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Studies of small plasmids of Staphylococcus aureusCatchpole, Ian R. January 1989 (has links)
No description available.
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Elucidation of the structure activity relationship of the multi drug resistance (Mdr) transport protein (NorA) of Escherichia coli and the putative protein (HP1181) of Helicobacter pyloriMorrison, Scott Macdonald January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Pathogenesis of staphylococcosisKhamas, E. J. January 1989 (has links)
No description available.
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Hygiene in red meat slaughterTukei, Michael E. January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Staphylococcus aureus jautrumo antibiotikams analizė Klaipėdos vaikų ligoninėje 2008-2009 metais / The analysis of staphylococcus aureus' susceptibility to antibiotics in klaipėda's children hospital in 2008-2009Kairytė, Viktorija 25 June 2014 (has links)
Staphylococcus aureus yra vienas iš dažniausių įvairių infekcijų sukėlėjų. Labai svarbu žinoti regioninius antimikrobinio jautrumo duomenis, kad būtų galima skirti veiklius vaistus prieš Staphylococcus aureus, dar nenustačius konkrečios kultūros jautrumo antibiotikams. Darbo tikslas. Staphylococcus aureus jautrumo antibiotikams analizė Klaipėdos vaikų ligoninėje 2008-2009 m. Tikslui įgyvendinti iškelti tokie uždaviniai: 1) išanalizuoti 2008-2009 m. Klaipėdos vaikų ligoninėje iš pasėlių išskirtas Staphylococcus aureus kultūras; 2) ištirti S. aureus kultūrų jautrumą antibiotikams ir atlikti jautrumo antibiotikams 2008-2009 metais analizę. Metodai. S. aureus kultūros išskyrimui ir identifikavimui naudoti metodai - auginimas specifinėse terpėse, dažymas gramo būdu, katalazės testas, plazmos koaguliazės testas. Jautrumas antibiotikams nustatytas diskų difuzijos metodu, β-laktamazės aptikimas – nitrocefino testu, MRSA nustatymas - peniciliną surišančio baltymo (PBP2‘) latekso agliutinacijos testu. Statistinė analizė buvo atlikta naudojant programą SPSS Statistics 17.0. Rezultatai. 2008-2009 m. Klaipėdos vaikų ligoninėje iš pasėlių išskirta 1691 S. aureus kultūrų. Statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau S. aureus kultūrų išskirta jaunesniems nei 1 metų amžiaus vaikams. Daugiausia kultūrų buvo išauginta iš išmatų (52.4%), pūlių (29.3%) ir tepinėlių iš gerklės (14.0%). Nustatyta, kad penicilinui atsparios 89.5% kultūrų; eritromicinui atsparios 20.5%, mažai jautrios – 0.7% kultūrų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common cause of infections. It’s relevant to know regional data of antimicrobial susceptibility to be able to prescribe effective drugs against S. aureus before knowing the suscpetibility of a specific culture. Objective. The analysis of Staphylococcus aureus’ susceptibility to antibiotics in Klaipėda’s children hospital in 2008-2009. In order to implement it, these tasks were established: 1) to analyse Staphylococcus aureus’ cultures isolated from clinical material in Klaipėda’s children hospital in 2008-2009; 2) to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus’ cultures and perform the analysis of antibiotic susceptibility in 2008-2009. Methods. S. aureus was isolated by cultivating it on specific agars, catalase test, Gram staining; plasma coagulase test. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffussion method; β-lactamase detection – by nitrocefin test; MRSA detection – by penicilin-binding protein (PBP’) late agglutination test. Statistical analysis was performed with program SPSS Statistics 17.0.' Results. In Klaipėda’s children hospital 1691 cultures of S. aureus were isolated in 2008-2009. Statistically relevant higher number of S. aureus’ cultures was isolated form children aged less than one year old. Most cultures were isolated from faeces (52.4%), pus (29.3%) and throat swabs (14.0%). 89.5% resistance to penicillin was determined. 20.5% and 0.7% of cultures were resistant and intermediate to... [to full text]
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Presencia de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en crianza porcina de traspatio del departamento de TumbesUchuya Doanyre, Heberht Raul January 2015 (has links)
El Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM), es una bacteria grampositiva multirresistente, considerada un patógeno crítico en medicina humana, y es una de las causas que lideran las infecciones asociadas a hospitales (SARM-AH). Sin embargo en los últimos años se están incrementando los casos de infecciones asociadas a la comunidad (SARM-AC), y SARM asociado al ganado (SARM-AL).La crianza porcina se identificó como uno de los factores de riesgo emergentes en el incremento de portadores de S. aureus a nivel nasal en las infecciones por SARM-AL, probablemente favorecido por el extenso uso de antibióticos.El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de SARM en crianza porcina de traspatio en el departamento de Tumbes. Para la ejecución del estudio se tomaron 325 muestras de hisopados nasales de cerdos de crianza de traspatio, previos a su sacrificio. Los hisopados de ambas fosas nasales se inocularon en agar manitol sal cefoxitina 4 µg/ml. Las colonias morfológicamente compatibles con SARM fueron inoculadas en agar sangre al 5% y fueron evaluadas con pruebas bioquímicas para realizar la identificación fenotípica de la bacteria.La reacción en cadena Polimerasa permitió la detección del gen mecA en 15 muestras, sin embargo ninguna de ellas fue positiva al gen nuc, gen propio de Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados hallados, dieron como negativa la presencia de SARM. Sin embargo podemos estimar la presencia de resistencia a meticilina en 15/79 (coagulasa positiva) de muestras compatibles con Staphylococcus.La probabilidad de encontrar un cerdo con SARM se encontraba en el intervalo de confianza del 95% desde 0.00009 a 0.01251. Consecuentemente, se encontraba muy por debajo de la prevalencia límite. Palabras claves: Staphylococcus aureus, SARM, cerdos, meticilina, Tumbes / --- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a gram positive bacteria multidrug considered a critical pathogen in human medicine, and is one of the leading causes associated to hospitals infections (HA-MRSA). However in recent years there are increasing cases of community-associated infections (CA-MRSA), and livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Swine production was identified as one of the emerging risk factors in the increase in nasal carriers of S. aureus in LA-MRSA infections, probably aided by the widespread use of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of MRSA in backyard pigs rearing in the department of Tumbes. For the execution of the study 325 samples of nasal swabs from backyard pigs before slaughter were taken. The swabs from both nostrils were inoculated mannitol salt agar-cefoxitin 4 µg / ml. The colonies that were morphologically compatible with MRSA were inoculated on blood agar 5% and were evaluated by biochemical tests for phenotypic identification of the bacteria. Polymerase chain reaction allowed the detection of mecA gene in 15 samples; however none of them were positive to the characteristic nuc gene of Staphylococcus. These results found, showed lack of evidence for MRSA. However, we can estimate the presence of methicillin resistance in 15/79 (coagulase positive) samples compatible with Staphylococcus. The probability of finding a MRSA positive pig was within the confidence interval of 95% from 0.00009 to 0.01251. Consequently, it was well below the threshold prevalence. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, pigs, methicillin, Tumbes.
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Colonização por Staphylococcus aureus em indivíduos com HIV/aids internados em um hospital escola do interior paulista / Staphylococcus aureus colonization in individuals with HIV/AIDS hospitalized in a teaching hospital in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São PauloReinato, Lilian Andreia Fleck 18 December 2012 (has links)
Introdução: a colonização de indivíduos com HIV/aids por microrganismos patogênicos tem sido associada a maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade, principalmente quando esse microrganismo é o Staphylococcus aureus. Identificar precocemente esta condição permite implementar medidas preventivas do adoecimento a ele relacionado, em nível individual e coletivo. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de colonização por Staphylococcus aureus em indivíduos com HIV/aids internados em um hospital escola. Metodologia: estudo de corte transversal, tendo como sujeito pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids, internadas em duas unidades especializadas em HIV/aids de um Hospital Escola do município de Ribeirão Preto- SP. Todos os preceitos éticos foram criteriosamente respeitados. No período de Agosto/2011 a Julho/2012, todos os indivíduos internados foram abordados e para aqueles que aceitaram participar, procedeu-se a coleta de amostra de saliva e secreção nasal, além da coleta de dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e imunológicos, obtidos por meio do prontuário e entrevista individual. As amostras foram encaminhadas e processadas pelo Laboratório de Microbiologia e Sorologia da instituição em estudo. Foram semeadas em meios de cultura ágar sangue e manitol, e após, transferidas para o sistema automatizado Vitek® 2 (BioMérieux(TM)), por meio dos cartões GP Test Kit Vitek® 2, para bactérias gram-positivas. Foram empregados cartões AST-P585 para avaliar a sensibilidade dos Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente (MRSA) aos antibióticos. Os dados foram armazenados em planilhas do Microsoft Office Excel 2011 for Mac e organizados por meio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 17.0 for Windows. Resultados: De 229 indivíduos com HIV/aids internados nas unidades, 169 constituíram os sujeitos desta pesquisa, dos quais 57,4% eram do sexo masculino, 39,6% apresentaram idade de 40 a 49 anos e 45% tinham o primeiro grau completo. Foram obtidas 338 amostras (169 de secreção nasal e 169 de saliva). A prevalência de colonização por Staphylococcus aureus foi identificada em 20,4% das amostras, com 21,7% de resistência à oxacilina, sendo em secreção nasal 66,7% e em saliva 33,3%. Apresentaram contagem de linfócitos T CD4 abaixo de 200 células/mm3 60,0% dos indivíduos com MRSA nasal e 80,0% estavam em uso de antimicrobianos. Em 40,0% dos indivíduos com MRSA na saliva carga viral foi igual ou superior a 500.001 cópias/mL, e 80,0% destes também usavam antimicrobianos, MRSA nasal e saliva foi identificado em 60,0% dos indivíduos que não estavam em uso de antirretroviral. Conclusão: a prevalência de colonização por Staphylococcus aureus em indivíduos com HIV/aids foi predominante em secreção nasal, com baixa contagem de linfócitos T CD4, com história de internação prévia, uso de antimicrobiano e ausência do uso de antirretroviral, podendo representar importante fonte de infecção. / Introduction: colonization by pathogenic microorganisms in individuals with HIV/AIDS has been associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, especially when that organism is Staphylococcus aureus. Early identification of this condition allows implementing preventive measures of illness related to it, both individually and collectively. Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in individuals with HIV/AIDS in a teaching hospital. Method: cross-sectional study; the subjects were people living with HIV/AIDS and hospitalized in two specialized HIV/AIDS care units of a Teaching Hospital in the city of Ribeirão Preto. All ethical principles were carefully observed. In the period from August 2011 to July 2012, all subjects hospitalized were approached and, for those who agreed to participate, the collection of saliva and nasal discharge sample was performed, in addition to collecting sociodemographic, clinical and immunological data, obtained through medical record and individual interviews. The samples were forwarded and processed by the Laboratory of Microbiology and Sorology of the institution. They were seeded in blood agar and mannitol-salt-agar culture medium, and thereafter, transferred to the automated system Vitek® 2 (BioMérieux(TM)) through Vitek® 2 Test Cards for Gram-positive bacteria. AST-P585 cards were used to assess the sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to the antibiotic. Data were stored in spreadsheets of Microsoft Office Excel 2011 for Mac and organized by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 for Windows. Results: of the 229 individuals with HIV/AIDS hospitalized in the units, 169 were the subjects in this study, of whom 57.4% were male, 39.6% were aged from 40 to 49 years, and 45% had completed elementary school. 338 samples were collected (169 of nasal discharge and 169 of saliva). The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization was identified in 20.4% of samples, with 21.7% of oxacillin resistance, being 66.7% in nasal discharge and 33.3% in saliva. 60.0% of individuals with MRSA in nasal had lymphocytes T CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 , and 80.0% were taking antimicrobials. In 40.0% of the individuals with MRSA in saliva, the viral load was equal or higher than 500.001 copies/mL, and 80.0% of these also used antimicrobials; MRSA in nasal and in saliva were detected in 60.0% of individuals who were not taking antiretroviral. Conclusion: the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in individuals with HIV/AIDS was prevalent in nasal discharge, had lymphocytes T CD4 low count, with a history of previous hospitalization, antimicrobial use and the absence of antiretroviral use, and it may represent an important source of infection.
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Genome-wide identification of virulence-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus using Transposon insertion-site deep sequencing / Genomweite Identifizierung Virulenz-assoziierter Gene in Staphylococcus aureus mittels Transposon-SequenzierungDas, Sudip January 2018 (has links) (PDF)
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonises one third of the healthy human population, finding its niche in the nose and on skin. Apart from being a commensal, it is also an important opportunistic human pathogen capable of destructing tissue, invading host cells and killing them from within. This eventually contributes to severe hospital- and community-acquired infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant to commonly used antibiotics are protected when residing within the host cell.
This doctoral thesis is focused on the investigation of staphylococcal factors governing intracellular virulence and subsequent host cell death. To initiate an unbiased approach to conduct this study, complex S. aureus mutant pools were generated using transposon insertional mutagenesis. Genome-wide infection screens were performed using these S. aureus transposon mutant pools in vitro and in vivo, followed by analysis using Transposon insertion site deep sequencing (Tn-seq) technology.
Amongst several other factors, this study identified a novel regulatory system in S. aureus that controls pathogen-induced host cytotoxicity and intra-host survival. The primary components of this system are an AraC-family transcription regulator called Repressor of surface proteins (Rsp) and a virulence associated non-coding RNA, SSR42. Mutants within rsp exhibit enhanced intra-host survival in human epithelial cells and delayed host cytotoxicity. Global gene-expression profiling by RNA-seq demonstrated that Rsp controls the expression of SSR42, several cytotoxins and other bacterial factors directed against the host immune system. Rsp enhances S. aureus toxin response when triggered by hydrogen peroxide, an antimicrobial substance employed by neutrophils to destroy pathogens. Absence of rsp reduces S. aureus-induced neutrophil damage and early lethality during mouse pneumonia, but still permits blood stream infection. Intriguingly, S. aureus lacking rsp exhibited enhanced survival in human macrophages, which hints towards a Trojan horse-like phenomenon and could facilitate dissemination within the host.
Hence, Rsp emerged as a global regulator of bacterial virulence, which has an impact on disease progression with prolonged intra-cellular survival, delayed-lethality but allows disseminated manifestation of disease. Moreover, this study exemplifies the use of genome-wide approaches as useful resources for identifying bacterial factors and deduction of its pathogenesis. / Staphylococcus aureus ist ein fakultativ pathogener Kommensale des Menschen und besiedelt bei etwa einem Drittel der Bevölkerung überwiegend den Nasen-Rachenraum sowie die Haut ohne klinische Symptome auszulösen. Darüber hinaus zählen diese Bakterien zu den wichtigsten Vertretern der Kranken- hauskeime, die schwerwiegende Infektionen besonders im Bereich der Intensivstationen in
Kranken- häusern hervorrufen können. Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sind dabei
resistent gegen übliche Antibiotika und daher schlecht therapierbar. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten zeigten, dass S. aureus von Zellen des Wirts aufgenommen wird und diese von innen heraus abzutöten vermag. Über die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen dieser Zelltoxizität ist jedoch nicht viel bekannt.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten daher Faktoren von S. aureus identifiziert und charakterisiert wer- den, die die intrazelluläre Virulenz des Bakteriums und das darauf folgende Absterben der Wirtszelle beeinflussen. Dafür wurden mittels Transposon-Insertionsmutagenese S. aureus
Mutanten-Bibliotheken erstellt, welche für genomweite Infektionsscreens in vitro und in vivo genutzt wurden. Die Auswertung dieser Analysen erfolgte dabei durch Hochdurchsatz-Sequenzierung der Transposon-Insertionsstellen (Tn-seq). In diesen Studien wurde neben zahlreichen bakteriellen Faktoren ein neuartiges Virulenzreg- ulator - System identifiziert. Dieses System besteht aus dem Transkriptionsregulator der AraC-Familie Repressor of surface proteins (Rsp) und einer
nicht-kodierenden RNA, SSR42. rsp-Mutanten zeigten eine erhöhte intrazelluläre Überlebensrate in menschlichen Epithelzellen sowie eine verzögerte Cytotoxizität im Wirt. Durch RNA-Sequenzierung (RNA-seq) wurde der Einfluss von Rsp auf die globale Genexpres- sion ermittelt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Rsp die Expression von SSR42, sowie Cytotoxinen und anderen immunmodulatorischen Faktoren von S. aureus kontrolliert. Wasserstoffperoxid, ein Molekül, welches durch Neutrophile zur Bekämpfung
von Pathogenen gebildet wird, führt dabei Rsp-abhängig zu einer Erhöhung der bakteriellen Toxinproduktion. Die Abwesenheit von Rsp in bakteriellen Mutanten res- ultiert in einer Reduktion S. aureus-induzierter Zerstörung von Neutrophilen sowie zum Überleben von Versuchstieren im
Lungeninfektionsmodell. Eine systemische Infektion ist dabei jedoch weiterhin mög- lich.
Interessanterweise führt ein Fehlen des rsp zu einer erhöhten Überlebensrate von Makrophagen, welches auf eine Verbreitung der Bakterien im Organismus in diesem Zelltyp hindeuten könnte.
Rsp ist demnach ein neuartiger globaler Regulator bakterieller Virulenz, der zwar die infektions-
bedingte Letalität verzögert, jedoch damit eine Disseminierung der Infektion mit S. aureus
begünstigt.
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Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung des Toxins Panton - Valentine - Leukozidin bei ambulant erworbenen Hautinfektionen durch Staphylococcus aureus / Study about the role of the Panton – Valentine leukocidin in community- acquired skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureusKaspar, Stefanie Maria January 2018 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorgelegten Promotionsarbeit wurden die typischen bakteriellen MSSA bzw. MRSA Hautinfektionen einer dermatologischen Klinik mit dem Einzugsgebiet Nordbayern auf krankheitsrelevante Faktoren von PVL untersucht.
Interessanterweise fand sich bei der Präsenz von PVL keine Korrelation mit Methicillinresistenz oder Krankheitsschwere. Weder atopische Diathese noch Rauchen oder Körpergewicht scheinen das Auftreten des Pathogenitätsfaktors zu begünstigen. Allerdings traten die PVL positiven S. aureus Hautinfektionen bevorzugt bei jüngeren und weiblichen Patienten auf. Bei den untersuchten Hauterkrankungen zeigten S. aureus Stämme eine ausgeprägte Vielfalt. Es konnte kein spezieller epidemiologischer Stamm identifiziert werden.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind jedoch nur eingeschränkt auf ein großes Kollektiv projizierbar, da der Untersuchungszeitraum insgesamt nur 7 Jahre betrug und sich das Patientenkollektiv auf das Einzugsgebiet des Klinikums beschränkte. / The dissertation on the role of the Panton- Valentine leukocidin toxin in community- acquired skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatological clinic in the region North Bavaria demonstrate that the PVL status of S. aureus isolated from skin infections was neither correlated with methicillin- resistance nor with the severity of disease. Remarkably, PVL- positive S. aureus strains appeared to be more frequent in younger than in older patients. The spa types showed a high variability in PVL – positive as well as in PVL – negative strains.
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Auswirkungen von Staphylococcus aureus auf die Endothelpermeabilität in Ea.hy926-Zellen / Influence of Staphylococcus aureus on endothelial permeability in Ea.hy926 cellsIsberner, Nora January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ist einer der häufigsten Erreger schwerer endovaskulärer Infektionen, die häufig mit einer Dissemination des Erregers in andere Organe und lebensbedrohlichen Komplikationen wie Endokarditis, Osteomyelitis oder Abszessen assoziiert sind. Entscheidender Schritt in der Pathogenese endovaskulärer Infektionen ist die Schädigung und Überwindung der Endothelbarriere. Für deren Integrität ist die Intaktheit von Zell-Zell-Verbindungen elementar, diese werden unter anderem durch Src-Kinasen reguliert. Es ist bekannt, dass S. aureus Fibronektin-Bindeproteine (FnBPs) maßgeblich für die Adhärenz und Invasion des Erregers in Endothelzellen sind. Die Invasion erfolgt über eine indirekte Bindung an α5β1-Integrine, invasive Eigenschaften finden sich in nahezu allen klinischen Isolaten. In verschiedenen Tiermodellen konnte außerdem ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Expression von FnBPs und der Dissemination von S. aureus in andere Organe gezeigt werden. Bislang ist jedoch nicht untersucht, welche Auswirkung die S. aureus-Infektion auf die Endothelbarriere hat und welche Mechanismen für die Translokation des Erregers verantwortlich sind.
In dieser Arbeit wurde analysiert, ob die Infektion mit S. aureus- und S. carnosus-Stämmen in vitro zu einer Schädigung der endothelialen Integrität von EA.hy926-Zellen führt. Hierzu wurden Änderungen der transendothelialen Impedanz und der Endothelpermeabeabilität nach Infektion im xCELLigence- bzw. Transwell-System erfasst. Zytotoxische Effekte wurden durch Kristallviolettfärbungen, immunfluoreszenz-mikroskopische Untersuchungen der Mitochondrien und Nuklei sowie die Erfassung der hypodiploiden Zellkerne mittels Durchflusszytometrie quantifiziert. Zur Entschlüsselung des molekularen Mechanismus wurden Veränderungen der Adherens und Tight Junction-Proteine ZO-1 und VE-Cadherin in der Immunfluoreszenz untersucht. Die Rolle von Src-Kinasen wurde durch pharmakologische Inhibition analysiert.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass FnBP-exprimierende S. aureus-Stämme eine Abnahme der transendothelialen Impedanz verursachen und dass es 4 und 24 Stunden nach Infektion zu einer signifikanten Zunahme der Endothelpermeabilität kommt. Zytotoxische Effekte auf die Endothelzellen durch die Infektion traten nach 24 Stunden auf, jedoch nicht nach 4 Stunden. VE-Cadherin und ZO-1 zeigten 4 Stunden nach Infektion eine FnBP-abhängige Konformationsänderung und Reduktion der Signalintensität. Außerdem konnte demonstriert werden, dass die Inhibition von Src-Kinasen den Anstieg der Endothelpermeabilität signifikant reduziert.
In dieser Arbeit wurde zum ersten Mal belegt, dass S. aureus FnBPs eine Erhöhung der Endothelpermeabilität bewirken. Während hierfür zu späten Zeitpunkten Apoptose verantwortlich ist, muss nach 4 Stunden ein anderer Mechanismus ursächlich sein. Da es zu einer Abschwächung der ZO-1- und VE-Cadherin-Signalintensität in der Immunfluoreszenz kam, ist anzunehmen, dass Adherens und Tight Junctions durch die Infektion geschädigt werden. Es ist bekannt, dass Src-Kinasen durch die Infektion mit S. aureus aktiviert werden. Außerdem sind sie elementar für die Regulation der Endothelpermeabilität und vermitteln diesen Effekt unter anderem über eine Phosphorylierung von Adherens und Tight Junction-Proteinen. Eine Src-vermittelte Phosphorylierung von Zell-Zell-Verbindungsproteinen wäre daher eine mögliche Erklärung für die beobachteten Veränderungen von ZO-1 und VE-Cadherin. Dieser Mechanismus könnte Wegbereiter für die parazelluläre Passage über die Endothelbarriere sein. Darüber hinaus könnte die erhöhte Endothelpermeabilität den Zugang zur Extrazellulärematrix und zum größten Pool an Fibronektin und Integrinen ermöglichen und so die Invasion und Transzytose begünstigen. Die hier gewonnenen Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, die komplexe Interaktion zwischen S. aureus und dem Endothel und somit wichtige Schritte in der Pathogenese endovaskulärer Infektionen besser zu verstehen und neue Zielstrukturen für therapeutische Interventionen zu identifizieren. / Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of severe endovascular infections which are frequently associated with bacterial dissemination to other organs and life-threatening complications such as infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis or abscess formation.
Damage to the endothelial barrier and bacterial extravasation are of vital importance in development of endovascular infections. Intercellular junctions are crucial for the integrity of the endothelial barrier; they are partially regulated by Src Family Protein-tyrosine Kinases. It has been well characterized that S. aureus fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBP) are decisive for adherence to and invasion of endothelial cells. Invasion is mediated by indirect bridging of fibronectin to α5β1-integrins via FnBPs. Invasive characteristics can be found in nearly all clinical isolates. Moreover, the link between expression of FnBPs and S. aureus dissemination into surrounding tissues has been demonstrated repeatedly in animal models. Despite the importance of S. aureus in endovascular diseases, the effect of S. aureus infection on endothelial barrier function and putative mechanisms for translocation have not yet been studied.
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether infection with different S. aureus and S. carnosus strains leads to impairment of endothelial integrity in EA.hy926 cells. Changes in transendothelial impedance and endothelial permeability upon infection were measured using the xCELLigence- or transwell-system respectively. Cytotoxic effects were quantified by crystal violet staining, immunofluorescence staining of nuclei and mitochondria as well as by detection of hypodiploid nuclei using flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence staining of ZO-1 and VE—Cadherin was performed to investigate morphological alterations in intercellular junctions. The role of Src Family Protein-tyrosine Kinases was analyzed by pharmacological inhibition.
In this study it was demonstrated that S. aureus strains expressing FnBPs lead to a decrease in transendothelial impedance and cause a significant increase in endothelial permeability 4 and 24 hours after infection. Whereas cytotoxic effects were observed after 24 hours, cells were completely viable 4 hours after infection. After 4 hours FnBP-dependent conformational changes of VE-cadherin and ZO-1 as well as a loss of signal intensity were detected. Furthermore, the FnBP-mediated increase in endothelial permeability was significantly reduced by using Src Family Protein-tyrosine Kinases-inhibitors.
In this study it was shown for the first time that S. aureus FnBPs cause an increase in endothelial permeability. While apoptosis is the underlying mechanism 24 hours after infection, other mechanisms could be identified for the time point 4 hours. Since a loss of signal intensity of ZO-1 and VE-Cadherin was detected, it can be assumed that adherence and tight junctions are impaired upon infection. It has been well characterized that Src Family Protein-tyrosine Kinases are activated upon S. aureus infection and that they are decisive in regulation of endothelial permeability. This effect is mediated by phosphorylation of adherence and tight junction proteins. Hence a Src Family Protein-tyrosine Kinase-mediated phosphorylation of intercellular junction proteins is a conceivable mechanism for the observed change in ZO-1 and VE-cadherin, thus possibly enabling paracellular traverse of the endothelial barrier. On the other hand the increase of endothelial permeability could facilitate access to the extracellular matrix and thus to the biggest pool of fibronectin and integrins, hence promoting bacterial invasion and transcytosis.
The obtained results help to understand the complex interaction between S. aureus and endothelial barrier, thus facilitating the understanding of the pathogenesis of endovascular S. aureus infections and possibly identifying new therapy targets.
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