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This thesis describes synthetic applications of α-keto carbocations, which represent potentially useful, but poorly studied, reversed polarity equivalents of enolates. In the first chapter, a Ag(I) – mediated method for the nucleophilic displacement of α-halocarbonyl compounds to construct carbon-carbon bonds is described. The highly electrophilic nature of the putative α-keto carbocation intermediates enables the use of relatively unreactive nucleophiles in both intra- and intermolecular contexts. Such intermediates also present interesting opportunities for stereocontrol: our efforts to carry out diastereoselective additions to chiral α-keto carbocations are described. Oxazoles are an important class of heterocycles, and several syntheses are addressed in Chapter 2. Our approach to this class of compounds employs a TMSOTf mediated Ritter reaction to construct the carbon-nitrogen bond. Cycloaddition of 2-alkoxyoxazoles with alkynes presents a facile route for furan synthesis. The final chapter describes our attempts to apply anion-π interaction in organocatalysis. These interactions between anions and electron-deficient arenes have been characterized in some detail and have recently been applied in ion transport. Applications of prolinol-based secondary amines incorporating electron-deficient aromatic groups are described.

Enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) reactions between organometallic reagents and cyclohexadienone 165 are being investigated. Previous studies have shown that ECAs, of organometallic reagents to á,â-unsaturated cyclohexadienones, are useful in many natural product syntheses. The substrates used in earlier studies were simple 2,5-cyclohexadienones, with a proton at the C-3 position, resulting in the synthesis of a trisubstituted C-3 atom. ECAs that afford all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers are a much more challenging problem and few examples have been reported. Some natural products contain a ã-hydroxy group, however, no ECA substrates have incorporated this motif. ECAs have been accomplished with substrates having a g-ether substituent. The cyclohexadienone 165 system presents three challenging problems to overcome for an ECA reaction: the tertiary methyl substituents at the 3 and 5 positions, facial selectivity and enantioselectivity. An ECA to 165 using an organoaluminum reagent and an external chiral ligand 26 was successful in producing a product that showed the reaction was moderately stereoselective. A diastereoselective conjugate addition reaction (DCA) to 165 using a chiral auxiliary 68 was also successful in producing a product that showed the reaction was moderately enantioenriched. Lastly, a variable temperature NMR study was performed to establish the presence of dynamic motions of the C=N bond present in sulfinyl imines 229 and 230. As a result, the sulfinyl imines 229 and 230 were found to be interconverting at -78°C.

This thesis describes synthetic applications of α-keto carbocations, which represent potentially useful, but poorly studied, reversed polarity equivalents of enolates. In the first chapter, a Ag(I) – mediated method for the nucleophilic displacement of α-halocarbonyl compounds to construct carbon-carbon bonds is described. The highly electrophilic nature of the putative α-keto carbocation intermediates enables the use of relatively unreactive nucleophiles in both intra- and intermolecular contexts. Such intermediates also present interesting opportunities for stereocontrol: our efforts to carry out diastereoselective additions to chiral α-keto carbocations are described. Oxazoles are an important class of heterocycles, and several syntheses are addressed in Chapter 2. Our approach to this class of compounds employs a TMSOTf mediated Ritter reaction to construct the carbon-nitrogen bond. Cycloaddition of 2-alkoxyoxazoles with alkynes presents a facile route for furan synthesis. The final chapter describes our attempts to apply anion-π interaction in organocatalysis. These interactions between anions and electron-deficient arenes have been characterized in some detail and have recently been applied in ion transport. Applications of prolinol-based secondary amines incorporating electron-deficient aromatic groups are described.

Enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) reactions between organometallic reagents and cyclohexadienone 165 are being investigated. Previous studies have shown that ECAs, of organometallic reagents to á,â-unsaturated cyclohexadienones, are useful in many natural product syntheses. The substrates used in earlier studies were simple 2,5-cyclohexadienones, with a proton at the C-3 position, resulting in the synthesis of a trisubstituted C-3 atom. ECAs that afford all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers are a much more challenging problem and few examples have been reported. Some natural products contain a ã-hydroxy group, however, no ECA substrates have incorporated this motif. ECAs have been accomplished with substrates having a g-ether substituent. The cyclohexadienone 165 system presents three challenging problems to overcome for an ECA reaction: the tertiary methyl substituents at the 3 and 5 positions, facial selectivity and enantioselectivity. An ECA to 165 using an organoaluminum reagent and an external chiral ligand 26 was successful in producing a product that showed the reaction was moderately stereoselective. A diastereoselective conjugate addition reaction (DCA) to 165 using a chiral auxiliary 68 was also successful in producing a product that showed the reaction was moderately enantioenriched. Lastly, a variable temperature NMR study was performed to establish the presence of dynamic motions of the C=N bond present in sulfinyl imines 229 and 230. As a result, the sulfinyl imines 229 and 230 were found to be interconverting at -78°C.

Le premier volet de cette thèse porte sur la synthèse de thionoesters linéaires dans le but, à terme, d'obtenir des spiro-orthoesters dérivés de sucres. Comme les esters modèles synthétisés n'ont pu être transformés en thionoesters via les réactions classiques, une nouvelle voie à partir du thiosphogène a été envisagée. Cependant, une des étapes s'est montrée impossible à réaliser, ce qui a conduit à l'abandon de ce projet.La seconde partie de ce manuscrit concerne la synthèse de précurseurs du C-KRN 7000. Le but était de synthétiser un époxyaldéhyde hautement fonctionnalisé. Une première synthèse effectuée à partir du D-ribose a permis d'obtenir séparément l'aldéhyde et l'époxyde, mais les deux fonctions n'ont pu être réunies sur une même molécule. Toutefois, une méthode originale d'inversion de configuration, ainsi qu'une étape de dihydroxylation asymétrique sélective ont pu être mises aupoint, permettant d'accéder à des synthons chiraux hautement fonctionnalisés. Une seconde voie d'accès à partir du D-galactose a été débutée, mais n'a pu être menée à terme faute de temps.Parallèlement à cela, un autre précurseur acétylénique a pu être obtenu, lui aussi à partir du D-ribose. / The first part of this work focuses on the synthesis of linear thionoesters in order to obtain sugar derived spiro-orthoesters. Failure to transform the synthetised model esters into thionoesters via classical reactions lead to the development of a new method starting from thiophosgene. This project was not completed due to one step in the reaction sequence that proved to be unachievable.The second part of this manuscript deals with the synthesis of C-KRN 7000 precursors. The purpose was to synthesize a highly functionalized epoxyaldehyde. A first synthesis starting from D-ribose led to the aldehyde and epoxyde separately, but both functions couldn't be united in the same molecule. However, an original method for inversion of configuration, and a selective asymmetric dihydroxylation step were developed, providing access to highly functionalised chiral synthons. A second path from D-galactose was initiated, but wasn't completed due to time constraints. Another alkyne precursor was synthesized, also from D-ribose.

Le thème principal de la thèse est l'utilisation de l’organocatalyse en vue de synthétiser des dérivés de cyclobutanones. Ces dérivés de cyclobutanones sont utiles car ils constituent des briques moléculaires pour la construction d’édifices structurels plus complexes. Cependant et d’une façon surprenante, l'utilisation d’organocatalyseurs simples pour fonctionnaliser les cyclobutanones est rare, surtout lorsque le substrat porte des substituants. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons la synthèse de cyclobutanones substituées issues de fonctionnalisations et de transformations énantiosélectives catalysées par des aminoacides ou de la thiourée.- La première transformation consiste en une réaction d’aldolisation énantiosélective de la 2-hydroxycyclobutanone avec une sélection d'aldéhydes aromatiques. Par catalyse avec la L-thréonine, des aldols sont obtenus efficacement avec un stéréocontrôle raisonnable.- Ensuite, sont synthétisées des cyclobutanones 2,3-disubstituées soit par aldolisation de cyclobutanones 3-substituées par des aldéhydes aromatiques et catalysées par la N-phénylsulfonyl (S)-proline ou soit par nitro-Michael asymétrique avect différents nitrostyrènes, réactions catalysées par les dérivés de la thiourée. Dans le premier cas, les produits relatifs aldoliques ont été obtenus avec un contrôle des trois stéréocentres contigus ; par contre, dans le second cas, les γ-nitro cyclobutanones ont été obtenues avec une énantiosélectivité modeste. - Le dernier cas concerne la conversion de cyclobutanones 3-substituées en 5-hydroxy- γ-lactame substitué en position 4 par l’utilisation de nitrosobenzène électrophile et de L-proline.. Cette réaction implique une séquence domino et d’extension de cycle d’ O-nitroso-aldol-cyclisation. On accède à un système cyclique à cinq chaînons avec un bon rendement et formation de deux nouveaux centres stéréogéniques avec complète stéréochimie.Ainsi, le premier chapitre traite de l’organocatalyse et des applications les plus courantes des organocatalyseurs. La grande majorité des réactions organocatalytiques utilisent des amines chirales pour réaliser de l’aminocatalyse asymétrique ou également des acides et bases de Brønsted, des acides de Lewis via liaison hydrogène interposée, transfert de phase ou même carbène N-hétérocyclique.Le deuxième chapitre traite de la réactivité des cyclobutanones : l’électrophilie élevée et la tension de cycle font de la cyclobutanone et de ses dérivés un bon substrat pour les réactions de transformation de cycle telles que ouverture, contraction ou extension de cycle.Dans le troisième chapitre, la synthèse de cyclobutanones 2,2-disubstituées via aldolisation directe de la 2-hydroxycyclobutanone avec plusieurs aldéhydes ont été organocatalysées par des amines primaires. Les résultats montrent que la 2-hydroxycyclobutanone utilisée sans solvant et avec la L-thréonine fournit des aldols avec un stéréocontrôle raisonnable. / The main topic of thesis is the use of organocatalysis to synthesize cyclobutanones derivatives. Cyclobutanone derivatives are useful molecular building blocks for the construction of complex molecular structures. Surprisingly, however, the use of organocatalysts to functionalize cyclobutanones is rare, especially when the substrate bears substituents. In this thesis, we present the enantioselective transformations and functionalizations of substituted cyclobutanones which employ readily-available amino acids (or derivatives) and thiourea derivatives as organocatalysts. - The first transformation involves the enantioselective aldol reaction between 2-hydroxy-cyclobutanone with a selection of aromatic aldehyde. The results show that the 2-hydroxycyclobutanone is particularly amenable to solvent-free L-threonine-catalyzed direct aldol reactions with reasonable stereocontrol. - After, we synthesized 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutanones through direct aldol reactions involving 3-substituted cyclobutanones and aryl aldehydes catalyzed by N-phenylsulfonyl (S)-proline and via asymmetric nitro-Michael reaction of 3-substituted cyclobutanones and several nitrostyrenes catalyzed by thiourea derivatives. In the first case the relative aldol products were obtained with an unprecedented control of all three contiguous stereocenters in the latter the relatives γ-nitro cyclobutanones were obtained in good yield but in modest enantioselectivity. - The last case concerns the conversion of 3-substituted cyclobutanones into 4-substituted-5-hydroxy-γ-lactam using as electrophile nitrosobenzene and L-proline as catalysts. This reaction involves a ring-expanding O-nitroso-aldol–cyclization domino sequence. The synthetic protocol provides access to the five-membered ring system in good yield, and the formation of two new stereogenic centers is achieved with complete stereochemical control. Thus, the main topic of the first chapter is the organocatalysis, applications of the most common organocatalysts are discussed. The vast majority of organocatalytic reactions use chiral amine as catalysis (asymmetric aminocatalysis). Different types of organocatalysis involve the use of Br¿nsted acids and bases, Lewis acids, hydrogen bond-mediated catalysis, phase transfer and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis. The second chapter deals with the reactivity of cyclobutanones. High electrophilicity and ring strain make the cyclobutanone and its derivatives a good substrate for ring transformation reactions. Characteristic reactions of functionalized cyclobutanones involve the ring opening, ring contraction and ring expansion reactions. In the third chapter, the synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted cyclobutanones via direct aldol reaction of 2-hydroxycyclobutanone with several aldehydes catalyzed by primary amines is presented. The results show that the 2-hydroxycyclobutanone is particularly amenable to solvent-free L-threonine-catalyzed direct aldol reactions with reasonable stereocontrol. In the fourth chapter we describe the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutanones through direct aldol reactions of 3-substituted cyclobutanones and aryl aldehydes, catalyzed by N-phenylsulfonyl (S)-proline and through asymmetric nitro-Michael reaction of 3-substituted cyclobutanones and several nitrostyrenes, catalyzed by derivatives of thiourea. In this last chapter an organocatalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization reaction of 3-substituted cyclobutanones is presented using nitrosobenzene as an electrophile and proline derivatives as catalysts. This reaction give an original 5-hydroxy-γ-lactam in good yield and with the generation of two new stereogenic centers.

The main topic of thesis is the use of organocatalysis to synthesize cyclobutanones derivatives. Cyclobutanone derivatives are useful molecular building blocks for the construction of complex molecular structures. Surprisingly, however, the use of organocatalysts to functionalize cyclobutanones is rare, especially when the substrate bears substituents. In this thesis, we present the enantioselective transformations and functionalizations of substituted cyclobutanones which employ readily-available amino acids (or derivatives) and thiourea derivatives as organocatalysts. - The first transformation involves the enantioselective aldol reaction between 2-hydroxy-cyclobutanone with a selection of aromatic aldehyde. The results show that the 2-hydroxycyclobutanone is particularly amenable to solvent-free L-threonine-catalyzed direct aldol reactions with reasonable stereocontrol. - After, we synthesized 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutanones through direct aldol reactions involving 3-substituted cyclobutanones and aryl aldehydes catalyzed by N-phenylsulfonyl (S)-proline and via asymmetric nitro-Michael reaction of 3-substituted cyclobutanones and several nitrostyrenes catalyzed by thiourea derivatives. In the first case the relative aldol products were obtained with an unprecedented control of all three contiguous stereocenters in the latter the relatives γ-nitro cyclobutanones were obtained in good yield but in modest enantioselectivity. - The last case concerns the conversion of 3-substituted cyclobutanones into 4-substituted-5-hydroxy-γ-lactam using as electrophile nitrosobenzene and L-proline as catalysts. This reaction involves a ring-expanding O-nitroso-aldol-cyclization domino sequence. The synthetic protocol provides access to the five-membered ring system in good yield, and the formation of two new stereogenic centers is achieved with complete stereochemical control. Thus, the main topic of the first chapter is the organocatalysis, applications of the most common organocatalysts are discussed. The vast majority of organocatalytic reactions use chiral amine as catalysis (asymmetric aminocatalysis). Different types of organocatalysis involve the use of Br¿nsted acids and bases, Lewis acids, hydrogen bond-mediated catalysis, phase transfer and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis. The second chapter deals with the reactivity of cyclobutanones. High electrophilicity and ring strain make the cyclobutanone and its derivatives a good substrate for ring transformation reactions. Characteristic reactions of functionalized cyclobutanones involve the ring opening, ring contraction and ring expansion reactions. In the third chapter, the synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted cyclobutanones via direct aldol reaction of 2-hydroxycyclobutanone with several aldehydes catalyzed by primary amines is presented. The results show that the 2-hydroxycyclobutanone is particularly amenable to solvent-free L-threonine-catalyzed direct aldol reactions with reasonable stereocontrol. In the fourth chapter we describe the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted cyclobutanones through direct aldol reactions of 3-substituted cyclobutanones and aryl aldehydes, catalyzed by N-phenylsulfonyl (S)-proline and through asymmetric nitro-Michael reaction of 3-substituted cyclobutanones and several nitrostyrenes, catalyzed by derivatives of thiourea. In this last chapter an organocatalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization reaction of 3-substituted cyclobutanones is presented using nitrosobenzene as an electrophile and proline derivatives as catalysts. This reaction give an original 5-hydroxy-γ-lactam in good yield and with the generation of two new stereogenic centers.

Esta tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de las reacciones de carbonilación de norborneno catalizada por metales. Este sustrato puede ser funcionalizado a través de este proceso, empleando sistemas catalíticos y condiciones de reacción adecuadas, en productos intermedios con aplicación en la industria de perfumes y química fina. En este trabajo se han llevado a cabo estudios en la reacción de metoxicarbonilación de norborneno catalizada por paladio empleando ligandos monofosfina y difosfina logrando un importante control de la selectividad hacia la formación del producto deseado. Algunos aspectos mecanísticos de esta reacción han sido desarrollados empleando métodos de resonancia magnética nuclear que incluyen experimentos de alta presión. Finalmente, se ha estudiado la reacción de hidroformilación asimétrica de norborneno catalizada por complejos de rodio usando ligandos difosfito derivados de carbohidrato. Estos sistemas catalíticos han mostrado alta actividad y selectividad con excesos enantioméricos moderados. / This thesis focuses on the study of the metal-catalyzed carbonylation of norbornene. The transformation of this substrate in esters and aldehydes offers potential applications for the production of valuable compounds in fine chemistry and perfumery industry. In this work we have performed studies on the palladium-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of norbornene bearing monodentate and bidentate phosphine ligands achieving an important control of the selectivity towards the formation of the desired product. Mechanistic aspects of this reaction have been developed using nuclear magnetic resonance methods, including High-Pressure techniques. Finally, we have studied the asymmetric rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of norbornene using chiral 1,3-diphosphites ligands derived from carbohydrates. These catalytic systems have shown high activities with excellent stereoselectivities and moderate enantioselectivities.