Orientador: Fausto Berzin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nagae_MirianHideko_M.pdf: 1078280 bytes, checksum: ba397a779b3d141835ce4bdd7491c631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O comportamento da musculatura peribucal diante de alterações dento esqueletais sempre foi objeto de interesse tanto no meio clínico como entre os pesquisadores. No entanto , sua ação ainda é pouco compreendida , particularmente o músculo bucinador que , segundo Mayoral (1977), por ter como função manter o equilíbrio na cavidade bucal , necessita que as estruturas dento cranianas que a circundam estejam corretamente posicionadas . Assim , este estudo teve por finalidade avaliar e comparar o padrão de atividade exercido pelo músculo bucinador em relação ao músculo masseter em voluntários Classe I e III de Angle , durante o ciclo mastigatório. Dois grupos de voluntários foram estudados: Grupo controle ¿ 16 voluntários , Classe I de Angle ; Grupo experimental ¿ 16 voluntários , Classe III de Angle , com faixa etária entre 18 e 40 anos , de ambos os sexos. Para análise eletromiográfica desses músculos foi utilizado eletromiógrafo Myosystem I e para o processamento e análise dos dados software MatlabÒ (versão 5.3). Como transdutores , foram utilizados eletrodos de superfície passivos bipolares MedtraceÒ , acoplados a pré-amplificadores LynxÒ , formando um circuito correspondente a um eletrodo diferencial . Para análise estatística dos dados utilizou-se o sistema computacional Statistical Analysis System - SAS . Após a Análise de Variância foi aplicado os Testes de Tukey para comparação das médias e t de Student para 2 amostras independentes. Para todas as Análises de Variância considerou-se o nível crítico de 5% (p<0,05). As variáveis foram analisadas qualitativamente e quantitativamente. Qualitativamente , analisou-se a comparação da curva em si com relação aos voluntários Classe I e III de Angle . Quantitativamente , foram analisados argumentos que fornecessem sustentação aos achados qualitativos , ou seja , a razão entre o período do Root Mean Square - RMS inativo sobre o período do RMS ativo de cada músculo ; instante máximo - -IMAX e duração do período ativo - ON dos ciclos mastigatórios referente às classes e músculos. Qualitativamente a atividade EMG do músculo bucinador durante os ciclos mastigatórios foi claramente demarcada , embora a correspondência das atividades cíclicas com o músculo masseter , nem sempre apresentasse as mesmas proporções. Nos voluntários Classe I , o músculo masseter apresentou dois períodos claramente demarcados, de atividade e inatividade. O músculo bucinador , por sua vez , exerceu um padrão semelhante na fase de elevação mandibular do músculo masseter alcançando inclusive , seu ápice no mesmo instante e cessando sua atividade durante o abaixamento mandibular. No entanto após 0,24ms de inatividade , reiniciou sua atividade em amplitudes mínimas . Já os voluntários Classe III , apresentaram padrão de atividade do músculo masseter semelhante aos dos voluntários Classe I , com períodos de atividade e inatividade equilibrados . O músculo bucinador , no entanto , apresentou padrão completamente diferenciado com períodos de ativação de longa duração e assincrônicos , em total descompasso com os ciclos do músculo masseter . O valor da razão do período inativo sobre o período ativo - RIA do músculo masseter , nos voluntários Classe I , foi de 7% e para a Classe III , 9% , comprovando a presença de dois períodos , de inatividade e atividade proporcionais . Com relação ao músculo bucinador , no entanto , houve uma ativação de 50% nos voluntários Classe I e de 90% nos voluntários Classe III durante o período de inatividade. . Para a análise das variáveis IMAX e ON , foram calculados os valores do Coeficiente de Variação ¿ CV em relação ao pico máximo e a média . Utilizou-se o CV com relação ao pico máximo como referência para as investigações , por apresentar o menor índice de dispersão . O IMAX de atividade entre os músculos dos voluntários Classe I e III não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Com relação a variável ON , o músculo bucinador nos voluntários Classe III apresentou um período ativo significativamente maior em relação aos voluntários Classe I / Abstract: Reactions of the perioral system of muscles in face of dental skeletal alterations have long been a concern to clinic practitioners as well as to researchers. However , its action is still poorly understood , notably that of buccinator muscle which , because of its function as balance upholder in mouth cavity , according to Mayoral (1977) , requires dental cranial structures surrounding it to be correctly placed . Therefore , this study aimed to assess and compare the pattern carried out by buccinator muscle compared to masseter muscle in volunteers Angle Class I and III , during mastication cycle. Two groups of subjects were studied : Control Group ¿ 16 volunteers , Angle Class I ; Experimental Group ¿ 16 volunteers , Angle Class III, age range between 18 and 40 years old . Electromyographical analysis of referred muscles was proceeded by use of Myosystem I electromyographer , and for data processing and analysis MatlabÒ software (version 5.3) was used . As to transducers , MedtraceÒ passive bipolar surface electrodes were used , joined to LynxÒ preamplifiers to create a circuit corresponding to a differential electrode . Computing System Statistical Analysis System ¿ SAS , was used in statistical analysis of data. After Variance Analysis , Tukey Tests were applied to compare means and Student-test t obtained from 2 independent samples . Critical level of 5% (p<0,05) was taken for all Variance Analyses . Variables were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively . Qualitative analysis was completed comparing the curve itself related to Angle Class I and Class III volunteers . As for quantitative analysis , statements providing support to qualitative findings were analyzed , namely : the ratio between inactive period of Root Mean Square - RMS and active period of RMS for each muscle ; maximum instant -IMAX and active period duration - ON. Qualitatively EMG activity for buccinator muscle during mastication cycle was clearly drawn , although correspondence of cyclic activities to masseter muscle did not always exhibit the same proportions . In volunteers Class I masseter muscle exhibited two clearly marked periods, of activity and inactivity . On its turn , buccinator muscle carried out a similar pattern during masseter muscle jaw elevation phase , even reaching its peak at the same moment , and ceasing its activity in wide correspondence to jaw depression. However after 0,24ms of inactivity it slightly re-started activity during masseter muscle inactivity period . On the other hand , Class III volunteers exhibited activity pattern of masseter muscle similar to those of Class I volunteers , showing balanced periods of activity and inactivity . Buccinator muscle , however , exhibited completely distinct pattern , with periods of long duration and desynchronized activation , completely out of pace with masseter muscle cycles . The result of ratio between inactive period and active period - RIA for masseter muscle was 7% in Class I volunteers , and 9% in Class III volunteers , proving the existence of two similar periods , of inactivity and activity . Regarding buccinator muscle , however , it was 50% in Class I volunteers , and 90% in Class III volunteers partially similar , marking off the existence of an inactivity period partially activity in volunteers Class I and much activity in volunteers Class III . To analyze IMAX and ON variables variation coefficient - CV values were calculated in relation to maximum peak and mean . The variation coefficient related to maximum peak was used as a reference for investigations, since it shows the smallest dispersion index . Activity IMAX between the muscles of Class I and III volunteers did not show significant differences . Regarding variable ON , buccinator muscle in Class I and III volunteers exhibited a significantly larger active period comparing to masseter muscle / Mestrado / Anatomia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

Six Sigma es una de las herramientas más completas para realizar implementaciones de mejora continua en una organización, además es reconocida su eficacia y eficiencia en la implementación a nivel mundial en diferentes organizaciones, especialmente en medianas y grandes empresas. Es reconocido el éxito de la herramienta en empresas como Motorola, creadora de la herramienta, y General Electric, que empleo la herramienta en extremo, descrito esto, algunos autores definen Six Sigma como una herramienta de mejora continua, pero de largo plazo, que requiere de la recolección y análisis de una gran cantidad de datos para la resolución de problemas complejos y muy arraigados en las organizaciones, especialmente diseñada para enfrentar problemas propios de las grandes empresas. Por otro lado, Kaizen y los círculos de la calidad son herramientas de mejora introducidas en la década de 1980, por el auge industrial del Japón. Estas herramientas, se consideran como de menor complejidad en comparación al Six Sigma y de más fácil y práctica implementación, trabajando con datos primarios y herramientas estadísticas básicas, para la resolución de problemas. Siendo alternativas que se anteponen a la implementación de Six Sigma por su relativa mayor facilidad de implementación. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es identificar los Mitos, Barreras y Factores Críticos de Éxito de la herramienta Six Sigma en empresas PYMES, con el propósito de realizar un aporte para las futuras empresas que opten por la aplicación de esta herramienta, como alternativa y/o complemento en sus esfuerzos de mejora continua. / Six Sigma is one of the most complete tools to implement continuous improvement implementations in an organization, and its efficiency and effectiveness in worldwide implementation is recognized in different organizations, especially large companies and medium companies. It is recognized the success of the tool in companies such as Motorola, creator of the tool, and General Electric, who used the tool in extreme, described this, some authors define Six Sigma as a tool for continuous improvement, but long term, which requires of the collection and analysis of a large amount of data for the resolution of complex and deeply rooted problems in organizations, especially designed to face problems typical of large companies. On the other hand, Kaizen and the quality circles are tools of improvement introduced in the compared to the Six Sigma and are easier and more practical to implement, working with primary data and basic statistical tools to solve problems. Being alternatives that precede the implementation of Six Sigma for its relatively greater ease of implementation. The objective of this research work is to identify the key elements for the successful implementation of the Six Sigma tool in SMEs, with the purpose of making a contribution for future companies that choose to apply this tool, such as alternative and / or complement in its efforts of continuous improvement.Sección obligatoria en la que el autor o los autores exponen en breves líneas lo esencial del trabajo. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

La présente thèse intitulée « La privatisation du droit : l’exemple de la lutte contre le dopage » s’inscrit dans la cadre du droit transversal constitué de droits horizontaux qui enveloppent tout en les interpénétrant l’ensemble des branches dites « classiques » du droit. Mêlant philosophie du droit et régulation d’un secteur méconnu dans son versant juridique, elle questionne le phénomène moderne de normalisation résidant dans l’adoption de textes au contenu généralement volumineux faits de dispositions d’interprétations souvent multiples, qui sont édictés par des acteurs privés ou semi-privés issus de la société nationale, internationale ou transnationale. C’est encore de pluralisme juridique dont il est question dès lors qu’il est traité dans ces travaux de l’ordre juridique transnational antidopage au sein duquel l’Agence mondiale antidopage (AMA) se meut, organisme statutairement de droit privé, qui émet des règles de conduites qui, bien que substantiellement ou matériellement publiques, constituent formellement des normes privées. Cette Agence édicte ainsi le document fondamental antidopage qu’est le Code mondial antidopage (CMA) envisageant des règles harmonisées de cette nature obligatoirement reprises par les organisations sportives privées de tous niveaux dont la gestion du contentieux incombe en principe au seul tribunal arbitral du sport (TAS). Il sera néanmoins vérifié à la mesure de l’impact de ces normes et justices privées, l’écran étatique demeurant en droit interne français comme dans le domaine pénal en général, que la normalisation privée présente une influence certaine dans le domaine antidopage, opérant une forme de novation de la « soft law » en « droit dur ». / The present thesis entitled « Privatization of the law : the example of the fight against doping » is part of the transversal right constituted of horizontal rights which envelop while interpenetrating all the so-called "classical" branches of law. Combining the philosophy of law and the regulation of an unknown sector in its juridical side, it questions the modern phenomenon of normalization residing in the adoption of generally voluminous texts made of provisions of often multiple interpretations, which are enacted by private actors or semi-private from the national, international or transnational society. It is still a question of legal pluralism, since it deals with the transnational anti-doping legal order in which the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) operates, a statutory body governed by private law, which issues rules of conduct which, although substantially or materially public, formally constitute private standards. This Agency thus enacts the fundamental anti-doping document that is the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) considering harmonized rules of this nature compulsorily taken up by private sports organizations of all levels whose management of litigation falls in principle with the sole court of arbitration for sport (CAS). Nevertheless, it will be checked to the extent of the impact of these norms and private justices, the state screen remaining in French domestic law as in the criminal field in general, that the private standardization has a certain influence in the anti-doping field, operating a novation form of « soft law » into « hard law ».

The continuing growth of Internet-connected devices presents exciting opportunities for future technology. These Internet of Things (IoT) products are being manufactured and interleaved with many everyday activities, which is creating a larger security concern. Sensors will collect previously unimaginable amounts of private and public data and transmit all of it through an easily observable wireless medium in order for other devices to perform data analytics. As more and more devices are produced, many are lacking a strong security foundation in order to be the "first to market." Moreover, current security techniques are based on protocols that were designed for more-capable devices such as desktop computers and cellular phones that have ample power, computational ability, and memory storage. Due to IoT's technological infancy, there are many security challenges without proper solutions. As IoT continues to grow, special considerations and protections must be in place to properly secure this data and protect the privacy of its users. This dissertation highlights some of the major challenges related to IoT and prioritizes their impacts to help identify where gaps are that must be filled. Focusing on these high priority concerns, solutions are presented that are tailored to IoT's constraints. A security feature-based framework is developed to help characterize classes of devices to help manage the heterogeneous nature of IoT devices and networks. A novel physical device authentication method is presented to show the feasibility in IoT devices and networks. Additional low-power techniques are designed and evaluated to help identify different security features available to IoT devices as presented in the aforementioned framework. / Doctor of Philosophy / The Internet has been gaining a foothold in our everyday lives. Smart homes, smart cars, and smart cities are becoming less science fiction and more everyday realities. In order to increase the public’s general quality of life, this new Internet of Things (IoT) technological revolution is adding billions of devices around us. These devices aim to collect unforeseen amounts of data to help better understand environments and improve numerous aspects of life. However, IoT technology is still in its infancy, so there are still many challenges still remaining. One major issue in IoT is the questionable security for many devices. Recent cyber attacks have highlighted the shortcomings of many IoT devices. Many of these device manufacturers simply wanted to be the first in a niche market, ignoring the importance of security. Proper security implementation in IoT has only been done by a minority of designers and manufacturers. Therefore, this document proposes a secure design for all IoT devices to be based. Numerous security techniques are presented and shown to properly protect the data that will pass through many of these devices. The overall goal for this proposed work aims to have an overall security solution that overcomes the current shortfalls of IoT devices, lessening the concern for IoT’s future use in our everyday lives.

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Technical Standards have become a new arena of competition in the race for technological leadership since securing their control and ownership provides considerable economic and political advantages. Particularly telecommunication standards, which underpin global networks, can produce substantial economic and strategic benefits for the country and industry that largely shape their process and outcome. In light of these implications, new aspiring standard setters, such as China and South Korea, have actively increased their participation in international standards settings, challenging the predominant position of traditional standard setters such as the United States and European countries. The rise of new aspiring standard setters has provoked shifts in the power structures of international standardization regimes that had mostly reflected the preferences of traditional standard setters in the last decade, implying a redistribution of gains and costs among countries and industries. Despite this, only a few studies have focused on explaining power shifts in international standardization, drawing on IR/IPE theories. In addition, studies have only partially inquired about the political and economic of conditions that might explain such shifts. Against this background, this study aims to contribute to the literature focusing on power shifts in standardization by assessing under what conditions countries turn into leading standard setters. This is evaluated empirically by analyzing the capacity of six technological powers in shaping the three latest generations of telecommunication standards, namely 3G, 4G, and 5G. It deploys a multimethod approach to perform the analysis, combining a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) with a process tracing (PT) analysis. The study found that the combination of conditions composed of a great innovator, a large economic power, and a highly complementary domestic system resulted in the most consistent sufficiency path, suggesting that when countries hold roughly the same technological and economic capabilities, a complementary system conducive to a strong government-industry partnership proves crucial to shaping standardization. This interpretation calls for further research on the role and influence of governments in securing technological leadership by providing competitive advantages to industries contributing to global standards.

A coordenação modular é um sistema para ordenação relativa de dimensões, espaços e componentes construtivos. Sua aplicação tem manifestações remotas por princípios que controlam a composição e fixam escalas convenientes para as partes e o todo, todavia foi a produção seriada industrial que determinou o papel que a disciplina teria no século XX. No Brasil, seu desenvolvimento aconteceu entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970, quando foi determinada a formatação fundamental da disciplina. Identifica-se a partir da década de 1980 um intervalo nas discussões específicas que durou até a virada do século, quando foi recuperado o interesse pela área. É consenso entre os autores que ainda não houve no Brasil sucesso na implantação de modelos abrangentes da coordenação modular, mas faltam análises atualizadas. O objetivo da dissertação - examinar o desenvolvimento da disciplina no Brasil após 1986 - está fundamentado em indícios de que as discussões recentes não se aprofundam em temas atuais e de que há um enfraquecimento de uma visão integrada do problema. As principais conclusões indicam que o desenvolvimento da construção civil vem sendo acompanhado do afastamento da arquitetura de etapas da produção, o que afeta o exercício da coordenação modular e que o programa habitacional e as ações políticas de financiamento foram determinantes para a retomada das pesquisas. Entretanto, há ecos dos modelos estabelecidos pelo setor privado, com ênfase à racionalização e à aplicação de componentes industriais. Diante disso, destaca-se que a coordenação modular, como campo da coordenação dimensional, está ligada às necessidades humanas. / Modular coordination is a system for relative ordering of dimensions, spaces, and building components. Its application presents remote manifestations through principles that control the design and set suitable scales for the parts and the whole. Nevertheless, the industrial mass production defined the role that the subject would play during the 20th century. In Brazil, its development took place between the 1960s and the 1970s; period that several authors consider decisive in what regards the subject\'s fundamental formatting. From the 1980s on, the specific debates about the matter went through a gap that lasted until the turn of the century when the interest in the field resurfaced. It is consensual among authors that Brazil still has not been successful to implement comprehensive modular coordination standards, but there is a lack of up-to-date analysis as well. The objective of the dissertation - to examine the discipline\'s development in Brazil after 1986 - is based on indications that recent discussions are leaving aside current issues and that there is a weakening of an integrated view of the matter. The main conclusions indicate that a dissociation between architecture and construction has accompanied the building industry\'s development, which affects the application of modular coordination. Moreover, the housing program and the research funding were decisive for the resumption of the field; nonetheless, there are echoes from the models established by the private sector, with emphasis on the rationalization and application of industrial components. In this context, it should be noted that modular coordination, as a field of dimensional coordination, is linked to human needs.

A coordenação modular é um sistema para ordenação relativa de dimensões, espaços e componentes construtivos. Sua aplicação tem manifestações remotas por princípios que controlam a composição e fixam escalas convenientes para as partes e o todo, todavia foi a produção seriada industrial que determinou o papel que a disciplina teria no século XX. No Brasil, seu desenvolvimento aconteceu entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970, quando foi determinada a formatação fundamental da disciplina. Identifica-se a partir da década de 1980 um intervalo nas discussões específicas que durou até a virada do século, quando foi recuperado o interesse pela área. É consenso entre os autores que ainda não houve no Brasil sucesso na implantação de modelos abrangentes da coordenação modular, mas faltam análises atualizadas. O objetivo da dissertação - examinar o desenvolvimento da disciplina no Brasil após 1986 - está fundamentado em indícios de que as discussões recentes não se aprofundam em temas atuais e de que há um enfraquecimento de uma visão integrada do problema. As principais conclusões indicam que o desenvolvimento da construção civil vem sendo acompanhado do afastamento da arquitetura de etapas da produção, o que afeta o exercício da coordenação modular e que o programa habitacional e as ações políticas de financiamento foram determinantes para a retomada das pesquisas. Entretanto, há ecos dos modelos estabelecidos pelo setor privado, com ênfase à racionalização e à aplicação de componentes industriais. Diante disso, destaca-se que a coordenação modular, como campo da coordenação dimensional, está ligada às necessidades humanas. / Modular coordination is a system for relative ordering of dimensions, spaces, and building components. Its application presents remote manifestations through principles that control the design and set suitable scales for the parts and the whole. Nevertheless, the industrial mass production defined the role that the subject would play during the 20th century. In Brazil, its development took place between the 1960s and the 1970s; period that several authors consider decisive in what regards the subject\'s fundamental formatting. From the 1980s on, the specific debates about the matter went through a gap that lasted until the turn of the century when the interest in the field resurfaced. It is consensual among authors that Brazil still has not been successful to implement comprehensive modular coordination standards, but there is a lack of up-to-date analysis as well. The objective of the dissertation - to examine the discipline\'s development in Brazil after 1986 - is based on indications that recent discussions are leaving aside current issues and that there is a weakening of an integrated view of the matter. The main conclusions indicate that a dissociation between architecture and construction has accompanied the building industry\'s development, which affects the application of modular coordination. Moreover, the housing program and the research funding were decisive for the resumption of the field; nonetheless, there are echoes from the models established by the private sector, with emphasis on the rationalization and application of industrial components. In this context, it should be noted that modular coordination, as a field of dimensional coordination, is linked to human needs.

Thesis ( M. A. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The study explored the restandardization of Sepedi with the aspiration of including Khelobedu dialectical lexicons in the standard form. The standardization of Sepedi, unlike the case of Shona, excluded many of its dialects from the process, thus, left Khelobedu speakers outside of this medium and later subjected them to learn it in schools, putting them at a point of disadvantage academically. Very few studies have been conducted around this term restandardization. This study is mixed method in approach and sequential in design. Data is collected via self-administered questionnaires and face-to-face interviews using an interview guide. A total of 20 participants from four villages in the Mopani District made up a sample for the quantitative data collection phase, while four participants who are Language practitioners by profession made up the qualitative phase of the study. The findings of the study reveal that dialect speakers do not have much confidence in their dialectical variety. They still believe that English and Sepedi are mediums of development and progress. Although restandardization according to the language practitioners is said to possible, PanSALB still has a lot to do in terms of developing Indigenous Languages in South Africa.