Bakgrunn: Intrauterin fosterdød er en hendelse som har ringvirkninger langt utover den rammede kvinnen og hennes familie. Det handler i sin ytterste mening om kvinner og barns helse og likhet i helse for alle. Utviklingen mot et flerkulturelt samfunn innebærer andre utfordringer enn tidligere i forhold til kultur, kommunikasjon, kvinne-og familieperspektiv, livsstil og medisinske problemstillinger. Formål: Denne studiens formål har vært å kartlegge forekomsten av intrauterin fosterdød (IUFD) hos innvandrerkvinner sammenlignet med svenske kvinner, og å undersøke faktorer som kan være assosiert med IUFD. Materiale og metode: Registerdata på 904 646 fødte og deres mødre i perioden 1992-2001 ble undersøkt med bivariate analyser. Det ble også gjort en systematisk litteraturgjennomgang av relevant nasjonal og internasjonal forskning på feltet. Resultat: Analysen viser en økt risiko for IUFD hos innvandrerkvinnene sammenlignet med svenske kvinner. IUFD forekommer oftere hos de ikke-europeiske innvandrerkvinnene;OR:1,45(95% CI 1,28-1,63). Litteraturgjennomgangen viser at ikke-europeiske innvandrerkvinner har 2-3 ganger så høy risiko for IUFD sammenlignet med totalpopulasjonen, men også at lav sosio-økonomisk status (SøS), alder, inngifte, røyking, reduksjon av medisinske risikofaktorer og kvaliteten på den antenatale omsorgen påvirker den perinatale dødeligheten. Konklusjon: En forbedret folkehelse i Norden de siste tiårene har bidratt til en reduksjon av den perinatale dødeligheten. Men ikke alle befolkningsgrupper har fått tatt del av denne utviklingen. De ikke-europeiske innvandrerkvinnene har signifikant høyere odds for IUFD. De har ofte lav SøS, hvilket i seg selv er assosiert med IUFD. Kunnskap om ulikheter i helse og sykdom blant ulike kategorier mennesker i samfunnet vårt er viktig og kan bidra til en mer tilpasset omsorg og en bedre medisinsk behandling. Det er behov for videre forskning fra flere fagområder for å kunne kartlegge livsstil, levekår og effekten av språkbarrierene og for å få en oppfatning om hvordan ulikheter i helse kan utjevnes. / Background: Stillbirths or intrauterine fetal death have wide effects on families. This is  about women’s and children’s health as well as equity in health for all. As Sweden becomes more multicultural, new challenges in equity on women’s and children’s health develope related to culture, communication, women –and family matters, lifestyle and medical issues. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the occurence of stillbirths in immigrant women compared to Swedish women and investigate factors related to stillbirths. Method: Data from 904 646 newborns and their mothers during the period 1992-2001 was analysed using bivariat analyses. A literature study was undertaken with a systematic appraisal of relevant national and international research in the field. Results: The analyses showed that stillbirth was more common in non-European immigrant women. OR: 1,45 (95% CI 1,28-1,63). Non-European immigrant women in Sweden had higher odds of stillbirths compared to the background population. The litterature showed that non-European immigrant women have 2-3 times the risk of stillbirths, and the risk of stillbirths is also increased in women of lower socioeconomic status (SES). Other risk factors indicated to be important are age, consanguinity, smoking and the quality of perinatal care. Conclusions: Non-European immigrant women in Sweden have higher odds of stillbirths compared to the background population. These women also have an increased risk of low SES, which is itself a riskfactor of stillbirth. Appropriate knowledge of difference in health needs in different groups in the community is important for filling the health care needs and improving the medical treatments. Further research is needed from different sectors to assess the importance of lifestyle, language limitations and how these women are treated by the health care system. / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-30-6</p>

Thesis (D. Min.)--Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Lombard, Ill., 1999. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Bethel Theological Seminary, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-280).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Lombard, Ill., 1999. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Lombard, Ill., 1999. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72).

Magister Curationis - MCur / Perinatal deaths are emotion-laden events not only for the mothers, but also for physicians and midwives. Hence, mothers experiencing the phenomenon need support to overcome the experience. If the loss occurs in a health institution, the responsibility of supporting the woman is borne by healthcare providers, particularly midwives. However, limited information exists on how midwives manage patients who experience perinatal loss in health institutions. Consequently, this study on midwives' experiences of managing patients' perinatal loss at a maternity hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa was conducted. The aim of the study was to explore midwives' management of patients with perinatal loss. The study utilised a qualitative research design and employs a phenomenological approach. Purposive sampling was used to select eight registered midwives to participate in the study. Data was collected by means of in-depth unstructured interviews, which were audio-recorded. It was then analysed by utilising Colaizzi's (1978) steps of phenomenological data analysis. Four themes emerged from the data, namely, knowledge of perinatal loss, challenges when managing patients, managing perinatal loss, and getting emotionally involved. Themes were informed by several subthemes. In addition, implication on practice indicates that improving support to mothers with pregnancy loss requires a multi-disciplinary approach or teamwork from various professionals in order to enhance mutual collaboration between families and healthcare workers. The study concludes that nursing education programmes should be reviewed to ensure that they include midwives' needs in the area of managing clients experiencing a perinatal loss. Hence, student midwives should be given more clinical experience of caring for bereaved couples under supervision, as well as compassionate support, which would assist them to develop these skills before they graduate.

Advanced maternal age (AMA) is defined as childbearing in mothers ≥35 years of age and is becoming increasingly prevalent in high income countries. AMA has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly stillbirth. Although AMA mothers have higher rates of chromosomal abnormalities and maternal co-morbidities, AMA remains an independent risk factor for stillbirth. Despite these findings, the etiology behind this increased risk is unknown. We hypothesise that an altered maternal environment, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation, due to ageing causes placental dysfunction which increases AMA mothers’ vulnerability to stillbirth. A holistic approach was applied to investigate placental dysfunction in AMA. Firstly, a systematic review and meta-analysis comprehensively reviewed existing data on AMA and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes. Secondly, Manchester Advanced Maternal Age Study (MAMAS), a multi-centre prospective observational cohort study, was conducted to investigate risk factors for composite adverse pregnancy outcome (CAPO) in AMA. MAMAS utilised both uni- and multivariate analysis on demographic and clinical data, and measuring biomarkers of ageing and placental dysfunction by ELISA in maternal circulation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Utero-placental dysfunction was directly investigated in uncomplicated AMA pregnancies by quantifying placental morphology, placental nutrient transport capabilities and both placental and maternal uterine vascular responses. Finally, a C57BL/6J murine model of AMA was developed and characterised to further investigate maternal age on pregnancy outcome and the role of the placenta. In the meta-analysis, maternal age was linearly associated with increased risk of stillbirth and other adverse outcomes strongly associated with placental dysfunction (fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and placental abruption). In MAMAS, smoking status and primiparity were predictive of CAPO. After adjustment, AMA mothers had an odd ratio of 2.05-3.43 of CAPO compared to 20-30 year old mothers. AMA mothers showed evidence of increased oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory bias. AMA mothers who suffered CAPO showed reduced placental endocrine capacity seen in placental dysfunction. Placentas from uneventful AMA pregnancies showed evidence of accelerated ageing and placental adaptation with increased nutrient transport, increased placental weight but reduced efficiency, and altered vascular function. AMA mice showed many similar aspects to human AMA with increased fetal loss, fetal growth restriction and increased placental size. These studies provide robust evidence for increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome due to placental dysfunction in pregnancies of women of AMA. This finding requires the appropriate recognition in a clinical context, with a greater focus on personalised obstetric care in an attempt to reduce stillbirth rates in this high risk population. By optimising antenatal and obstetric care for AMA mothers, we could reduce stillbirth rates by 4.7% - the population attributable risk due to AMA. These studies highlight key areas of future research that will further understanding into stillbirth risk in AMA pregnancy, test predictive models and test therapies and clinical care interventions an ultimately improve pregnancy outcome in mothers of AMA.

The purpose of the study was to explore and describe nursing learners’ experiences with regard to caring for mothers after stillbirth deliveries at selected public hospitals in Gauteng province. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study. The population consisted of all the second, third and fourth year learners registered for the Diploma in General Nursing (General, Community, Psychiatry) and Midwifery who had been allocated to the obstetric section of five selected public hospitals in the province. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from nursing learners who had taken care of mothers after stillbirth deliveries. Five focus group interviews and reflective journals were used to collect data. Data was analysed according to Tesch’s method by the researcher and an independent co-coder. The following categories emerged from the findings: experiences of learners when caring for mothers after a stillbirth delivery; interaction with the mother of the stillborn infant; and changing emotions within the same environment. It was recommended that further research be conducted in other public hospitals to determine the needs of learners when caring for mothers after stillbirth deliveries. Extensive research to be conducted regarding emotional and academic support required by learners in order to empower them to care for mothers after stillbirth deliveries. The nursing curriculum to make provision for outcomes on bereavement and grief for nursing staff and learners. / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Nursing Science / unrestricted

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