Recent evidence suggests that overfishing of large predatory fishes has resulted in substantial population declines and pelagic longline (PLL) fishing is a major contributor. The primary objective of this dissertation is understanding factors that affect the interactions between marine fish PLL fishing. These factors are important to determine vulnerability of bycatch and target species, especially when PLL catch and effort data are used to estimate stock abundance. Chapter 1 reviews 107 publications/reports on this topic. Results indicate that accurate characterization of PLL gear performance requires empirical measurement of horizontal and vertical gear movement; and pop-up satellite tags (PSATs) are best suited for quantifying pelagic fish vertical habitat use if: (i) sampling resolution and data storage are not a function of tracking duration and (ii) substantial monitoring durations are employed. This review documents the current state of knowledge for these factors and guidance for future research. In Chapter 2, hook time-at-depth was monitored for commercial PLL sets targeting swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Temperature-depth recorders (TDRs) were deployed at the hook, systematically along the entire gear length. Results indicated that: (i) hook depth predictions based on catenary geometry drastically overestimated actual fishing depths and (ii) using catenary geometry fails to capture within- and among-set variability, potentially resulting in biased stock assessments. Chapter 3 used temperature-depth data from PSATs on swordfish and blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and similar data from TDR monitored near-surface and deep PLL fishing to determine the diel probability of these species encountering PLL hooks. Results indicated that blue marlin and swordfish inhabit surface waters at night with similar probability of encountering PLL hooks but may have different vulnerabilities due to temporal separation in feeding with blue marlin preferring daytime and twilight and swordfish preferring nighttime. Therefore, reducing fishing during daylight hours may reduce blue marlin bycatch during PLL targeting swordfish. Chapter 4 alternated non-offset and 10° offset circle hooks during PLL fishing and compared the relative performance on catch rates, percent mortality, and deep hooking percentage. Results indicated that 10° offset circle hooks can reduce fishing efficiency and conservation benefits commonly associated with circle hooks.

The thesis is conducted to investigate how packaging is taken into consideration within the new product development process and in which stages of the new product development process packaging actually is taken into consideration. Further we want to investigate if packaging has increased in importance within the activities of the new product development process, and how organizations deal with standardization of packaging for international markets in the new product development process. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how packaging of convenience goods is an integrated part of the international new product development process. We have chosen a qualitative approach. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews, face-to-face and by phone. The interviewees were selected through judgemental sampling. The sample included eight organi-zations producing convenience goods that are active on several markets. It was found that packaging always has been of importance; however, it was found that packaging has increased in importance within concept development implying that packaging indirectly has increased in importance within the new product development process. Further, packaging is included in all stages in the process, but has its ma-jor significance in the concept development phase. International organizations need to consider the level of standardization throughout the process.

This Bachelor degree thesis deals with the strategies that IKEA has adopted in France since its establishment up to now. It is essentially based on interview with the person responsible for the public relations of IKEA France. But, other sources were used concerning our empirical findings: IKEA’s brochures, surveys from researchers… The purpose of the thesis is to explain and illustrate how a company succeeded to establish abroad, by applying a domestic concept. This issue is of importance because it provides information for the reader who would like to know how a company can be export all over the world by adapting its policy to the local specificities. It identifies and gives explanations about the marketing strategies implemented to export the IKEA concept to the French market.

This dissertation focuses on the challenges that arise when the SMEs enter into an international market (Internationalization) and adopting international product strategy to survive in foreign market. To be able to gain better understanding of the subject, research questions concerning the challenges faced during internationalization by SMEs from product adaptation and standardization perspective. Challenges in internationalization have been categorized into internal and external challenges. Internal challenges deals with firm specific while external challenges arise from country and industry specific factors. At the same time international product strategy counting product adaptation and standardization has been discussed. The empirical data includes case study of one Swedish company manufacturing assistive listening devices (hearing equipment for hearing impaired people) situated in Halmstad, Sweden. Findings shows that the main challenges in internationalization are socio cultural differences and inadequate knowledge about the foreign market while laws and regulations regarding frequency standards issues are most challenging in international product strategy.

This thesis questions the relation between political program and architectural production via a close examination of the modern myth: democratization through design. This idea is rooted in the 19th century arts and crafts movement, which indirectly caused the foundation of a very influential design school, the Bauhaus, where the idea of democratization of design has been invented. Years later, the slogan reappeared and became more visible than ever. This time it was IKEA, a furniture company that also promotes the idea of &lsquo / democratization through design&rsquo / with references to Bauhaus announcing the democratic design utopia is back. The survey of the study is based on four main principles that are developed at Bauhaus and later reinvented by IKEA. These principles, namely, mass production, standardization, modularization, and claim of universality characterize the modernist project of instrumentalizing mass production for social benefits.

This thesis considers standardizing service requirement specification for IT sourcing. The potential benefits a standardization of service requirements writing combined with Scania IT:s developing strategy have created a need for an investigation about how requirements standardization for IT sourcing could be done. This thesis is built upon three different approaches, requirements engineering, service oriented requirement engineering and best practices. Combined, these different approaches comprise the theory model RSB that will be used in the requirements standardization work. The strategies for collecting data, the authors choose embedded case study. The main problem at Scania IT regarding requirements specification in sourcing is the absence of a standard. The service requirements specifications varies in quality and execution, which causes communication problems. In order to standardize the requirements specification, the authors of this thesis have developed a standardization model consisting of three phases. A template is developed and presented in this thesis, the template is also included in the standardization phases model. The template created in this thesis, based on the RSB-model combined with the empirics, shows how a standard template can be designed. This study also suggests a three-phase model for working with standardization in the future. The standardization model suggest a requirements management software connected to a database.

Aim: The aim of this research is to explore how the process variables adaptation/standardization, trust and networks are utilized when handling the service characteristics heterogeneity and intangibility when services are introduced in new culture, in this case in Hong Kong. Method: The method chosen for the study was case study and primary qualitative data collection was made through semi-structured interviews with seven key persons at Elekta. Result and Conclusions: Results from this work indicate that networks, trust and adaptation/standardization are important variables for handling heterogeneity and intangibility in survives. It also shows that adaptation and standardization needs to be carefully balanced to achieve the optimum effect. The study show that the process model do have a basis for use in identifying how the adaptation/standardization, trust and networks might be utilized to reach a successful balance during service entry in a new culture, partly through the use of Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions together with time as a new variable. Suggestions for future research: For future research service introductions in other cultures need to be studied, both by Elekta as well as other service companies outside the MedTech Area. As a further expansion and for future generalization of the model, reversed studies should also be made where foreign companies entry into Sweden is studied. The possibilities of integrating culture closer into the process model also need to be explored as well as the inclusion of the time dimension in the relationship process. Contribution of the thesis: The thesis contributes to academic research in that it expands on the current state of theory and integrates Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions closer to existing models as well as including the time variable of relationship development. On a managerial perspective it provides the basis for a tool to show how, in practice, managers might act when introducing their business in a new culture. Finally it has a social dimension in that further research into a narrow field, increases the overall understanding of intercultural mechanisms.

In recent years, due to the influence of international energy supply and demand change, the request of carbon reducing lead by the climatic change, and the security issue from Japanese nucleus accident, push us have to develop multi-type power units; These results carries the power generation ways not only depend on the nuclear power, the coal-fire, the fuel oil or the hydrualic power, but also distribute partial demand to the gas turbine with combined cycle, the wind power, the solar energy and so on. If power plants have still to maintain high quality to produce and reduce the cost, its method of management also adjust to meet. The lean production is a famous way study and compile by many experts from the Toyota-type production which becomes the business model to enterprise, it emphasis that keep people to improve and the continue flow oriented , is precisely study model which the power plant management most needs now. This research is take a diversity power plant as the research case, by visits and measures that in the power plant each kind of experts. The lean production will induct the power plant production management to the lean production management concept's cognition and the inquisition, the attempt seeks improves the power plant management achievements the important key success factor, and the construction leaves the fine solid management mechanism. After collects various experts' questionnaire material, by the AHP level analysis method, the induction research obtains the following conclusion, First, the power generation process is real pull system, the demand carries by the customer (household power user) - the contribution center (to represent) proposed that initiates a serial electric power generation processes. Second, If considering the cost and quality factors with understanding and research of the operation, maintenance, manages experts , we get that the lean production way is truly suitable to fulfill in the power plant generation process, it¡¦s key point : 1.Should devote in formulate the work flow standardization, strengthens ability of the operators and maintain steady supply of fuel, find the good maintenance procedure, keep the production to be smooth. 2.Should participate in the improvement activity diligently including operator's all personnel, as well as promotes the power plant business to ability of the unit performance analysis, understood the characteristic of each production process, pursues the highest efficiency, expect to reduce the cost, and goal the quality promotion. 3.After the experts¡¦ decision-making process, we can involve the essential factor of lean production to be the management construction of power plant, but the case power plant has initially had the essence solid state. Key words: Lean production, the Toyota-type production, pull system , AHP, the standardization

<p>This Bachelor degree thesis deals with the strategies that IKEA has adopted in France since its establishment up to now. It is essentially based on interview with the person responsible for the public relations of IKEA France. But, other sources were used concerning our empirical findings: IKEA’s brochures, surveys from researchers… The purpose of the thesis is to explain and illustrate how a company succeeded to establish abroad, by applying a domestic concept. This issue is of importance because it provides information for the reader who would like to know how a company can be export all over the world by adapting its policy to the local specificities. It identifies and gives explanations about the marketing strategies implemented to export the IKEA concept to the French market.</p>

<p>The thesis is conducted to investigate how packaging is taken into consideration within the new product development process and in which stages of the new product development process packaging actually is taken into consideration. Further we want to investigate if packaging has increased in importance within the activities of the new product development process, and how organizations deal with standardization of packaging for international markets in the new product development process.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how packaging of convenience goods is an integrated part of the international new product development process.</p><p>We have chosen a qualitative approach. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews, face-to-face and by phone. The interviewees were selected through judgemental sampling. The sample included eight organi-zations producing convenience goods that are active on several markets.</p><p>It was found that packaging always has been of importance; however, it was found that packaging has increased in importance within concept development implying that packaging indirectly has increased in importance within the new product development process. Further, packaging is included in all stages in the process, but has its ma-jor significance in the concept development phase. International organizations need to consider the level of standardization throughout the process.</p>