This project is focused on the magnetic loop antenna with automatic tuner in band short waves. This antenna is only the magnetic part of the electromagnetic radio wave used. At the beginning work are lumped most important characteristics these antennas and discuss individual parts antennas. Next part is proposal antennas with presentation progress and relations needed to their proposal. Emphasis is placed on a proposal tuning capacitor. Last part discuss possibilities automatic antennas tuning by the help of microprocessor.

No description available.

Yes / Thermoacoustic refrigeration is an evolving cooling technology in which the acoustic power is used to pump heat. The operating conditions and geometric parameters are important for the thermoacoustic refrigerator performance, as they affect both its performance and the temperature difference across the stack. This paper investigates the effect of the stack geometric parameters and operating conditions on the performance of a standing wave thermoacoustic refrigerator and the temperature difference across the stack. DeltaEC software is used to make the thermoacoustic refrigerator model. From the obtained results, normalised values for the operating conditions andgeometric parameters are collected to compromise both the performance and the temperature difference across the stack.

In the pursuit of economical and rapid fabrication solutions on the micro and nano scale, polymer replication has proven itself to be a formidable technique, which despite zealous development by the research community, remains full of promise. This thesis explores the potential of elastomers in what is a distinctly multidisciplinary field. The focus is on developing innovative fabrication solutions for planar photonic devices and for nanoscale devices in general. Innovations are derived from treatments of master structures, imprintable substrates and device applications. Major contributions made by this work include fully replicated planar integrated optical devices, nanoscale applications for photolithographic standing wave corrugations (SWC), and a biologically templated, optical fiber based, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor. The planar devices take the form of dielectric rib waveguides which for the first time, have been integrated with long-period gratings by replication. The heretofore unemployed SWC is used to demonstrate two innovations. The first is a novel demonstration of elastomeric sidewall photolithographic mask, which exploits the capacity of elastomers to cast undercut structures. The second demonstrates that the corrugations themselves in the absence of elastomers, can be employed as shadow masks in a directional flux to produce vertical stacks of straight lines and circles of nanowires and nanoribbons. The thesis then closes by conceptually combining the preceding demonstrations of waveguides and nanostructures. An optical fiber endface is em ployed for the first time as a substrate for patterning by replication, wherein the pattern is a nanostructure derived from a biological template. This replicated nanostructure is used to impart a SERS capability to the optical fiber, demonstrating an ultra-sensitive, integrated photonic device realized at great economy of both time and money, with very real potential for mass fabrication.

Detonation-based propulsion systems are known for their high efficiency and energy release when compared to deflagrative systems, making them an ideal candidate in hypersonic propulsion applications. One such engine is the Oblique Detonation Wave (ODW) engine, which has a similar architecture to traditional scramjets but shortens the combustor and isolator to an anchored ODW after fuel injection. Previous research has focused on using a two-dimensional wedge to induce an ODW while limiting total losses through the combustor. In this configuration, a two-dimensional wedge-based architecture entails a rectangular duct, limiting potential inlet design and increasing overall skin friction. However, an inward-turning axisymmetric ODW wedge architecture, where a two-dimensional wedge is revolved around a central axis, has yet to be examined in detail. The work at present aims to investigate the fundamental physics required to predict the Oblique Shock Wave (OSW) for an inward-turning axisymmetric flow, which is critical for designing a circular ODW engine combustor. Multiple steady simulations of inviscid and ideal air at Mach 4, 6, and 8 were performed over a 1-inch wedge with wedge angles of 16°, 18°, and 20°. The radius of the inlet boundary was also varied between 1, 3, and 5 inches to examine the effect of increasing the blockage ratio. The results showed that the shock angle for an inward-turning axisymmetric flow was up to 8% steeper than the analytical, two-dimensional wedge solution. Additionally, it was found that the OSW diverged further from the two-dimensional solution when the blockage ratio was increased. These findings provide insight into the flow physics that must be considered when designing inward-turning axisymmetric ODW engines.

<p>Semiconductor laser diode has been a popular research topic for longer than half a century and plays a crucial role in optical communication systems. The work in this thesis focuses on the development of the semiconductor laser diode with rapid-evolving nanotechnologies: by incorporating specific semiconductor or metal structures in the nanometer scale into the laser cavity, several key advantages are achieved.</p> <p>One category of the nano-materials is semiconductor quantum dots (QD). QD laser is a promising product by providing three-dimensional confinement to the injected electrons and holes. However, in order to realize the single-longitudinal-mode operation, which is critical to optical communications in purpose of reducing the dispersion and partition noise, the Fabry-Perot (FP) QD laser still needs further development to suppress the gain-broadening effects; otherwise the mode-selective structure must be adopted, such as the distributed feedback (DFB) cavity. In this thesis, the QD FP laser and QD DFB laser are both researched by advanced modelling techniques and the work is summarized as follows.</p> <p>1) For the QD FP laser, a comprehensive rate-equation model has been applied for simulation, with the emphasis on describing the interplay of inhomogeneous and homogeneous gain-broadening effects. According to the laser-behaviour simulations, it is found that for each given inhomogeneous broadening, the optimum homogeneous broadening can be obtained for the single longitudinal-mode selectivity. Based on the optimal gain-broadening parameters, the single-mode QD FP laser is designed and analysed. The quantitative conditions for the performance feasibility are examined with respect to the gain-broadening parameters.</p> <p>2) A one-dimensional (1D) standing wave model is developed for the QD DFB laser. This model can provide more information for the laser operation and better describe the dynamic behaviour compared with the rate-equation model. Based on it, the statistic operation and output spectrum of a typical QD DFB laser are simulated; and then the dynamic properties of the laser are analysed.</p> <p>The other category is the metal nano-structure, including the metal nano-particle and the metal nano-strip Bragg grating. The related work is summarized as follows.</p> <p>1) The optical properties of a single metal nano-particle with different size, composition and shape are researched by Mie theory, with respect to the localized surface plasmon polariton (LSPP) effect. It shows that both the resonance wavelength and Q-factor can be tuned in a large scale by proper methods.</p> <p>2) A novel metal nano-strip distributed Bragg grating (DBR) laser is proposed and investigated theoretically. Firstly the metal nano-strip Bragg grating is simulated by the couple-mode theory and the mode-matching method. It shows that the coupling constant and reflection spectrum can be tuned to meet different requirements when varying the grating parameters. Then for the designed metal-grating DBR laser, the rate-equation simulation results show that it works under the single-mode operation for a broad range of the design parameters.<br /> <strong></strong></p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In this thesis, we present a new continuously variable high frequency standing wave oscillator and demonstrate its use in generating the phase locked clock signal of a digital IC. The ring based standing wave resonant oscillator is implemented with a plurality of wires connected in a mobius configuration, with a cross coupled inverter pair connected across the wires. The oscillation frequency can be modulated by coarse and fine tuning. Coarse modification is achieved by altering the number of wires in the ring that participate in the oscillation, by driving a digital word to a set of passgates which are connected to each wire in the ring. Fine tuning of the oscillation frequency is achieved by varying the body bias voltage of both the PMOS transistors in the cross coupled inverter pair which sustains the oscillations in the resonant ring. We validated our PLL design in a 90nm process technology. 3D parasitic RLCs for our oscillator ring were extracted with skin effect accounted for. Our PLL provides a frequency locking range from 6 GHz to 9 GHz, with a center frequency of 7.5 GHz. The oscillator alone consumes about 25 mW of power, and the complete PLL consumes a power of 28.5 mW. The observed jitter of the PLL is 2.56 percent. These numbers are significant improvements over the prior art in standing wave based PLLs.

No description available.

During the last decade, ultrasonic manipulation has matured into an important tool with a wide range of applications, from fundamental cell biological research to clinical and industrial implementations. The contactless nature of ultrasound makes it possible to manipulate living cells in a gentle way, e.g., for positioning, sorting, and aggregation. However, when manipulating cells using ultrasound, especially using high acoustic amplitudes, a great deal of heat can be generated. This constitutes a challenge, since the viability of cells is dependent on a stable physiological temperature around 37°C.      In this Thesis we present applications of ultrasonic manipulation of fluids, particles, and cells in temperature-controlled micrometer-sized devices fabricated using well established etching techniques, directly compatible with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we present ultrasonic manipulation in larger up to centimeter-sized devices optimized for fluid mixing and cell lysis. In the present work, two new ultrasonic manipulation platforms have been developed implementing temperature control. These platforms are much improved with increased performance and usability compared to previous platforms. Also, two new ultrasonic platforms utilizing low-frequency ultrasound for solubilization and cell lysis of microliter-volumed and milliliter-volumed samples have been designed and implemented.      We have applied ultrasound to synchronize the interaction between large numbers of immune, natural killer cells, and cancer cells to study the cytotoxic response, on a single cell level. A heterogeneity was found among the natural killer cell population, i.e., some cells displayed high cytotoxic response while others were dormant. Furthermore, we have used temperature-controlled ultrasound to form up to 100, in parallel, solid cancer HepG2 tumors in a glass-silicon multi-well microplate. Next, we investigated the immune cells cytotoxic response against the solid tumors. We found a correlation between the number of immune cells compared to the size of the tumor and the cytotoxic outcome, i.e., if the tumor could be defeated.             Finally, the effect of high acoustic pressure amplitudes in the MPa-range on cell viability has been studied in a newly developed platform optimized for long-term stable temperature control, independent on the applied ultrasound power. Lastly, we present two applications of ultrasonic fluid mixing and lysis of cells. One platform is optimized for small microliter-sized volumes in plastic disposable chips and another is optimized for large milliliter-sized volumes in plastic test tubes. The latter platform has been implemented for clinical sputum sample solubilization and cell lysis for genomic DNA extraction for subsequent pathogen detection / Ultraljudsmanipulering har under de senaste tio åren mognat och utvecklats till ett verktyg med ett brett användningsområde. Idag kan man finna applikationer inom allt från cellbiologisk grundforskning till industri samt sjukvård. Ultraljudsmanipuleringens kontaktlösa natur gör det till en varsam metod för att manipulera celler, till exempel inom positionering, sortering och aggregering. När ultraljud med hög amplitud används kan värmeutvecklingen, som är oundviklig, bli ett problem. För att kunna säkerställa hög cellviabilitet krävs temperaturkontroll som kan hålla en fysiologisk, stabil temperatur på 37°C.      I denna avhandling presenterar vi tillämpningar av temperaturkontrollerad ultraljudsmanipulering i mikrometerstora anordningar fabricerade med väletablerade etsningstekniker.  Dessa anordningar är optimerade för att vara fullt kompatibla med högupplöst fluorescensmikroskopi.  Vi demonstrerar även ultraljudsmanipulering i centimeterstora anordningar optimerade för omrörning och blandning av vätskor samt lysering av celler. Två nya plattformar för ultraljudsmanipulering med inbyggd temperaturkontroll har utvecklats. Dessa två plattformar erbjuder ökad prestanda, flexibilitet samt även användarvänlighet. Utöver dessa plattformar har ytterligare två anordningar för lågfrekvent ultraljudssolubilisering och cellysering av mikroliter- och milliliterstora prover konstruerats.      I denna avhandling har vi tillämpat ultraljud för att synkronisera interaktionen mellan populationer utav immunceller (natural killer-celler) och cancerceller för att på cellnivå studera det cytotoxiska gensvaret. Vi fann en heterogenitet hos immuncellspopulationen. Det manifesterade sig i en fördelning av immuncellerna, från celler med stort cytotoxiskt gensvar till inaktiva immunceller. Vi har dessutom använt temperaturkontrollerad ultrasljudsmanipulering för att skapa solida cancertumörer utav HepG2-cancerceller, upp till 100 stycken parallellt, i en multihåls-mikrotiterplatta bestående av glas och kisel. Med hjälp av dessa tumörer har vi studerat det cytotoxiska gensvaret från immuncellerna. Vi fann att förhållandet mellan antalet immunceller och storleken på tumören bestämde utfallet, det vill säga om tumören kunde bekämpas.      Vi presenterar dessutom effekten utav högamplitudsultraljudsexponering av cancerceller i en plattform speciellt designad för höga tryckamplituder med implementerad ultraljudseffektsoberoende temperaturkontroll. Slutligen presenterar vi två tillämpningar av ultraljud för vätskeblandning och cellysering. Den första tillämpningen är anpassad för små volymer i plastchip för engångsbruk och den andra är optimerad för större volymer i plastprovrör. Den senare tillämpningen är speciellt framtagen för ultraljudssolubilisering och cellysering utav kliniska sputumprover för att möjliggöra DNA-extrahering för detektion av smittämnen. / <p>QC 20150522</p>

Exploiting coordination bonding of aromatic carboxylic acids at metal surfaces, this thesis explores new directions in the design and application of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The SAMs are investigated using a multi-technique approach comprising of a complementary combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. In addition, the X-ray standing wave technique (XSW) was used to characterise the substrates. The process of layer formation and the final structures of the SAMs are found to be strikingly dependent on the combination of molecule and substrate, which is discussed in terms of the intermolecular and molecule-substrate interactions, bonding geometries and symmetry of the organic molecules. This is illustrated by the dramatic difference between molecular adsorption on Ag and Cu for molecules such as biphenyl-3,4',5-tricarboxylic acid and biphenyl-4-acetic acid. In the case of self-assembly on Cu, the molecule-substrate interactions play a decisive role in the resulting SAM structure, whereas on Ag, the intermolecular interactions dominate over the weaker molecule-substrate binding. This exploration of the balance of interactions that lead to the formation of these SAM structures lays the foundation for a systematic design of the structures and properties of aromatic carboxylic acid based monolayers. Finally, different applications and properties of some SAMs were investigated, namely coordination of a Pd(II) complex to a pyridine/pyrazole terminated molecule adsorbed on Ag. Evidence of coordination of Pd(II) to single molecules was provided by STM, XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy. Additionally, controlled STM tip induced modification of local areas of a 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene SAM on Ag was performed, opening an exciting prospect for nanoscale molecular manipulation.