When adopting standardized ERP systems organizations also adopt standardized processes. These processes are integrated in the organization. The integration of standardized business processes redefines the business while standardization also leads to more indistinguishable business processes. Standardization is a prominent property of SAP ERP. When organizations implement SAP they also implement the SAP way of doing business. The research question is based on a consideration whether increased standardization, as part of SAP ERP, may limit the organization’s possibility to change.To examine the question the thesis use interviews with a business organization and SAP consultants as well as document studies. The results of the empirical work point to the fact that standardization is not limiting opportunity to change. Rather standardization is viewed as a necessary structure that is more of an organizational change enabler than a limiter. The enabling view of standardization is a consistent finding from the empirical study.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Systems)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Dolk, Daniel R. Second Reader:Kamel, Magdi N. "September 1990." Description based on title screen viewed on December 16, 2009. DTIC Descriptor(s): Fields(computer programs), management information systems, standardization, department of defense, systems engineering, data management, theses, prototypes, sharing, microcomputers, hierarchies, viewers, requirements, dictionaries, data bases, functions. Author(s) subject terms: Data management standardization, data element dictionary, data element standardization, object oriented, logical design, application design. Includes bibliographical references (p. 237). Also available in print.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / The objective of this project was to review skeletal survey reports and examine the differences in reporting of non-accidental trauma in patients with similar radiological findings. The overall purpose of this project is to develop a standardized reporting system for radiological findings suspicious for non-accidental trauma. Ten years’ worth of skeletal survey reports were obtained on over 1,500 pediatric patients. These reports were individually reviewed and their findings were categorized in a table separating findings suspicious for non-accidental trauma. After data collection, analysis was completed to inspect the consistency of reports amongst studies with similar fractures specifying non-accidental trauma. The comparison was made between reports containing long bone fractures, metaphyseal corner fractures, rib fractures, or any combination of these. It was concluded that there are inconsistencies in reporting of non-accidental trauma in reports with similar patterns of these fractures. We propose a Skeletal Survey – Reporting and Data System (SS-RADS) score which will help radiologist standardize their reporting methods for more consistent interpretations and clinical outcomes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1942. / Bibliography: p. 159-170.

El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional sobre post-producción de café pergamino nos muestra la viabilidad de su aplicación y ejecución, en base a un análisis realizado en un fundo cafetero de carácter familiar en Villa Rica, el cual permitió detectar la existencia de sobrecostos operativos debido a la baja productividad en el producto terminado. Actualmente, la empresa en estudio se ve en la obligación de adquirir producto terminado procedente de otras fincas aledañas a última hora y a un costo elevado para poder cumplir con la demanda pactada con su único cliente, esto sumado a los retrasos en producción por no tener los procesos estandarizados y experimentar fallas en sus maquinarias, dando como resultado la detención total del proceso de post-producción. Se propone utilizar la metodología PDCA apoyado en las herramientas de trabajo estandarizado y gestión del mantenimiento, el cual requerirá de una mínima inversión para obtener un aumento del 22% en el ratio de productividad y una reducción de 64% en los costos de tercerización. / The present project about postproduction of Pergamino coffee shows the viability of its application and execution based on an analysis done in a family coffee field in Villa Rica, which allows to detect the existence of operative over cost due to low productivity on the final product. Nowadays, the business in study is forced to acquire the final product from other nearby coffee fields with a higher price to be able to fulfil their customer demand set in contract. In addition to this, the delays on the production due to unstandardized process and machine failures ends up fully stopping the process. In order to improve the current situation, the use of PDCA method is proposed support by standardized work tools and maintenance manage which will require of a minimum investment to obtain an improvement of 22% of productive and a 64% reduction of the outsourcing costs. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

This thesis focuses on three groups of people: Virginia superintendents, leaders of Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute and Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, and teachers of Virginia public schools. On their own terms, each of these groups represents a different facet of state level policies of standardization and segregation. The annual and biennial reports published by the office of the Virginia superintendent of public instruction during the early twentieth century constitute the basis of analysis for this thesis. The first chapter of this thesis analyzes introductory letters from the superintendent of public instruction. Within these letters, the superintendent wrote often about public school facility renovations and improvements. The second chapter uncovers how leaders of black institutions of higher education represented their institutions to the superintendent by documenting the success of their graduates and the disciplinary atmosphere of their campuses. Chapter three explores standardization and professionalization measures that the superintendents recommended for Virginia teachers. This thesis adds to our understanding of education in the early twentieth century by looking at every day, bureaucratic decisions in relation to concepts of standardization and race in Virginia. In all, this thesis uncovers three standards of education that developed during the early twentieth century. Putting these three chapters together reveals a complex story about standardization and segregation, a story that, I argue, uncovers how race and power were embedded within everyday decisions and actions at the state level. / Master of Arts / During the early twentieth century, leaders of Virginia public education grappled with concepts of standardization and segregation. Through a close reading of annual and biennial reports published by the office of the Virginia Superintendent of Public Instruction, this research explores how decisions about public education were embedded in race and power. The first chapter of this thesis analyzes introductory letters from the superintendent of public instruction. Within these letters, the superintendent wrote often about public school facility renovations and improvements. The second chapter uncovers how leaders of black institutions of higher education represented their institutions to the superintendent by documenting the success of their graduates and the disciplinary atmosphere of their campuses. Chapter three explores standardization and professionalization measures that the superintendents recommended for Virginia teachers. This thesis adds to our understanding of education in the early twentieth century by looking at every day, bureaucratic decisions in relation to concepts of standardization and race in Virginia. In all, this thesis uncovers three standards of education that developed during the early twentieth century. Putting these three chapters together reveals a complex story about standardization and segregation, a story that, I argue, uncovers how race and power were embedded within everyday decisions and actions at the state level.

歐樹軍. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238-253) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ou Shujun.

Abstract Information and communication technology are among the fastest growing industry sectors globally. One enabler for fast grow is created standards, which enables compatibility between technologies. This dissertation aims to create new knowledge concerning how standardization affects businesses that develop and sell technologies and technology-based products and services. More precisely this study focuses on the wireless telecommunication, which needs standards to function globally. This globalization and standardization development sets requirements for companies and organizations in the business; they are expected to be flexible, innovative, efficient, international, well resourced and cooperative. In order to achieve this on a global scale multiple actors – such as manufacturers, operators and developers – need to negotiate with a number of regional standardization bodies. The standardization environment is under constant change; however, standards as such should remain stable. Understanding standardization processes has become important because new technologies, new forms of business organizations, trade issues and new institutions are emerging. All actors' in the standardization process should more thoroughly understand their role in the process, and recognize the important relations between the stages. From the actors' point of view the most beneficial issue in the wireless standardization process are networking and legitimacy of the process. In this research we are interested in researching empirically how actors' can possibly benefit from standardization processes in their businesses. As actors' we regard as manufacturers, operators, regulators, standardization organizations and SMEs. It is important to identify key factors/inhibitors that shape the standardization process from the actors' point of view. The theoretical framework of this study is built on the institutional theory. This theory provides a perspective as to how the actors can assimilate and act as part of the standardization environment. The broad reach of the institutional perspective is its major strength, making it potentially relevant to all levels of analyzis and all time spans, from micro-level interactions to large-scale changes in nation-states. Standardization creates opportunities for actors such as market and technology insights, internationalizing, and networking. The a priori dynamic process model developed shows the complexity and length of the wireless standardization process. From the process point of view the important points are the openness of the process, networking, cooperation, technological points and changes in the process. The new points which arose from the material include IPR issues, research, open atmosphere, globalization, licensing issues, flexible working procedure and interpretation of standards and document management. The empirical data of this study is derived by interviews. The interviews were carried out during autumn 1998, 2000 and winter 2004. 35 experts were interviewed from different bodies involved in 3rd generation wireless standardization and software companies.

The market has been evolving from mass production towards mass customization, which has increased the complexity level for the companies. Unlike in mass production companies where the tasks are routine and standardized, the mass customization types of companies have a varied work demand which makes the work environment complex. These types of mass customization companies are known as High Mix Low Volume type of companies basically because of their characteristics of having a high mix in products and comparatively low volume production.  This thesis research was done with DEWTON INDUSTRIES, Kochi in India. Although product variety and complexity has been answered using technology development and modularization in the previous studies, there has been less focus given to reducing the complexity from the production process point of view. It is also evident that there is limited literature and research done regarding the standardization in High Mix Low Volume type companies both in the academia and in the industry. Hence, understanding the problems regarding standardization in a High Mix Low Volume company and how to handle them has been of a major importance at this point of time. The purpose of the research is to see how standardization can be increased in HMLV companies. The research approach used here was the case study to collect the necessary data to achieve the results. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observations and literature review, which gave the guidelines and suggested solutions to the identified problems related to standardization in High Mix Low Volume company in the production department.  The findings from the research suggest that standardization in HMLV production is very important for the companies in their current market demands. This is because standardization has a major effect on the quality of end products, production lead time, working standards of employees in the production department and design department. Various problems can occur, and only standardized procedures can solve these problems. It has been well exemplified in this thesis work, how these standardized procedures can increase the quality of the products, increase production speed, and also profit for the company. This research paper can be used as a guideline by other HMLV companies, while they plan to implement standardization in the production department. To the best of our knowledge this research was one of a kind in this particular field of study and also provides a base for in-depth research on each identified problem.

O presente trabalho descreve a metodologia para a padronização dos radionuclídeos 111In e 18F e a determinação dos Coeficientes de Conversão Interna do 111In em Sistema de Coincidência por Software (SCS). O 111In decai com uma meia-vida de 2,8 dias por processo de captura eletrônica seguido por emissão de raios gama concorrendo com os elétrons da conversão interna. O 18F é um emissor de pósitrons de meia-vida curta (1,8 h), usado em Medicina Nuclear. As soluções radioativas usadas neste trabalho foram fornecidas pelo Centro de Radiofarmácia do IPEN e as massas determinadas pela técnica do picnômetro. As medidas foram feitas utilizando o Sistema de Coincidência 4πβ-γ constituído por um contador proporcional de geometria 4π a gás fluente e um semicondutor HPGe, acoplado a este sistema foi utilizado um sistema digital denominado de SCS com vantagem de obtenção da curva de extrapolação em uma única medida. A atividade do 111In foi determinada pela técnica de extrapolação linear da eficiência do contador proporcional usando absorvedores externos em ambos os lados das fontes. Os valores dos Coeficientes de Conversão Interna Total foram determinados selecionando duas janelas de raios gama (175 keV e 245 keV). A atividade do 18F foi determinada pela técnica de extrapolação linear da eficiência do contador proporcional utilizando a discriminação eletrônica. O código de simulação Monte Carlo ESQUEMA versão 9 foi usado para simular a extrapolação da curva da eficiência do 18F, considerando as características do esquema de desintegração e todos os detalhes geométricos do sistema de detecção. / This paper describes the methodology for standardization of radionuclides 111In and 18F and the determination of Total Internal Coefficients of 111In by means of a software coincidence system (SCS). The 111In decays with a half-life of 2.8 days by the electron capture process followed by gamma rays emission competing with internal conversion electrons. The 18F is a positron emitter with a short halflife (1.8 h), used in Nuclear Medicine. The radioactive solutions were provided by the Center for Radiopharmacy IPEN and the masses determined by pycnometer technique. The measurements were made using a Coincidence System 4πβ-γ consisting of a proportional counter in 4π geometry fluent gas and a HPGe semiconductor, coupled to the system was used a digital system called SCS with the advantage of obtaining the extrapolation curve in a single measurement. The activity of 111In was achieved by means of the linear extrapolation technique of the proportional counter efficiency using external absorbers on both sides of the sources. The values of the Total Internal Coefficients were determined selecting the two windows of gamma rays (175 keV and 245 keV). The activity of 18F was determined by means of the linear extrapolation, using electronic discrimination. The Monte Carlo simulation code ESQUEMA version 9 was used to simulate the efficiency curve extrapolation of the 18F, considering the characteristics of the system, the decay scheme of disintegration and all geometric details of the detection system.