have indicated that eosinophils, non-neutralizing antibodies, and CD4 T cells may be required to elicit FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. I determined that distinct CD4 T cell subsets mediate individual disease parameters. The Th2-biased immune response, but not eosinophils specifically, was responsible for induction of airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus hypersecretion. On the other hand, the Th1-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was required to mediate baseline pulmonary dysfunction and weight loss. Lastly, while depletion of CD4 T cells ameliorated all disease parameters evaluated, the antibody titers remained unaltered in depleted mice. Thus, antibodies induced by FI-RSV immunization were not required for vaccine-enhanced disease. My data demonstrate that discrete disease manifestations associated with FI-RSV immunization are orchestrated by distinct subsets of CD4 T cells. The CD8 T cell response is believed to contribute to both pathogen clearance and immunopathology following an acute RSV infection. However, it is unclear if robust memory CD8 T cell responses will protect against an RSV infection. I determined that induction of a high-magnitude, epitope-specific memory CD8 T cell pool mediated increased viral clearance following RSV challenge. However, mice with robust secondary CD8 T cell responses exhibit increased airway dysfunction, weight loss, and mortality as compared to mock-immunized mice undergoing an acute RSV infection. The enhanced disease severity was unique to the context of an RSV infection as similarly immunized mice were protected from chge with a lethal dose of a recombinant IAV engineered to express an RSV-derived epitope. In addition, the increased morbidity and mortality was associated with an elevated amount of both IFN-γ and TNF-α in the serum of immunized mice. Neutralization of either IFN-γ or TNF-α led to a significant reduction in disease severity and survival of all mice. These results demonstrate that robust memory CD8 T cell responses enhance viral clearance, but also lead to severe pulmonary immunopathology following RSV infection. Overall, I establish that the majority of effector CD8 T cells are localized within the lung tissue following a respiratory infection, and determine that either memory CD4 or CD8 T cell responses elicits severe immunopathology following a RSV infection.

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">The aim of this study was to investigate the color stability of two provisional restorative materials used in crown and bridge cases upon exposure to different tea staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a polishing technique in removing the tea stains from the stained provisional restorative materials.</p> </font></p>

<p>Risk factors such as intrauterine and vaginal infection put pregnant women at risk for delivering preterm. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, with women of African descent with low socioeconomic status and previous preterm delivery at high risk. Although frequently isolated from healthy women,&nbsp / Gardnerella vaginalis has been most frequently associated with BV. There is limited data available on the prevalence of BV in Southern Africa / therefore, we embarked on a study to determine the&nbsp / prevalence of BV and G. vaginalis in predominantly black communities in the Western Cape, in order to establish the role of G. vaginalis in BV. Women attending various Maternity and Obstetrics&nbsp / units (MOU) in the Cape Peninsula with and without a history of pre-term delivery (PTD) were invited to participate in the study. Several factors were statistically associated with pregnancy history,&nbsp / including location of study population, parity, smoking and presence of clinical symptoms. The presence of G. vaginalis was determined by culture in 51.7% of the preterm delivery group (PTDG)&nbsp / and 44% of the full-term delivery group (FTDG) women. BV was detected in 31.13% of PTDG and 23.67% of FTDG by Gram stained analysis according to Nugent scoring criteria, with age and HIV&nbsp / status posing as risk factors. When comparing PTDG and FTDG for an association between the presence of G. vaginalis and BV, a stronger association was observed in the PTDG but it was not statistically significant. In both PTDG and FTDG, G. vaginalis was isolated significantly more often in women diagnosed with BV at 24.5% (p &lt / 0.05). Antibiogram studies revealed both Metronidazole and Clindamycin resistant strains of G. vaginalis. G. vaginalis Biotype 7 is specifically associated with BV, while Biotype 2 appears to be associated with BV in women with a history&nbsp / of PTD. Accuracy of diagnostic tools were tested and it was determined that Nugent scoring is more sensitive in diagnosing BV (76.04%), but culture for G. vaginalis is more specific (83.21%). Although this study was limited in that we were unable to follow-up pregnancy outcomes, we were able to confirm the perceived role of G. vaginalis in BV.&nbsp / </p>

Pollinator visitation patterns should affect pollination success and mating patterns in flowering species. In the orchid family, about one third of the species do not provide any reward for their pollinators. Pollination by deceit is typically associated with low fruit set but may increase the chance of cross-pollination since the pollinator should soon leave the individual plant when there is no reward in the flowers. This may be beneficial if self-fertilisation results in inbreeding depression. I studied the mating patterns of one rewarding and one deceptive orchid in two closely related genera by tracking the fate of stained pollinia. I also conducted controlled crosses to estimate inbreeding depression. The results show that the deceptive orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica has lower pollination success, but higher cross-pollination rate (ca. 90%) than the nectariferous orchid Gymnadenia conopsea (ca. 18% cross-pollination). The results further suggest that in G. conopsea, nocturnal visitors mediate higher geitonogamous pollination rate (ca. 100%) than diurnal visitors (ca. 60%). In both study species, fruits produced from cross-pollination were heavier than fruits produced from selfing. Inbreeding depression for fruit mass did not differ significantly between the two species (δ = 0.21 in D. lapponica and δ = 0.29 in G. conopsea). These data support the hypothesis that pollination by deceit can enhance cross-pollination. A literature study including several rewarding and non-rewarding orchid species indicated lower geitonogamy in the deceptive orchids, but the difference was not statistically significant.