Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont consacrés à l’étude et à l’élaboration de résines de collage bio-sourcées pour remplacer les résines Urée-Formol (UF) d’origine pétrochimique, sources de formaldéhyde, utilisées actuellement dans l’industrie panneautière. Les résines étudiées dans le cadre de cette thèse sont formulées à partir de ressources locales (dextrines issues d’amidon de maïs et tanins d’écorces de pin maritime) et doivent respecter certaines contraintes industrielles. Pour répondre à ces contraintes, les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire vont de la compréhension structurale des mélanges des produits de base jusqu’à la fabrication de panneaux à l’échelle du laboratoire, en passant par la formulation et la réticulation des différentes résines thermodurcissables. Ces travaux montrent qu’il est nécessaire de travailler en milieu alcalin pour solubiliser les tanins. Dans cette situation, les mélanges tanins/dextrines donnent des suspensions colloïdales. Les fractions massiques en tanins et en dextrines permettant d’obtenir des paramètres respectant le cahier des charges varient de 0 à 40%. La réticulation de ces mélanges par l’épichlorhydrine a permis l’obtention de colles thermodurcissables insolubles dans l’eau ayant une bonne stabilité dimensionnelle à sec, mais un pouvoir gonflant plus ou moins important selon la formulation. Les propriétés adhésives, mécaniques et thermiques de ces matériaux ont été caractérisées et ont permis de sélectionner des formulations de colles ayant les meilleures performances thermomécaniques. Enfin, tout en respectant un protocole industriel, des composites ont été fabriqués à partir de ces colles et des particules de bois. Il a été montré que les panneaux de particules obtenus ont des performances mécaniques équivalentes à ceux fabriqués avec des colles UF. / This work aims to substitute resins based on formaldehyde as UF by “green” thermosetting adhesives based on natural and renewable local products, in the wood composite industry. The resins studied in this thesis are made from local resources (dextrins from corn starch and tannins from maritime pine barks) and must respect certain industrial requirements. To meet these industrial constraints, the research work of this manuscript deals with studies ranging from the structural understanding of basic product mixtures, up to the characterization of the properties of panels manufactured in the lab, including the formulation and reticulation of resins. These studies show that it is necessary to work in an alkaline medium to solubilize the tannins. In this situation, the tannins / dextrin mixtures give colloidal suspensions. The mass fractions in tannins and dextrins allowing to obtain parameters respecting the specifications vary from 0 to 40%. The epichlorohydrin has been used as hardener to cross-link these resins. Thermosetting materials with good dimensional stability have been obtained. However the resin swelling depends on the composition of the formulation. Adhesive, mechanical and thermal properties of these materials were characterized. Thus, adhesive formulations with the best thermomechanical performances have been selected. Finally, composites have been made from these adhesives and wood particles, respecting an industrial procedure. It has been shown that these panels and those obtained with UF adhesives have equivalent mechanical performances.

Introdução: A hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda (HNA) é estratégia utilizada para diminuir a necessidade de transfusão em procedimentos cirúrgicos. O hematócrito alvo, a solução empregada e os riscos da HNA são controversos e, embora as ações sobre os sistemas nervoso e cardiocirculatório tenham sido extensamente pesquisados, há poucos estudos sobre implicações pulmonares da HNA. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos pulmonares da HNA comparando amido hidroxietílico e Ringer lactato. Métodos: Vinte e cinco porcos foram monitorizados e cateterizados. Utlizou-se anestesia intravenosa contínua com propofol, cetamina, fentanil e pancurônio. Após estabilização da anestesia, os animais foram randomizados: Grupo Controle (n=8), Grupo HES (amido hidroxietílico, n=7) e Grupo RL (Ringer lactato, n=10). Os animais dos grupos II e III foram submetidos a HNA até hematócrito pré-estabelecido de 15%. A retirada do sangue foi acompanhada da expansão plasmática com amido hidroxietílico ou Ringer lactato na proporção de 1:1 ou 3:1 respectivamente. Medidas de mecânica respiratória e oxigenação sangüínea foram realizadas antes da retirada de sangue (T0), ao término da hemodiluição (T1) e após uma e duas horas (T2 e T3). Ao final foram realizadas biópsias pulmonares. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA) seguidas pelo teste de Tukey. Resultados: Em relação aos parâmetros do grupo controle, não houve diferença significante durante todo o procedimento. O grupo Ringer lactato demonstrou diminuição da complacência estática e aumento da diferença alvéolo-arterial de O2 (DAa-O2) em relação ao controle (*P<0,05). A análise histopatológica evidenciou atelectasias e alargamento da membrana basal na barreira alvéolo-capilar no grupo Ringer lactato. O grupo amido hidroxietílico apresentou comportamento semelhante ao grupo controle. Conclusões: O estudo sugere que na HNA acentuada, o amido hidroxietílico é superior na preservação estrutural do pulmão, evidenciado pormanter a complacência pulmonar e a oxigenação, quando comparada à realizada com solução de Ringer lactato / Introduction: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is a common procedure to decrease the needs of blood transfusion during a variety of surgical procedures. There are controversies regarding ANH such as the target hematocrit, the solution to be used and its risks. Although its effects in heart and brain have been extensively studied; investigations concerning its pulmonary effects are lacking. The aim of this experiment was to compare the pulmonary effects of ANH with hydroxyethyl starch and lactated Ringer\'s. Methods: Twenty five pigs were instrumented for standard hemodynamic monitoring. Intravenous anesthesia consisted continuous infusion of propofol, ketamine, fentanyl and pancuronium. After anesthesia stabilization animals were randomized: Control group (n=8), HES group (hydroxyethyl starch, n=7) and LR group (lactated Ringer\'s, n=10). Animals of Control Group were anesthetized and observed. Group Animals of group HES and LR were submitted to ANH to reach a pre-established hematocrit around 15%. Blood withdrawal was accomplished simultaneously with plasma expansion performed with hydroxyethyl starch (1:1) or with lactated Ringer\'s (3:1). Pulmonary mechanics and oxygen transport and were measured before blood withdrawal (T0), at the end of hemodilution (T1), and one and two hours after the end of the hemodilution (T2, T3). Lungs biopsies were performed at the end. Data were submitted to analysis of Variance for repeated measures followed by the Tukey test. Results: In regard to all parameters of Control group, there were no significant differences during the whole procedure. The LR group demonstrated a decrease in compliance and an increased in (a-A)DO2 (*P<0,05). Hystopathological lung analysis revealed moderate to serious collapses as well as basement membrane enlargement in group LR. The HES data were similar to that found in control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that in severe ANH, HES preserves pulmonary structure and seems to less interfere with pulmonary mechanics and oxygenation indexes when compared to lactated Ringer\'s

Introdução: A hemodiluição normovolêmica aguda (HNA) é estratégia utilizada para diminuir a necessidade de transfusão em procedimentos cirúrgicos. O hematócrito alvo, a solução empregada e os riscos da HNA são controversos e, embora as ações sobre os sistemas nervoso e cardiocirculatório tenham sido extensamente pesquisados, há poucos estudos sobre implicações pulmonares da HNA. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos pulmonares da HNA comparando amido hidroxietílico e Ringer lactato. Métodos: Vinte e cinco porcos foram monitorizados e cateterizados. Utlizou-se anestesia intravenosa contínua com propofol, cetamina, fentanil e pancurônio. Após estabilização da anestesia, os animais foram randomizados: Grupo Controle (n=8), Grupo HES (amido hidroxietílico, n=7) e Grupo RL (Ringer lactato, n=10). Os animais dos grupos II e III foram submetidos a HNA até hematócrito pré-estabelecido de 15%. A retirada do sangue foi acompanhada da expansão plasmática com amido hidroxietílico ou Ringer lactato na proporção de 1:1 ou 3:1 respectivamente. Medidas de mecânica respiratória e oxigenação sangüínea foram realizadas antes da retirada de sangue (T0), ao término da hemodiluição (T1) e após uma e duas horas (T2 e T3). Ao final foram realizadas biópsias pulmonares. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA) seguidas pelo teste de Tukey. Resultados: Em relação aos parâmetros do grupo controle, não houve diferença significante durante todo o procedimento. O grupo Ringer lactato demonstrou diminuição da complacência estática e aumento da diferença alvéolo-arterial de O2 (DAa-O2) em relação ao controle (*P<0,05). A análise histopatológica evidenciou atelectasias e alargamento da membrana basal na barreira alvéolo-capilar no grupo Ringer lactato. O grupo amido hidroxietílico apresentou comportamento semelhante ao grupo controle. Conclusões: O estudo sugere que na HNA acentuada, o amido hidroxietílico é superior na preservação estrutural do pulmão, evidenciado pormanter a complacência pulmonar e a oxigenação, quando comparada à realizada com solução de Ringer lactato / Introduction: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is a common procedure to decrease the needs of blood transfusion during a variety of surgical procedures. There are controversies regarding ANH such as the target hematocrit, the solution to be used and its risks. Although its effects in heart and brain have been extensively studied; investigations concerning its pulmonary effects are lacking. The aim of this experiment was to compare the pulmonary effects of ANH with hydroxyethyl starch and lactated Ringer\'s. Methods: Twenty five pigs were instrumented for standard hemodynamic monitoring. Intravenous anesthesia consisted continuous infusion of propofol, ketamine, fentanyl and pancuronium. After anesthesia stabilization animals were randomized: Control group (n=8), HES group (hydroxyethyl starch, n=7) and LR group (lactated Ringer\'s, n=10). Animals of Control Group were anesthetized and observed. Group Animals of group HES and LR were submitted to ANH to reach a pre-established hematocrit around 15%. Blood withdrawal was accomplished simultaneously with plasma expansion performed with hydroxyethyl starch (1:1) or with lactated Ringer\'s (3:1). Pulmonary mechanics and oxygen transport and were measured before blood withdrawal (T0), at the end of hemodilution (T1), and one and two hours after the end of the hemodilution (T2, T3). Lungs biopsies were performed at the end. Data were submitted to analysis of Variance for repeated measures followed by the Tukey test. Results: In regard to all parameters of Control group, there were no significant differences during the whole procedure. The LR group demonstrated a decrease in compliance and an increased in (a-A)DO2 (*P<0,05). Hystopathological lung analysis revealed moderate to serious collapses as well as basement membrane enlargement in group LR. The HES data were similar to that found in control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that in severe ANH, HES preserves pulmonary structure and seems to less interfere with pulmonary mechanics and oxygenation indexes when compared to lactated Ringer\'s