Centrifugation of stallion semen is an integral part of the cryopreservation procedure, primarily allowing for the concentration of sperm and removal of seminal plasma. In addition, centrifugation is required for maximizing spermatozoal quality in semen from some stallions subjected to cooled transport, because of the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to high levels of seminal plasma. The centrifugation process, however, has potential deleterious effects, including reduction in sperm quality as well as loss of sperm numbers. Since centrifugation plays such a crucial role in semen processing, two experiments were designed to evaluate more efficient centrifugation methods to meet the demands of the equine industry. In Experiment 1, semen was centrifuged in two different tube types (nipple- or conical-bottom), using a cushioned technique (Eqcellsire® Component B) with two different extenders (opaque-INRA96 or clear-HGLL). For Experiment 2, nipple-tube centrifugation was conducted at two different g forces (400 or 600) for 20 min, using three different iodixanol cushion media, Eqcellsire® Component B, OptiPrep[TM], or Cushion Fluid[TM]. Regardless of tube or extender types, centrifugation of semen resulted in sperm recovery rates ≥90%; however, centrifugation in INRA 96 extender yielded higher sperm motility values than did centrifugation in HGLL extender (P < 0.05). Cushion type or g force did not impact post-centrifugation semen quality, based on the laboratory values measured (P > 0.05). These results indicate that cushioned centrifugation of stallion semen in either conical-bottom or nipple-bottom tubes can yield a high sperm harvest, while maintaining sperm function. An optically opaque extender, as is typically used in the equine breeding industry, can be used to achieve this goal. The fertility rate (94%; 131/140) following cushioned semen centrifugation in a commercial program this past year indicates that these laboratory results are transferable to the clinical setting.

Centrifugation of stallion semen is an integral part of the cryopreservation procedure, primarily allowing for the concentration of sperm and removal of seminal plasma. In addition, centrifugation is required for maximizing spermatozoal quality in semen from some stallions subjected to cooled transport, because of the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to high levels of seminal plasma. The centrifugation process, however, has potential deleterious effects, including reduction in sperm quality as well as loss of sperm numbers. Since centrifugation plays such a crucial role in semen processing, two experiments were designed to evaluate more efficient centrifugation methods to meet the demands of the equine industry. In Experiment 1, semen was centrifuged in two different tube types (nipple- or conical-bottom), using a cushioned technique (Eqcellsire® Component B) with two different extenders (opaque-INRA96 or clear-HGLL). For Experiment 2, nipple-tube centrifugation was conducted at two different g forces (400 or 600) for 20 min, using three different iodixanol cushion media, Eqcellsire® Component B, OptiPrep™, or Cushion Fluid™. Regardless of tube or extender types, centrifugation of semen resulted in sperm recovery rates ≥ 90%; however, centrifugation in INRA 96 extender yielded higher sperm motility values than did centrifugation in HGLL extender (P < 0.05). Cushion type or g force did not impact post-centrifugation semen quality, based on the laboratory values measured (P > 0.05). These results indicate that cushioned centrifugation of stallion semen in either conical-bottom or nipple-bottom tubes can yield a high sperm harvest, while maintaining sperm function. An optically opaque extender, as is typically used in the equine breeding industry, can be used to achieve this goal. The fertility rate (94%; 131/140) following cushioned semen centrifugation in a commercial program this past year indicates that these laboratory results are transferable to the clinical setting.

The genetic component of mammalian male fertility is complex and involves thousands of genes. The majority of these genes are distributed on autosomes and the X chromosome, while a small number are located on the Y chromosome. Human and mouse studies demonstrate that the most critical Y-linked male fertility genes are present in multiple copies, show testis-specific expression and are different between species. In the equine industry, where stallions are selected according to pedigrees and athletic abilities but not for reproductive performance, reduced fertility of many breeding stallions is a recognized problem. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to acquire comprehensive information about the organization of the horse Y chromosome (ECAY), identify Y-linked genes and investigate potential candidate genes regulating stallion fertility. To achieve theses goals, a direct cDNA (complementary DNA) selection procedure was used to isolate Y-linked genes from horse testes and 29 Y-specific genes were identified. All 29 genes were mapped to ECAY and their sequences were used to further expand the existing map. Copy number analysis identified 15 multicopy genes of which 9 were novel transcripts. Gene expression analysis on a panel of selected body tissues showed that some ECAY genes are expressed exclusively in testes while others show ubiquitous or intermediate expression. Quantitative Real-Time PCR using primers for 9 testis-specific multicopy genes revealed 5 genes with statistically significant differential expression in testis of normal fertile stallions and stallions with impaired fertility. Gene copy number analysis showed that the average copy number of 4 such genes was decreased in subfertile/infertile stallions compared to normal animals. Taken together, this research generated the first comprehensive physical gene map for the horse Y chromosome and identified a number of candidate genes for stallion fertility. The findings essentially expand our knowledge about Y chromosome genes in horses, open a new avenue for investigating the potential role of ECAY genes in stallion fertility which contribute to the development of molecular tools for the assessment of fertility in stallions.

Centrifugation of stallion semen is an integral part of the cryopreservation procedure, primarily allowing for the concentration of sperm and removal of seminal plasma. In addition, centrifugation is required for maximizing spermatozoal quality in semen from some stallions subjected to cooled transport, because of the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to high levels of seminal plasma. The centrifugation process, however, has potential deleterious effects, including reduction in sperm quality as well as loss of sperm numbers. Since centrifugation plays such a crucial role in semen processing, two experiments were designed to evaluate more efficient centrifugation methods to meet the demands of the equine industry. In Experiment 1, semen was centrifuged in two different tube types (nipple- or conical-bottom), using a cushioned technique (Eqcellsire® Component B) with two different extenders (opaque-INRA96 or clear-HGLL). For Experiment 2, nipple-tube centrifugation was conducted at two different g forces (400 or 600) for 20 min, using three different iodixanol cushion media, Eqcellsire® Component B, OptiPrep™, or Cushion Fluid™. Regardless of tube or extender types, centrifugation of semen resulted in sperm recovery rates ≥ 90%; however, centrifugation in INRA 96 extender yielded higher sperm motility values than did centrifugation in HGLL extender (P < 0.05). Cushion type or g force did not impact post-centrifugation semen quality, based on the laboratory values measured (P > 0.05). These results indicate that cushioned centrifugation of stallion semen in either conical-bottom or nipple-bottom tubes can yield a high sperm harvest, while maintaining sperm function. An optically opaque extender, as is typically used in the equine breeding industry, can be used to achieve this goal. The fertility rate (94%; 131/140) following cushioned semen centrifugation in a commercial program this past year indicates that these laboratory results are transferable to the clinical setting.

Density gradient centrifugation of sperm is a common assisted-reproduction procedure in humans used to improve semen quality. The technique allows sperm separation based on their isopycnic points. Sperm with morphologic abnormalities are often more buoyant, leading to their retention above centrifuged density gradients, with structurally normal sperm passing through the gradient. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of tube size, sperm number following centrifugation, and density gradient volume (height) on stallion sperm quality and recovery rate in sperm pellets following centrifugation. In all three experiments, equine semen was initially centrifuged to increase sperm concentration. In Experiment 1, one-mL aliquots were layered over EquiPure? Bottom Layer (1-Layer) or over-tiered EquiPure? Top and Bottom Layers (2-Layer). For Experiment 2, one-mL aliquots were layered over three different heights of EquiPure? Bottom Layer in 15-mL or 50-mL conical-bottom tubes. For Experiment 3, four different aliquots containing a sperm load of 1-4x were layered over a constant volume of EquiPure? Bottom Layer in 15-mL or 50-mL conical bottom tubes. The tubes were then centrifuged. Resulting sperm pellets were evaluated for morphologic quality, DNA integrity, motility and recovery rate. Sperm-EquiPure? centrifugation yielded improvements in motility, morphology and DNA integrity parameters (P<0.05), as compared to controls. The 1-Layer method resulted in a higher recovery rate than the 2-Layer method (P<0.05). Sperm processed in the 15-mL tubes yielded higher velocity and higher recovery rates than sperm processed in the 50-mL tubes (P<0.05). Within tube type, gradient volume did not impact parameters of semen quality or recovery rate. An increase in sperm number for density gradient centrifugation resulted in a decreased recovery rate (P<0.05) when 15-mL tubes were used.

Studies performed on stallions have characterized detrimental effects on semen quality resulting from thermal stress by testicular insulation, but few have investigated the effects of exercise-induced increases in core body temperature on stallion semen parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first study that correlates subcutaneous scrotal temperature and stallion spermatozoa quality using a subdermal scrotal thermal sensory device. Stallions were assigned to a non-exercised (non-ex; control; n=4) or exercised (ex; n=4) group. A motorized equine exerciser was used to work stallions 30 min/d for 4 d/wk during a 12-wk period from July through October. Temperatures (subcutaneous scrotal, subcutaneous neck, rectal, and ambient) were recorded before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 60 and 120 min post-exercise. Humidity data were obtained later to determine THI. No deleterious effects were observed from implantation of thermal sensory devices. An interaction of treatment and time (P < 0.0001) was evident for rectal and neck temperatures. The relationship between scrotal and rectal temperatures was highest (rs =0.761), and other correlations existed between scrotal, neck, and ambient temperatures, as well. Mean rectal temperature in the ex group increased 1.9°C (P < 0.0001), while there was a slight increase in scrotal temperature of 0.8°C (P > 0.05) from 0 min to 22 min. Although an increase in core body temperature was successfully induced by exercise protocol, scrotal temperatures were not significantly affected, and no treatment effects were found in any of the semen parameters measured (P > 0.05). Therefore, no significant changes in fresh or cooled semen parameters resulted from exercise or increases in core body temperature resulting from exercise protocol used in this study. Results of this study indicate that thermal sensory devices are a safe and effective way to measure subcutaneous scrotal and neck temperatures. Although an increase in core body temperature was successfully induced by exercise protocol, scrotal temperatures were not significantly affected, indicating efficient thermoregulation of the testes by the scrotum. Since the testes experienced no significant thermal insult during the exercise protocol, no significant changes in fresh or cooled semen parameters were evident as a result of exercise or elevated core temperature.

Centrifugation of stallion semen is an integral part of the cryopreservation procedure, primarily allowing for the concentration of sperm and removal of seminal plasma. In addition, centrifugation is required for maximizing spermatozoal quality in semen from some stallions subjected to cooled transport, because of the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to high levels of seminal plasma. The centrifugation process, however, has potential deleterious effects, including reduction in sperm quality as well as loss of sperm numbers. Since centrifugation plays such a crucial role in semen processing, two experiments were designed to evaluate more efficient centrifugation methods to meet the demands of the equine industry. In Experiment 1, semen was centrifuged in two different tube types (nipple- or conical-bottom), using a cushioned technique (Eqcellsire® Component B) with two different extenders (opaque-INRA96 or clear-HGLL). For Experiment 2, nipple-tube centrifugation was conducted at two different g forces (400 or 600) for 20 min, using three different iodixanol cushion media, Eqcellsire® Component B, OptiPrep[TM], or Cushion Fluid[TM]. Regardless of tube or extender types, centrifugation of semen resulted in sperm recovery rates ≥90%; however, centrifugation in INRA 96 extender yielded higher sperm motility values than did centrifugation in HGLL extender (P < 0.05). Cushion type or g force did not impact post-centrifugation semen quality, based on the laboratory values measured (P > 0.05). These results indicate that cushioned centrifugation of stallion semen in either conical-bottom or nipple-bottom tubes can yield a high sperm harvest, while maintaining sperm function. An optically opaque extender, as is typically used in the equine breeding industry, can be used to achieve this goal. The fertility rate (94%; 131/140) following cushioned semen centrifugation in a commercial program this past year indicates that these laboratory results are transferable to the clinical setting.

A inseminação artificial utlizando sêmen criopreservado de garanhões apresenta uma baixa utilização, principalmente pela variabilidade dos resultados e aumento dos custos relacionados à inseminação. Os lipídeos presentes nas membranas plasmáticas dos espermatozóides participam de diversos eventos associados à fertilização e por sofrerem alterações químicas e estruturais durantes os processos necessários à congelação podem estar relacionados a congelabilidade dos ejaculados. Este trabalho foi composto por dois experimentos. O experimento I utilizou amostras de espermatozóides de seis garanhões e seis touros e objetivou avaliar a possibilidade de análise direta das amostras de espermatozóides e o efeito do armazenamento em metanol por um período de 45 dias a -80°C. As amostras foram coletadas, \"lavadas\" por centrifugações sucessivas e armazenadas nos seguintes meios: PBS Ca++ Mg++ Free, Metanol padrão-HPLC e solução 1:1 PBS Ca++ Mg++ Free e Metanol padrão-HPLC. As amostras em PBS foram analisadas após extração lipídica ou adição de metanol padrão-HPLC previamente à análise. Foi confirmada a possibilidade de análise direta da composição lipídica em MALDITOF, sem necessidade de extração. O armazenamento em metanol ou solução contendo o mesmo não resultou em degradação no período observado, no entanto o armazenamento de amostras previamente extraídas por longos períodos resultaram em resultados alterados. O experimento II utilizou amostras de 16 garanhões, armazenadas em solução 1:1 PBS Ca++ Mg++ Free e Metanol padrão-HPLC. Os ejaculados de origem destas amostras foram submetidos à congelação e os resultados de análise in vitro de motilidade e morfologia espermática foram relacionados com os dados de composição lipídica através da análise dos componentes principais (PCA). Não foi observada nenhuma relação entre os resultados de análise seminal in vitro e a composição lipídica, apesar de alguns autores encontrarem tal relação, principalmente quanto à relação de determinados ácidos graxos e conteúdo total de fosfolipídeos. Estes autores utilizaram técnicas complexas, impossibilitando a aplicação na rotina veterinária a campo. A facilidade de preparo das amostras para MALDI-TOF torna esta técnica viável para análise de composição lipídica, no entanto novos testes devem ser realizados incluindo um maior número de amostas e dados de fertilidade a campo. / Artificial insemination with stallions\' frozen semen have not been widely used, mainly due to the high variability of field results and the increased cost associated with it. Sperm cell membrane lipids play an important role on several events associated with fertilization. These cells go through structural and chemicals changes during freezing and might participate in the freezeability of ejaculates. This work was composed by two experiments. In Experiment I sperm samples from six bulls and six stallions were collected, \"washed\" through centrifugation and stored at -80° in the following mediums: PBS Ca++ Mg++ Free, Methanol HPLC-standard and a solution 1:1 PBS Ca++ Mg++ Free and Methanol HPLC-standard. The samples on PBS were analyzed immediately after lipid extraction or after the addition of methanol. These samples were evaluated onthe day after collection and 45 days later for evaluation of the possibility of a direct analyses with methanol and the effect of long periods of storage with methanol on lipid degradation. The possibility of an extraction-free direct MALDI-TOF analysis was confirmed. The storage with methanol did not resulted in lipid degradation for the period studied, however the storage of previously extract samples resulted on irregular spectrums. In Experiment II 16 sperm samples from stallions were collected and frozen. An aliquot of 500&micro;l from each sample was washed through centrifugation and stored with a 1:1 PBS Ca++ Mg++ Free and Methanol HPLC-standard solution. In vitro sperm analysis of motility and morphology were studied for relations with the lipid profile through a principal components analysis (PCA). It was not observed relation between lipid profile and sperm motility and morphology, as previously reported by others authors. However, these authors methodology were highly complex , making it difficult for field application. MALDI-TOF sample preparation its easy and fast and new test with a larger number of samples and field fertility results may prove this is a viable tool for improving field results with frozen semen artificial insemination.

The goal of this work was to work up the survey about usage and fertility of stallions using in Czech warmblood breeding. All data originate from breeding evidence of Czech warmblood Breeders Association, Association of Horse Breeder´s Unions of the Czech Republic and Czech Equestrian Federation (years 2002 {--} 2008). It has been evaluated frequency of stallion using in each period, the numbers of fertilized mares and the numbers of foals borning after each stallions. Frequency of using the stallions was compared with achieved level their sports performance. The results of the numbers of borning foals in each years were in interval 917 {--} 1360 and gradually falls. In average 6 foals were born to one stallion. Natality was in interval 32,3 % - 74,4 %, 11 fertilized mares to one stallion in average. From 13 to 21 % stallions used in breeding have no offspring. It was made out that the using of stallions with hight performance grow up from 11,4% to 21,1 % by sports performance T and from 3 % to 7,1 % by sports performance TT. Detected rates from the analysis of stallions usage in breeding Leeds to conclusion, that the number of present stallions should be lower, but the frequency of usage should be higher.

Orientador: Frederico Ozanam Papa / Resumo: A recuperação de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo é uma das principais alternativas nos casos de óbito inesperado, eutanásia, processos obstrutivos ou castração terapêutica. Nessa técnica os espermatozoides não entram em contato com o plasma seminal, não incorporando seus constituintes, que interferem nos processos fisiológicos importantes para fertilização, como a ligação dos espermatozoides ao reservatório da tuba uterina, que aumenta a vida útil do espermatozoide e diminui as chances de poliespermia. Nesse sentido o objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a cinética e ligação da tuba uterina aos espermatozoides recuperados da cauda do epidídimo com e sem adição de plasma seminal. Utilizou-se 8 garanhões da raça Minihorse para o resgate de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo pela técnica de fluxo retrógrado. Após a colheita foi dividido em 4 grupos, LD apenas com diluente a base de leite desnatado, GO recebeu adição de diluente para congelação a base de gema de ovo, PSB plasma seminal de garanhão com alta fertilidade e capacidade de refrigeração, e PSR plasma seminal de garanhão com fertilidade e capacidade de refrigeração inferiores. Foi avaliado cinética, integridade de membrana espermática e a taxa de ligação à explantes da tuba uterina. Não apresentaram diferença na integridade da membrana nem na taxa de ligação, no entanto, observou-se diferença quanto a cinética espermática. Conclui-se que a adição de plasma seminal de diferentes garanhões interferiu, de for... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sperm retrieval from the tail of the epididymis is one of the main alternatives in cases of unexpected death, euthanasia, obstructive processes, therapeutic castration. In this technique spermatozoa do not come into contact with the seminal plasma, not incorporating their constituents, which interfere in the physiological processes important for fertilization, such as sperm binding to the uterine tube reservoir, which increases sperm life and decreases the chances of polyspermia. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to compare the kinetics and uterine tubal attachment to the spermatozoa recovered from the tail of the epididymis with and without addition of seminal plasma. Eight minihorse stallions were used to retrieve spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis by the retrograde flow technique. After harvesting was divided into 4 groups, LD only with diluent the skim milk base, GO received addition of diluent for freezing the egg yolk, PSB seminal stallion plasma with high fertility and cooling capacity, and PSR seminal plasma fertility and lower cooling capacity. Kinetics, spermatic membrane integrity and the rate of binding to the explants of the uterine tube were evaluated. There was no difference in membrane integrity or binding rate, however, a difference was observed in spermatic kinetics. It was concluded that the addition of seminal plasma of different stallions interfered, differently in spermatozoa kinetics of the tail of the epididymis increased t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre