Poison has been a problem for doctors for a very long time. During the 19th centuary forensic medicine started to establish themself as their own institution. This essay includes three parts. The first part investigates how poison exist in many different forms, and how doctors during the 19th centuary defined and classified them. Both the definition aswell as the classification of poison varied from doctor to doctor. But with time both the definition and classification started to become standardized, and played a part with the professionalization of poison. The second part investigate the poison in the body, and what kind of methods doctors used in order to prove it was poisoning. Many of the methods used was deemed uncertain, and couldn’t always be used as proof. The methods used towards the begining of the 19th centuary was used a couple decades later, even if the result from them were uncertain. A common problem for the doctors was that the symptoms from the poison shared similarities with different diseases. The third part investigate the doctors role in the forensic medicine field. The doctors towards the begining of the 19th centuary had a problem with their oaths. They were split between two different oaths, that made them sometimes unable to perform their duties a neutral party. Towards the 1830’s there were many reforms that was passed in the medicla field, and with thoes reforms the doctor ended up with only one oath to follow. Which made them able to stay as a neutral party.

Background: When a potential customer reaches out to NKT and requests themto tender an offer for a project, NKT will start to compile the information neededfor the customer to make an informed decision. Among others, one document thatis included in the information is a CSO. This drawing displays an overview of thecomplete cable installation, which makes it easy for the customer to see all compo-nents included in the installation. Up until the project, the process of building a CSO has been time-consuming and lacked a standardized workflow. This has causedinconsistencies in deliveries to customers and, if requested, the process of makingchanges has been a time-consuming challenge. Objectives: The objective of this project was to find a way to optimize by standard-izing the way the engineers work today by implementing a new production processwhen building CSOs and creating drawings. Methods: This project was conducted using the PDCA method as it provides struc-ture during the stages of the project and allows for iterative project cycles. A com-prehensive literature study was performed to learn about ways to optimize and stan-dardize workflows. Semi-structured open-ended interviews were held with affectedpersonnel to build a complete image of the cause of the issues with the current solu-tion. The CAD software SolidWorks was used as a tool to create the new solution asits integrated features provided the possibility to automate a big part of the process. Results: The interviews helped gain valuable insight into what parts of the current so-lution have proved to be problematic. The responses varied between the participants,but the common denominators were that the lack of automation and standardizationcaused much frustration. The engineers were asked to time themselves using boththe old and new production process when creating the same projects. The resultsshowed that the new process allowed them to build the same CSO with an averagetime saving of 85%. Conclusions: The results show that, even though the new process still needs workto be a full replacement for the old solution, it has the potential to bring big timesavings to the engineers that work with the CSO. A standardized workflow will helpto deliver more consistent designs to customers

This qualitative essay’s purpose was to interpret the expirience of professional social workers discretion after the implementation of the standardization method Lean. The focus of the study was on: 1) The expirience of changes in discretion from the perspectives of professional social workers and the perspective from managers after Lean implementation; 2) how does the social workers handle the discretionary limits through strategies. The study is based on six semi-structural interviews. Three with professional social workers and three managers in social work. Through thematization and analyzation it showed that the professional social workers did not interpret any discretionary changes with the implementation of Lean. The managers interpretation was of an increase of discretionary power for the professional social worker. Through earlier research we found tendencies of limitation in the discretionary power in planning for the professional social worker in Lean. We found that policies and guidelines implemented politically were more relevant in limiting the discretionary power of professional social workers. The strategies were related to finding loopholes in guidelines to achieve individualized care. The strategies related to Lean were related to managers implementation of the method. They emphasized on the importance of including the social workers in the process of implementation and the work on improvements.

El presente trabajo de investigación se basa en una propuesta de mejora en la fabricación de pallets de madera en una planta de producción de la ciudad de Lima, cuyo objetivo es incrementar la eficiencia en su proceso de fabricación. En el capítulo 1, se desarrolla el marco teórico del trabajo de investigación donde se fundamentan las metodologías y herramientas a utilizar en la propuesta de solución del problema. Asimismo, se establece el estado del arte del trabajo de investigación dónde se presentan los casos de estudio de problemas similares al presente trabajo. En el capítulo 2, se describen los procesos de la empresa y se identifica el problema. Es donde mediante herramientas de análisis se identifica las causas de los problemas por productos no conformes y devoluciones. Como causas se identifica que las dimensiones erróneas y la acumulación de desperdicios ocasionan los productos no conformes. Finalmente, llegando a las causas raíces las cuales son la mala medición, el apuro del personal y la falta de limpieza (desperdicios). Con el desarrollo de estas herramientas se busca reducir el número de productos no conformes (PNC), optimizar los métodos de trabajo, incremento de la productividad de la empresa. En el capítulo 4, se realiza la evaluación y validación de la propuesta de mejora mediante la simulación, donde se muestran los resultados. Además, se realiza una evaluación económica y financiera de la propuesta. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5 se establecen las conclusiones y recomendaciones del trabajo de investigación. / This research work is based on a proposal to improve the manufacture of wooden pallets in a production plant in the city of Lima, whose objective is to increase efficiency in its manufacturing process. In Chapter 1, the theoretical framework of the research work is developed where the methodologies and tools to be used in the proposal to solve the problem are based. Likewise, the state of the art of the research work is established where the cases of study of problems similar to the present work are presented. In chapter 2, the company's processes are described and the problem is identified. It is where, through analysis tools, the causes of problems due to non-conforming products and returns are identified. As causes it is identified that the wrong dimensions and the accumulation of waste cause non-conforming products. Finally, reaching the root causes which are the bad measurement, the trouble of the staff and the lack of cleanliness (waste). The development of these tools seeks to reduce the number of non-conforming products (PNC), optimize working methods, increase the productivity of the company. In Chapter 4, the evaluation and validation of the improvement proposal is carried out through simulation, where the results are shown. In addition, an economic and financial evaluation of the proposal is made. Finally, chapter 5 establishes the conclusions and recommendations of the research work. / Tesis

El problema principal que se desarrolla en la tesis es la existencia de un alto volumen de pan que no se llega a vender, seguido del atraso en la entrega de insumos y la presencia alta de mermas en el proceso de producción. Las micro y pequeñas empresas aportan aproximadamente el 24% al PBI nacional y dan empleo al 75% de la PEA. Las Mypes que se dedican a la elaboración de panes, durante el primer trimestre del año 2018 tuvo un crecimiento del 4.1% con respecto al año anterior. Tomando en cuenta la importancia del sector, es importante fortalecer su desempeño en un mercado muy competitivo. En ese sentido, se llevó a cabo una revisión literaria con el fin de dar solución al problema encontrado. Existen investigaciones donde se implementa la estandarización del trabajo, modelado de procesos y planificación de producción. Sin embargo, todos los casos de estudio de esas investigaciones son empresas con un buen nivel de madures o difieren mucho de la realidad de las microempresas peruanas. Por todo lo dicho anteriormente, en la presente tesis se propone un sistema básico de gestión que ayuda a reducir los tres principales problemas expuestos. Este sistema lo componen tres procesos, gestión de calidad, planificación y control de la producción y gestión logística. Así mismo, cada proceso tiene herramientas como el modelado de proceso, Sipoc, indicadores y formatos. La implementación del sistema se llevó en la panadería Cosmos y se obtuvo un aumento de la productividad de 89.90% a 94.81%. / The main problem that develops in the thesis is the existence of a high volume of bread that does not reach a seller, followed by the delay in the delivery of supplies and the high presence of losses in the production process. Micro and small companies contribute approximately 24% to the national PIB and employ 75% of the EAP. The Mypes that are dedicated to the production of panels, during the first quarter of 2018 had a growth of 4.1% compared to the previous year. Taking into account the importance of the sector, it is important to strengthen its performance in a very competitive market. In this sense, a literary review was carried out in order to solve the problem found. There are researches where work standardization, process modeling and production planning are implemented. However, all the case studies of these investigations are companies with a good level of studies or differ greatly from the reality of Peruvian micro-companies. For all the aforementioned, in this thesis a basic management system is proposed that helps to reduce the three main problems affected. This system is made up of three processes, quality management, production planning and control, and logistics management. Likewise, each process has tools such as process modeling, Sipoc, indicators and formats. The implementation of the system was carried out in the Cosmos bakery and an increase in productivity was obtained from 89.90% to 94.81%. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Behandling med medicin innebär att inta rätt medicinsk mängd vid rätt tidpunkt. Mer en 50 % av patienterna missar minst en gång per vecka att inta sina mediciner enligt vårdrekommendationen. Victrix AB ville skapa en pillerdosa apparat som är anpassad för patienter med olika sjukdomar och svårigheter. Syftet är att underlätta användningen för patienter och gör det enklare att inta sina mediciner vid rätta tidpunkter med hjälp av en klocka som är kopplat till dosan. För att pillerdosan skulle nå största kundgruppen så måste den anpassas till olika patientbehov. Detta lede till att företaget ville skapa två olika modeller av dosan som kan kopplas till samma klockenhet. Den första modellen ska vara icke låsbar och ska levererastill ca. 90 % av patienterna. Den andra modellen ska vara låsbar och ska säljas till ca. 10 % av patienterna. Klockenheten skulle standardiseras för att anpassas till både modellerna. Arbetet är en vidare utveckling av ett tidigare examensarbete som har utförts av en grupp KTH-studenter i samarbete med Victrix AB år 2017. / Treatment with medicine involves taking the right amount of medicine at the right time. More than 50% of patients miss at least once a week to take their medication according to the healthcare recommendation. Victrix AB wanted to create a pill box device for patients with various illnesses and difficulties, the purpose is to simplify the use for the patients and make it easier to take their medicines at the right times with the help of a clock connected to the dose. In order to the pillbox to reach the largest customer group, it must be adapted to different patient needs. This led the company to create two different models of the box that can be connected to the same clock device. The first model should be unlockable and should be delivered to approx. 90% of patients. The second model should be lockable and should be sold for approx. 10% of patients. The clock device would be standardized to fit both models. The work is a further development of a former thesis work done by a group of KTH students’ in collaboration with Victrix AB in 2017.

No description available.

The paper studies cultural differences in marketing communication between the West and China, as well as how marketing communication differs between different Western luxury segments, in which extend luxury brands Louis Vuitton, BMW and Rolex use standardized or localized marketing strategies when integrating on digital platforms in China. The study draws attention to China as a unique phenomenon where great interest in luxury is mixed with new technology and strict political conventions. Previous research has drawn attention to the tendency of Western luxury brands to localize when designing marketing communications in China. Cultural differences have a great impact on which communication is most effective. Unlike Western countries where luxury brands can communicate self-expression and uniqueness, luxury brands in China need to highlight social symbols that clearly convey how the luxury brand benefits Chinese consumers in important social contexts. The researcher in this study has been inspiredby the research method grounded theory where the researcher performs a qualitative analysis in the form of a self-constructed analysis model. Analysis is carried out using open coding where the researcher finds indications, patterns, similarities and differences for how marketing communication differs between different Western luxury segments in China. The results of the study show that Louis Vuitton's marketing communication is localized to the greatest extent, Rolex's marketing communication is localized the least, uses a standardized marketing strategy and BMW has a mix between standardized and localized marketing strategies.

Though much work has been done on the definition of Standard English and on the standardization process, little attention has been paid to the role of copy editors in that process. Editors comprise a class of craft professionals employed to remove errors from texts and make them more consistent, but when editors speak about editors at all, they generally rely on anecdotes rather than hard data about what editors do. Since formal written English is often used as a baseline for determining what is standard, and since corpora of published writing are increasingly used to research questions of usage, it is important to understand the role of copy editors in shaping the text that we see on the printed page. This study examines the usage and grammar changes made by student editorial interns in twenty-three academic journal articles. Volunteer professional editors were then solicited to edit the same articles, and their changes were compared against the interns' changes. The changes were counted and categorized to determine which usage rules can be considered most important to copy editors and thus most essential to distinguishing Standard Edited English from standard unedited writing. It was found that the most frequent changes were several grammatical items and a few lexical items, including the that/which rule, avoidance of towards, increased parallelism, and standardization of s-genitive forms. These changes confirm the idea that editors play a role in standardization, particularly codifying certain forms by reducing optional variation. From this data we can conclude that educated written usage and edited usage are not necessarily the same and should not be conflated. These findings also have implications for the use of corpus data in usage studies by showing that the final version of a printed work does not necessarily show the usage of edited writers but likely has a substantial contribution from copy editors.

This thesis undertakes detailed analysis of a sample of 229 small chert tools from a single locus at the Maya site of Caracol, Belize. Emphasis is placed on determining the function of these tools and on the nature of their use in the broader Caracol economic system. Analysis sought to determine whether they were used for day-to-day household tasks or for specialized craft activity within the specified household locus and/or if they were prepared for broader distribution at Caracol. By focusing detailed analysis on artifacts from a single locus, greater insight is provided into the impact of household production on the overall Caracol economy. The thesis draws on traditional techniques of lithic analysis, while assessing tool morphology and chert reduction techniques; however, it is different from previous analyses in the Maya area in that it develops and applies specific quantifiable statistical methods (e.g., Chi-square and Coefficient of Variable) for particular tool type(s) used in the production and modification of crafts. Application of quantifiable methods and a detailed level of analysis helps to differentiate and determine chert tool variation or standardization, thus establishing ideal tool types within a craft production locus. The determination of the presence of standardization and ideal tool types elucidates that craft production was indeed taking place just outside the epicenter at Caracol and therefore suggests that not only were elites controlling the distribution of crafts via markets located at and along causeway and termini, but may have controlled the production of crafts as well. Future research aims to reanalyze tools from previously excavated craft production areas and also plans to test for the presence of additional crafting areas at or near the site's epicenter. A detailed analysis of a craft production locus and small chert flake tools reveals insight into the nature of the ancient Maya economy and into models of control over resources.