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Stereodivergent and enantiodivergent pathways for the Friedel–Crafts reactions were computationally studied with DFT methods. This study aims to explain recently observed solvent-dependent regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity when cinchona catalyst is used. Deprotonation reaction, Frontier Kohn-Sham orbitals, dual descriptors, Mulliken charges, and Hirshfeld atomic charge for reactant were calculated and analyzed. The most probable position of electrophilic attack and nucleophilic attack in-silico predicted aligns with experimental observations. The calculation of the transition states on the anionic and neutral model in a vacuum show preference for the electrophilic attack in the para position. In comparison to the anionic system, the presence of potassium cation improves ortho/para selectivity and increases the energy barrier. For the key enantioselective step, 12 transition states were calculated which covers 4 representative product such: (R)-ortho, (S)-ortho, (R)-para, and (S)-para. The computational study suggests, that the presence of the cesium cation is essential for the arrangement of the reactant and catalyst in the transition state, which leads to observed selectivity.

La chimie des composés iodés hypervalents, ou organoiodanes, suscite un engouement croissant de la part de la communauté scientifique depuis maintenant près de 30 ans. Les efforts de recherche sont de nos jours orientés de manière prépondérante vers des applications en synthèse asymétrique, principalement au travers de l’utilisation d’architectures organoiodées chirales. À ce jour, seules les chiralités centrales et axiales sont exploitées dans l’élaboration de tels objets. L’emploi d’iodanes achiraux (i.e. en synthèse asymétrique) en présence d’additifs chiraux a par ailleurs été largement négligé par la communauté. La chiralité hélicoïdale est incarnée en chimie organique par les hélicènes. Ces composés polyaromatiques sont des objets fascinants de par leurs propriétés structurelles, électroniques et chiroptiques hors du commun. Ils sont le centre d’une attention considérable dans de nombreux domaines de recherches allant de la catalyse asymétrique à l’élaboration de diodes électroluminescentes organiques. Jamais la chiralité hélicoïdale n’a été exploitée en chimie de l’iode hypervalent. Ces travaux de thèse traitent en premier lieu de l’élaboration d’une méthodologie asymétrique de désaromatisation oxygénante de phénols faisant usage d’un iodane-3 achiral en présence d’un agent de transfert de phase issu des alcaloïdes du Quinquina. Dans une seconde partie de ces travaux est abordée la synthèse asymétrique d’un nouvel iodoarène hélicénique et ses premières applications dans des réactions de désaromatisation oxygénante de phénols. Cet ouvrage traite également dans un troisième chapitre d’une synthèse totale, collective et stéréodivergente de 12 alcaloïdes de Securinega. Il s’agit d’une classe métabolites secondaires retrouvés dans de multiples plantes des genres Securinega (Flueggea), Phyllanthus, Margaritaria et Breynia de la famille Phyllanthaceae. Depuis près d’un demi-siècle, la biogénèse de ces molécules naturelles demeure partiellement incomprise. La synthèse développée dans ce travail a pour vocation d’améliorer la compréhension du mécanisme biosynthétique à l’origine de ces substances. Il a ainsi été établi qu’une étape clé de condensation aldolique pourrait permettre d’expliquer la stéréodivergence observée dans la nature. / Hypervalent iodine chemistry has been arousing the interest of the scientific community for the last 30 years. Research efforts are now mainly directed towards applications in asymmetric synthesis, notably through the use of chiral organoiodine scaffolds. To this end, solely central and axial chiralities have been exploited to construct such objects. The use of achiral iodanes (i.e. hypervalent organoiodine compounds) in asymmetric synthesis has been largely neglected by the community. Helical chirality in organic synthesis is mainly found in polyaromatic compounds known as helicenes. These molecules exhibit fascinating structural, electronic and chiroptical properties. They are the center of considerable attention across many fields of research, spanning from asymmetric catalysis to organic light-emitting diodes. Helical chirality has never been exploited in the field of hypervalent iodine chemistry. In the first part of this doctoral work, a methodology for the asymmetric oxygenative dearomatization of phenols by an achiral 3-iodane in the presence of a Cinchona-alkaloid-based phase transfer agent was developed. The second part of this manuscript details the synthesis of a new helicenic organoiodine compound and its application to oxygenative phenol dearomatization reactions. In the last chapter of this doctoral dissertation is described the total, collective and stereodivergent synthesis of 12 Securinega alkaloids. These natural products are commonly found in plants belonging to the genera Securinega (Flueggea), Phyllanthus, Margaritaria and Breynia of the Phyllanthaceae family. Even after little less than half a century of research, the real biogenetic pathway used by nature to construct these molecules is still only partly understood. The chemical synthesis developed in this doctoral work provides a better understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism. It was established in the course of this work that a key aldol condensation step could shed light upon the stereodivergence observed in nature.

This thesis deals with the development and application of methods for asymmetric olefinations, in particular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reactions, in the synthesis of certain natural products. Relying on asymmetric HWE reactions to access key building blocks, two natu-ral products, pyranicin and pyragonicin, were synthesized from common late intermediates. The utility of the HWE reactions is highlighted through a desymmetrization of a meso-dialdehyde as well as a stereoconvergent reaction sequence employing the sequential use of a HWE parallel kinetic resolution fol-lowed by a Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution to convergently transform a race-mate to a single stereoisomer of the product. Methodological extensions of these syntheses include a divergent synthesis of 2,3,6-substituted tetrahydropyran derivatives and application of Zn-mediated asymmetric alkynylations to install key stereocenters. Synthetic studies directed towards a more complex target, mucocin, employing a triply convergent strategy, have also been performed. Expedient and reliable routes to three key fragments were developed, as well as methodology to access to all nine stereocenters. The fragment coupling to assemble the oligonuclear core still remains a challenge, however. Key features of the synthesis include the formation of two fragments from a common precursor derived from an asymmetric HWE desymmetrization, Zn-mediatedated asymmetric alkynylations, a stereoselective oxa-Michael cyclization dependent on a simultaneous protective group migration and a one-pot procedure for the synthesis of a TBS protected iodohydrin from a terminal epoxide. An investigation of the possibilities for developing a transition metal catalyzed asymmetric olefination using a chiral Re-complex is outlined. An enantioen-riched BINAP-Re complex was synthesized and characterized by X-ray. An efficient protocol for the olefination of functionalized aldehydes employing this catalyst was developed, but gave racemic products in two attempted kinetic resolutions of racemic substrates, most likely due to a reaction pathway proceeding via a non-metal associated phosphonium ylide. / QC 20100921