This diploma thesis examines the concept of business management. It is a concept that falls within the scope of the statutory body, one of the main and obligatory organs of business corporations. Since this is a concept which is not defined anywhere in the legislation, the thesis focuses on what the concept itself involves, and what on the other hand cannot be considered as a business management. The thesis also explains how it is seen in terms of professional literature and case law. The concept is also distinguished from other kinds of decision-making process that takes places inside (within) business corporations. This thesis compares particularly the former legislation which was replaced, with the effect from 1 January 2014, by the two main private codes, the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code and the Act No. 90/2012 Coll., the Act on Business Corporations. Those two codes are being a huge step for the Czech law in general and are bringing definitely some changes and news to the concept of business management. There is also mentioned the progress of business management in time in the final thesis. One of the diploma chapter deals with couple of changes brought to the Act No. 513/1991 Coll., the Commercial Code by the amendment No. 351/2011 Coll. The business management is a concept which is...

Abstract The study aimed to investigate the issue of women’s access and rights to land in Kenya. The study targeted Yaw Pachi women’s group, Siaya district who have experienced several problems of land tenure in terms of access and rights within their community which is Luo by tribe. The factors that influence these women’s access to land were also examined. The factors included Luo customary law, Luo customary practices, statutory laws as well as statutory institutions. The study also aimed to analyse the 2006 Draft National Land Policy by looking at what aspects of gender reform had been incorporated into the policy. The study examined the role of the land board as a statutory institution responsible for ensuring women and men have equal access and rights to land. In order to collect data, this study used qualitative method of social research. The researcher chose a small sample based on the research being conducted using a case study method. The sample was from an area where the phenomena such as customary laws and practices are prevalent. Qualitative research enables the researcher to collect and analyse in-depth information on a smaller group of respondents. Documentary analysis, interview techniques were used to gather data. The study population comprised of seventeen women from Yaw Pachi women’s group in Siaya district and twelve key informants. The key findings of the case study of Yaw Pachi women’s group shows that women can gain access to land in Siaya district mainly through marriage and by association with a male relative, who could be the woman’s father, father in-law, brother or son. Although the law of succession states that women can inherit land from their fathers, most findings revealed that this does not happen in reality. The 2006 Draft National Land Policy that intends to solve all the disparities women face when it comes to equity in land resources has been put on hold following an unsuccessful constitutional review in 2005.While the policy acknowledges that there are customs that discriminate against women, it also seeks to promote customary systems of land tenure. The Draft National Land Policy proposes a pluralist approach to land reform.

72 SUMMARY The concurrence of employment with function of the statutory body was many times resolved in the practice and the judicature but almost after 25 years of judicature development there is no united view, whether the concurrence of employment with function of the statutory body is permissible under the Czech law or not. The main purpose of this thesis is to submit an analysis of this legal problematics in terms of commercial and labour law with overlaps into social security law and tax law with summary of the relevant judicature. The first chapter of this thesis is focused on the general definition of legal entities and natural persons. The second chapter follows up the performance of function of the statutory body in terms of commercial law particularly regarding the conditions and the rights and obligations of member of the statutory body. The third chapter mainly focuses on the employment in terms of labour law and on comparisons of the labour law and commercial law legal relationship. The fourth chapter provides an overview of historical development of the judicature regarding possible solutions found in judicature of High Court in Prague and Supreme Court of the Czech Republic and the arguments for and against the admissibility of concurrence of employment and function of the statutory body in...

Gambling constitutes an inherent part of British cultural landscape but due to its potential to cause significant detriments it remains controversial. The Gambling Act 2005 liberalised the UK gambling industry and created an environment where commercial gambling, although regulated, can be offered within a relatively free market setting and its consumption can be stimulated by advertising. The task of the law is to provide a framework where the need for customer choice, a flourishing market, and the respect for private liberties can be adequately balanced with the duty to protect vulnerable individuals such as minors. The Gambling Act has been positioned as containing sufficient protective measures to prevent minors from being harmed by gambling but there is still a relative paucity of research that focuses specifically on how this regime affects this age group. This thesis fills some of the gaps by analysing whether the existing legal and regulatory framework reconciled the conflicting priorities adequately. It uniquely combines legal doctrinal analysis with empirical evidence collected from a sample of British pupils to expose that the liberalisation of gambling has brought severe limitations on protecting minors that are not sufficiently counterbalanced by existing measures. This thesis demonstrates that the legal definition of prohibited gambling does not incorporate all activities that may lead to gambling-related harm. While the age verification measures adopted by online gambling providers appear to be successful, young people continue to have easy access to gambling in land-based venues and are exposed to significant volumes of gambling advertising that appeals to them but these factors are not sufficiently compensated by any holistic regulatory strategy. However, the thesis indicates that the correlation between fun and real gambling games should not be attributed to overlaps in minor's motivations for engaging in either form or to minors' lack of accurate differentiation between them.

<p>Despite the vital role that statutory auditing plays in enhancing trust or credibility over the financial statements of business entities, most member states in the European Union community have decided to grant a waiver or exempt small companies from the service in order to reduce administrative burden and cost for these companies. In Sweden this is still a proposal that will be in effect by 2010. Since accounting has become the way firms measure their performance, auditing has also become an increasing need for users of accounting information such as stakeholders. This paper presents an investigation on the banks opinion and reactions about the new proposal or legislation concerning small companies in Sweden that will be exempted from statutory auditing. The study is focused on the banks perspective since banks are key players in providing funds to small companies and enabling their survival. In granting loans to companies, banks always require them to provide audited financial statements for assurance and credibility purpose. Thus our empirical findings have been carried out through the inductive research method based on three interviews undertaken with some personnel of the management of three major banking institutions in the city of Umea and Skelleftea. From this study we found that though statutory audit will be removed for small companies by government, banks will still require these companies to provide them with audited financial statements when it comes to granting loans to companies. Unfortunately, this policy may backfire as it opens the floodgates for companies to manipulate by keeping low figures to avoid tax or high to increase credibility.</p>

<p>In April 2008 an official report, SOU (2008:32), was presented. In that report it was suggested</p><p>that the statutory audit for approximately 96 % of the Swedish companies was to be abolished.</p><p>The report suggests that the new regulations should apply to all limited companies that</p><p>are below two of three limits that have been suggested: a) a balance-sheet total of 41,5 million</p><p>SEK; b) a net turnover of 83 million SEK or; c) less than 50 employees. The regulations are</p><p>suggested to come into force July 1, 2010. According to the Swedish laws that regulate the</p><p>limited companies, Aktiebolagslagen 10:11, should all limited companies regardless of size</p><p>have an chartered accountant or otherwise approved. The purpose of the audit is to create a</p><p>trust towards the figures that the company shows and also to act as an assurance towards third</p><p>parties (Collis, 2003; Strenger et al, 2008). Commercial banks are one of the parties that use</p><p>the audited material in connection with granting of credits to small limited companies. The</p><p>aim of our study has been to describe and analyze the commercial bank's credit granting, and</p><p>to make a survey of what may happen with the process of credit granting and the credit</p><p>granting as such in case of an abolishment of the statutory audit. To do this we used a</p><p>qualitative research. We as researches have aimed to discuss the credit granting process and a</p><p>possible abolishment with the credit granters that are involved in the process. The study has</p><p>shown that commercial banks always use audited material in the credit granting process. The</p><p>commercial banks have a positive attitude towards the audited material and regard it as a</p><p>guarantee of quality. The study has shown that the commercial banks will not change how the</p><p>credit granting process is carried through in comparison of today. But the possibility of effects</p><p>upon credit prizing and upon choices of securities are not ruled out by the commercial banks.</p>

<p>The 1^st of July 2010 is the statutory audit going to be abolished in Sweden. After the abolition 96 % of the limited companies do not have to conduct an audit.  This research will therefore study the small companies’ demand for audit and alternative services, and how the services shall be provided to best align with the clients’ demands.</p><p>This study will be conducted with a positivistic perception of knowledge, since the aim is to explain what factors that affect the companies’ demand. With starting points in previous studies a deductive approach have been chosen. The theoretical framework consists of basic theories regarding audit; agency theory is its connection to audit. Then audit demand has been discussed, internal and external aspects; demand from external owners, banks, attitudes toward audit, company size, cost of audit. Then alternatives to a statutory audit have been discussed; audit interval, alternative services, assurance services, a review, and compilation engagements (a type of services which is based of accounting data) and joint-provision of services (a package of services).</p><p> </p><p>A quantitative study has been conducted via a postal questionnaire, which was sent to 395 companies in Västerbotten County that have:</p><ul><li>10-50 employees</li><li>3-41.5 MSEK turnover </li><li>83 MSEK balance sheet total</li></ul><p>The results from the analysis show inconsistent results with previous studies, a few factors show significant evidence of affecting the demand for audit in the full model tests, attitude towards audit and the prize. A few more factors show evidence in the individual tests; external owners and company size. The lack of impact of the demand from banks is remarkable findings.</p><p>As there is a demand for audit, 80 % of the companies, and alternative service, (about 50 %), conclusions have been drawn that audit firms should consider providing these alternative services. Since the choice of conducting an audit will be voluntary the audit interval might differ from today. The alternative services could be used the years that an audit is not conducted. As 60 % of the companies uses more services besides audit, and 40 % have a demand for a package of services the audit firms should consider providing the services in this way. This would create a win-win situation for all parties, since the clients will get the services to a lower price and the audit firms could probably retain more of their clients.</p>

The 1st of July 2010 is the statutory audit going to be abolished in Sweden. After the abolition 96 % of the limited companies do not have to conduct an audit.  This research will therefore study the small companies’ demand for audit and alternative services, and how the services shall be provided to best align with the clients’ demands. This study will be conducted with a positivistic perception of knowledge, since the aim is to explain what factors that affect the companies’ demand. With starting points in previous studies a deductive approach have been chosen. The theoretical framework consists of basic theories regarding audit; agency theory is its connection to audit. Then audit demand has been discussed, internal and external aspects; demand from external owners, banks, attitudes toward audit, company size, cost of audit. Then alternatives to a statutory audit have been discussed; audit interval, alternative services, assurance services, a review, and compilation engagements (a type of services which is based of accounting data) and joint-provision of services (a package of services).   A quantitative study has been conducted via a postal questionnaire, which was sent to 395 companies in Västerbotten County that have: 10-50 employees 3-41.5 MSEK turnover 83 MSEK balance sheet total The results from the analysis show inconsistent results with previous studies, a few factors show significant evidence of affecting the demand for audit in the full model tests, attitude towards audit and the prize. A few more factors show evidence in the individual tests; external owners and company size. The lack of impact of the demand from banks is remarkable findings. As there is a demand for audit, 80 % of the companies, and alternative service, (about 50 %), conclusions have been drawn that audit firms should consider providing these alternative services. Since the choice of conducting an audit will be voluntary the audit interval might differ from today. The alternative services could be used the years that an audit is not conducted. As 60 % of the companies uses more services besides audit, and 40 % have a demand for a package of services the audit firms should consider providing the services in this way. This would create a win-win situation for all parties, since the clients will get the services to a lower price and the audit firms could probably retain more of their clients.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the reasons behind the abolish-ment of statutory audit in small limited firms in Sweden and to discuss whether it would be beneficial for these firms to still maintain an audit of their business after the abolishment. Method: As a major part of this research study, qualitative interviews with auditors have been conducted to obtain professional opinion in the subject of inter-est. Previous research are presented to provide a broader perspective of the debate. Frame of Reference: The authors present an extensive background to auditing and accounting. Stakeholder model and agency theory have been applied to aid an under-standing of the relationship between a firm and its stakeholders. Experi-ences from other European Union countries are presented to provide a ba-sis of comparison and discussion. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages of auditing are presented to facilitate a discussion of whether it is beneficial to maintain an audit of small limited firms. Conclusion: After extensive research the authors have identified and determined the most probable reasons behind the abolishment of statutory audit. The au-thors can after a broad research conclude that the central reasons behind the abolishment are the costs of auditing. Populism and politics, as well as harmonisation motives of the European Union, are also prominent reasons for the abolishment of statutory audit in small limited firms in Sweden. Highlighting the benefits of auditing illustrates that accomplishing an assur-ance of quality is one of the most essential motives of an audit review. Au-diting may facilitate granting of loans, longer credit periods and loyalty, a credible image of the firm, as a result of business owners providing trust-worthy information to their stakeholders. It can be concluded that it is beneficial for small limited firms to maintain an audit of their business, de-spite the abolishment of statutory audit. / Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska de bakomliggande orsakerna till revisionspliktens avskaffande i små aktiebolag i Sverige och att diskutera hu-ruvida det är fördelaktigt att behålla revision i bolagen efter slopandet. Metod: För att erhålla en professionell åsikt kring ämnet i fråga, har denna studie till största del bestått av kvalitativa intervjuer med respondenter från revisions-byråer. Tidigare studier är även presenterade för att tillföra debatten ett bre-dare perspektiv. Referensram: Författarna ger en omfattande beskrivning av redovisning och revision. Intressentmodellen och agentteorin har tillämpats i syfte att underlätta för-ståelsen av relationen mellan företag och dess intressenter. Erfarenheter från andra EU-länder är presenterade för att möjliggöra jämförelse och dis-kussion, dessutom beskrivs för- och nackdelar av revision för att underlätta diskussionen om huruvida det är fördelaktigt att behålla revision i små ak-tiebolag. Slutsats: Författarna har efter omfattande forskning fastställt de troligaste orsakerna till slopandet av revisionsplikten i små aktiebolag. Sammanfattningsvis kan författarna hävda att huvudorsakerna till avskaffandet är kostnaden av att upprätthålla revision. Populism, politik och EU:s harmoniserande strävan är ytterligare framträdande anledningar till slopandet av revisionsplikt i små ak-tiebolag i Sverige. Att erhålla en kvalitetsstämpel är den främsta fördelen med revision. Dessutom kan revisionen underlätta beviljande av lån, längre kredittider, bi-dra till ökad pålitlighet och trovärdighet av bolaget. Dessa fördelar resulterar från ägarnas pålitliga information som de förser sina intressenter med. Av-slutningsvis kan man påstå att det är gynnsamt för små aktiebolag att behål-la revision även efter slopandet.

In April 2008 an official report, SOU (2008:32), was presented. In that report it was suggested that the statutory audit for approximately 96 % of the Swedish companies was to be abolished. The report suggests that the new regulations should apply to all limited companies that are below two of three limits that have been suggested: a) a balance-sheet total of 41,5 million SEK; b) a net turnover of 83 million SEK or; c) less than 50 employees. The regulations are suggested to come into force July 1, 2010. According to the Swedish laws that regulate the limited companies, Aktiebolagslagen 10:11, should all limited companies regardless of size have an chartered accountant or otherwise approved. The purpose of the audit is to create a trust towards the figures that the company shows and also to act as an assurance towards third parties (Collis, 2003; Strenger et al, 2008). Commercial banks are one of the parties that use the audited material in connection with granting of credits to small limited companies. The aim of our study has been to describe and analyze the commercial bank's credit granting, and to make a survey of what may happen with the process of credit granting and the credit granting as such in case of an abolishment of the statutory audit. To do this we used a qualitative research. We as researches have aimed to discuss the credit granting process and a possible abolishment with the credit granters that are involved in the process. The study has shown that commercial banks always use audited material in the credit granting process. The commercial banks have a positive attitude towards the audited material and regard it as a guarantee of quality. The study has shown that the commercial banks will not change how the credit granting process is carried through in comparison of today. But the possibility of effects upon credit prizing and upon choices of securities are not ruled out by the commercial banks.