PRENATAL AND PERINATAL LOSS ENTANGLED IN CZECH INSTITUTIONS Marie Hintnausová ABSTRACT An ethnographic research among women who experienced a loss of child during pregnancy or postpartum aims to expose contexts and backgrounds in which prenatal and perinatal loss emerges in the Czech Republic. This life event is delineated not only by unique biographies of affected mothers, but also by the societal understanding of prenatal life and institutional definitions of human reproduction. This thesis highlights various notions and meanings entangled in the event of prenatal and perinatal death and shows which trajectories women follow in the terrain of societal expectations and governmental and biomedical institutions when they lose a promised assurance of raising a new child.

Hintergrund: Ein Schwangerschaftsverlust beziehungsweise das Versterben des Säuglings kurz nach der Geburt stellt eine massive psychische Belastung für die betroffenen Eltern dar (Berth et al., 2009; Ellis et al., 2016). Durch die Trauer ausgelöste Folgeerkrankungen, wie beispielsweise Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen, Angst- und Panikstörungen, somatoforme Störungen oder Depressionen, entwickeln sich bei 20 - 30 % der Eltern (Klapp, 2017). Die Verhaltensweisen und Handlungen der Klinikmitarbeitenden haben einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Eltern (Ellis et al., 2016). Die Verfügbarkeit einer empathischen geburtshilflichen Betreuung ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil für die psychische Gesundheit der Eltern sowie ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Prävention von Folgeerkrankungen (Mills et al., 2014). Die Hälfte aller betroffenen Familien wünscht sich unterstützende Strukturen und Systeme (Ellis et al., 2016). Bei einer Befragung der Betroffenen bezüglich der Qualität der Versorgung nach einem perinatalen Kindstod wurde belegt, dass über die Hälfte der Betroffenen mit der postpartalen Begleitung in der Klinik unzufrieden war (Meier Magistretti et al., 2019). 30 % der Eltern wünschen sich hilfreiche und umfangreiche Informationen für die Zeit nach dem Klinikaufenthalt, wie beispielsweise Kontaktdaten von Selbsthilfegruppen, 13 % wünschen sich, dass ihre Bedenken besprochen werden und 20 %, dass das öffentliche Bewusstsein für den perinatalen Kindstod gestärkt wird (Ellis et al., 2016). Ausgehend von der großen Bedeutung der Trauerverarbeitung nach einem perinatalen Verlust, bildet das Aufgabenmodell von Lammer (2014) die theoretische Grundlage dieser Studie. Das Modell beinhaltet Aspekte der klassischen Phasenmodelle, integriert die Aspekte des Aufgabenmodells von Worden und wird auf die Trauer nach dem perinatalen Kindstod übertragen (Lammer, 2014). Fragestellungen/Hypothesen: Die erste Forschungsfrage untersucht, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Klinikgröße und dem Angebot an Maßnahmen zur Trauerbewältigung für Eltern von Sternenkindern gibt. Die zweite Forschungsfrage untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen einem umfangreichen Unterstützungsangebot für das Klinikpersonal im Umgang mit verwaisten Eltern und der Häufung an Informationsangeboten für trauernde Eltern. Bei beiden Fragen wird jeweils ein positiver Zusammenhang vermutet. Material und Methode: In dieser Arbeit wird mittels einer empirischen Studie die psychosoziale Betreuung rund um den perinatalen Verlust in Geburtskliniken untersucht. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die aktuellen Vorgehensweisen der psychosozialen Betreuung in deutschen Kliniken zu erheben, um daraus Handlungsempfehlungen für Kliniken beziehungsweise Fachkräfte zum empathischen Umgang mit Betroffenen abzuleiten. Angewendet auf die Trauerbegleitung wurde ein konzeptionelles Modell entworfen, aus dem zwei Forschungsfragen generiert wurden, die mittels einer quantitativen Querschnittsstudie in Form einer Vollerhebung an deutschen Kliniken mit Entbindungsstation untersucht wurden. Das Sample umfasst Chefärzt*innen, geeignete Fachkräfte, Krankenpfleger*innen, Entbindungshelfer*innen, Seelsorger*innen, Psycholog*innen, Sozialarbeiter*innen und Angehörige unspezifischer Professionen. Das Datenerhebungsinstrument ist ein Fragebogen bestehend aus 5 Frageblöcken mit insgesamt 13 Fragen. Erhoben wurden die Daten mit der Software LimeSurvey (LimeSurvey GmbH). Die Auswertung der Daten zur Überprüfung der Hypothesen erfolgte mittels einer Regressionsanalyse. Ergebnisse: 206 (33.2 %) Klinken haben an der Befragung teilgenommen, am häufigsten Ärzt*innen (69.5 %) und Entbindungshelfer*innen (19 %). Die deskriptiven Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kliniken den Eltern unter anderem Verabschiedung (99.5 %), Kontaktaufnahme (95.1 %), Anfertigung von Erinnerungsstücken (98.5 %), Anfertigung von Fotos (99 %) und Kontaktaufnahme mit Sternenkindfotograf*innen (81.8 %) anbieten. Die Zufriedenheit des Klinikpersonals bei der psychosozialen Betreuung sowie dessen Relevanz wird sehr hoch eingeschätzt. Die Analysen bestätigen beide Hypothesen. Die Überprüfung der Hypothese 1: Je größer die Klinik ist, desto größer ist das Angebot an Maßnahmen zur Trauerbewältigung für Eltern von Sternenkindern zeigt, dass die Größe der Klinik einen höchst signifikant positiven Effekt auf die Anzahl der Angebote hat, um die Trauer der Eltern von Sternenkindern zu verarbeiten. Die Überprüfung der Hypothese 2: Je umfangreicher die Unterstützungsangebote für das Klinikpersonal im Umgang mit verwaisten Eltern ausfallen, desto größer ist das Informationsangebot für trauernde Eltern ergibt, dass sich die Anzahl unterschiedlicher Angebote für Krankenhauspersonal positiv und hoch signifikant auf die Anzahl der Informationsangebote für Eltern von Sternenkindern auswirkt. Das lineare Regressionsmodell mit der Erweiterung um die Anzahl der Geburten, die Anzahl der perinatalen Säuglingstodesfälle und die Situationsvariablen in Ost- oder Westdeutschland zeigt, dass die Anzahl der Angebote für das Krankenhauspersonal einen sehr positiven und signifikanten Einfluss auf die Anzahl der den Eltern zur Verfügung stehenden Informationen hat. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine mögliche Handlungsempfehlung, die sich aus dieser Studie ableiten lässt, ist, dem Klinikpersonal spezielle Fortbildungen rund um das Thema des perinatalen Kindstods anzubieten. Die Thematisierung von Ärzt*in-Patient*innen-Beziehung in Balint- oder Supervisionsgruppen können ebenfalls zu einer verbesserten Situation zwischen diesen führen, werden derzeit allerdings nur in 27 % der Kliniken angeboten. Um eine bessere psychosoziale Betreuung der trauernden Eltern zu etablieren, ist sowohl die interne interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit als auch die Kooperation mit externen Beratungsstellen förderlich. Darüber hinaus könnte es für die Eltern nach einem perinatalen Verlust wichtig sein, sich mit Gleichgesinnten auszutauschen, wobei bisher lediglich 40 % der Kliniken den Eltern den Hinweis auf Online-Selbsthilfegruppen geben.:Einleitung 1 1. Hintergrund 3 1.1 Begriffliche Bestimmung des perinatalen Kindstodes 3 1.2 Formale Regelungen zum Begriff des perinatalen Kindstodes 4 1.3 „Anhaltende Trauerstörung“ als Krankheitsbild 5 1.4 Trauer als Verlustreaktion und die daraus resultierenden Aufgaben der Trauerbewältigung 5 1.5 Unterstützung im Trauerprozess durch das Fachpersonal 9 1.5.1 Unterstützungsbedarfe der Betroffenen 9 1.5.2 Aufgaben der Trauerbegleitung 10 1.6 Psychosoziale Versorgungsstrukturen in der Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 16 1.6.1 Gynäkologische und neonatale Versorgungsstrukturen in Deutschland 16 1.6.2 Psychosoziale Betreuung im klinischen Kontext 19 2. Fragestellung und Hypothese 22 3. Material und Methode 27 3.1 Studienpopulation und Sample 27 3.2 Operationalisierung und Fragebogenentwicklung 33 3.3 Datenerhebungsmethode 38 3.4 Datenauswertungsmethoden 39 3.4.1 Quantitative Datenanalyse 39 3.4.2 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse 41 3.5 Ethische und rechtliche Aspekte der Studie 42 4. Ergebnisse 43 4.1 Hypothese 1 43 4.1.1 Deskriptive Statistik zu Hypothese 1 43 4.1.2 Hypothesentest 44 4.2 Hypothese 2 46 4.2.1 Deskriptive Statistik zu Hypothese 2 47 4.2.2 Hypothesentest 49 4.3 Weitere explorative Datenanalysen 51 4.3.1 Angebote für betroffene Eltern 51 4.3.2 Bewertung der Zufriedenheit 52 4.3.3 Bewertung der Themenrelevanz 52 4.3.4 Standardisierte Vorgehensweise 53 4.3.5 Begriffe für Totgeburten und Kindstode in den Kliniken 54 4.3.6 Unerwähnte Angebote 55 4.3.7 Wünsche des Personals bezüglich der Unterstützung 56 4.3.8 Weitere Kommentare zur Begleitung der Eltern 57 5. Schlussfolgerungen 58 5.1 Zusammenfassung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 58 5.2 Ergebniseinordnung in den aktuellen Forschungsstand und Handlungsempfehlungen 60 5.3 Kritische Reflexion der eigenen Untersuchung 64 5.4 Resümee und Zukunftsperspektiven 65 Zusammenfassung (Deutsch) 67 Abstract (English) 70 Quellenverzeichnis 73 Anhang 82 A. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 82 B. Abbildungsverzeichnis 83 C. Tabellenverzeichnis 84 D. Operationalisierung der Variablen 85 E. Fragebogen 88 F. Anschreiben Kliniken 96 G. Reminderanschreiben Kliniken (I) 98 H. Reminderanschreiben Kliniken (II) 100 I. Ethikkommission 102 J. Danksagung 107 K. Erklärung zur Eröffnung des Promotionsverfahrens (Anlage 1) 108 L. Erklärung zur Einhaltung gesetzlicher Vorgaben (Anlage 2) 109 / Background: A pregnancy loss or the death of the infant shortly after birth represents a massive psychological burden for the parents affected (Berth et al., 2009; Ellis et al., 2016). Consequential illnesses triggered by the grief, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and panic disorders, somatoform disorders or depression, develop in 20 - 30 % of parents (Klapp, 2017). The behaviours and actions of clinic staff have a decisive influence on parents (Ellis et al., 2016). The availability of empathic obstetric care is an important component for parents' mental health as well as an important contribution to the prevention of sequelae (Mills et al., 2014). Half of all affected families want support structures and systems (Ellis et al., 2016). In a survey regarding the quality of care after a perinatal infant death, it was documented that over half of those affected were dissatisfied with the postpartum support in the clinic (Meier Magistretti et al., 2019). 30 % of parents would like helpful and comprehensive post-hospital information, such as contact details for support groups, 13 % would like their concerns to be discussed and 20 % would like public awareness of perinatal death to be raised (Ellis et al., 2016). Based on the great importance of grief processing after a perinatal loss, Lammer's (2014) task model forms the theoretical basis of this study. The model includes aspects of the classical phase models, integrates the aspects of Worden's task model and is applied to grief after perinatal infant death (Lammer, 2014). Research questions/hypotheses: The first research question investigates whether there is a correlation between clinic size and the availability of grief management interventions for parents of infants who have died. The second research question examines the correlation between an extensive offer of support for the clinic staff in dealing with orphaned parents and the number of information offers for grieving parents. For each research question, a positive correlation is hypothesised. Material and method: In this study, the psychosocial care around perinatal loss in maternity hospitals is investigated by means of an empirical study. The aim of this study is to survey the current procedures of psychosocial care in German clinics in order to derive recommendations for action for clinics or professionals on how to deal empathetically with those affected. Applied to grief counselling, a conceptual model was designed from which two research questions were generated, which were investigated by means of a quantitative cross-sectional study in the form of a full survey of German hospitals with maternity wards. The sample includes head physicians, appropriate specialists, nurses, maternity assistants, pastoral workers, psychologists, social workers and members of non-specific professions. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire consisting of 5 question blocks with a total of 13 questions. The data was collected with the software LimeSurvey (LimeSurvey GmbH). Regression analysis was used to analyse the data to test the hypotheses. Results: 206 (33.2 %) clinics participated in the survey, most frequently physicians (69.5 %) and maternity nurses (19 %). The descriptive results show that the clinics offer parents, among other things, goodbyes (99.5 %), contact (95.1 %), making mementos (98.5 %), taking photos (99 %), and contacting still born infant photographers (81.8 %). The satisfaction of the clinic staff with the psychosocial support and its relevance are rated very high. The analyses confirm both hypotheses. The test of hypothesis 1 The larger the clinic, the greater the range of grief management measures for parents of still born infants shows that the size of the clinic has a highly significant positive effect on the number of offers to help parents of still born infants cope with their grief. Testing hypothesis 2 The more extensive the support services for hospital staff in dealing with orphaned parents, the greater the information available for bereaved parents shows that the number of different services for hospital staff has a positive and highly significant effect on the number of information services for parents of still born infant. The linear regression model with the extension to include the number of births, the number of perinatal infant deaths and the situation variables in East or West Germany shows that the number of services offered to hospital staff has a very positive and significant influence on the amount of information available to parents. Conclusions: One possible recommendation for action that can be derived from this study is to offer hospital staff special training on the topic of perinatal infant death syndrome. Addressing the doctor-patient relationship in balint or supervision groups can also lead to an improved situation, but is currently only offered in 27% of the clinics. In order to establish better psychosocial care for bereaved parents, both internal interdisciplinary cooperation and cooperation with external counselling centres are beneficial. In addition, it could be important for parents after a perinatal loss to exchange information with like-minded people, although so far only 40 % of the clinics refer parents to online self-help groups.:Einleitung 1 1. Hintergrund 3 1.1 Begriffliche Bestimmung des perinatalen Kindstodes 3 1.2 Formale Regelungen zum Begriff des perinatalen Kindstodes 4 1.3 „Anhaltende Trauerstörung“ als Krankheitsbild 5 1.4 Trauer als Verlustreaktion und die daraus resultierenden Aufgaben der Trauerbewältigung 5 1.5 Unterstützung im Trauerprozess durch das Fachpersonal 9 1.5.1 Unterstützungsbedarfe der Betroffenen 9 1.5.2 Aufgaben der Trauerbegleitung 10 1.6 Psychosoziale Versorgungsstrukturen in der Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 16 1.6.1 Gynäkologische und neonatale Versorgungsstrukturen in Deutschland 16 1.6.2 Psychosoziale Betreuung im klinischen Kontext 19 2. Fragestellung und Hypothese 22 3. Material und Methode 27 3.1 Studienpopulation und Sample 27 3.2 Operationalisierung und Fragebogenentwicklung 33 3.3 Datenerhebungsmethode 38 3.4 Datenauswertungsmethoden 39 3.4.1 Quantitative Datenanalyse 39 3.4.2 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse 41 3.5 Ethische und rechtliche Aspekte der Studie 42 4. Ergebnisse 43 4.1 Hypothese 1 43 4.1.1 Deskriptive Statistik zu Hypothese 1 43 4.1.2 Hypothesentest 44 4.2 Hypothese 2 46 4.2.1 Deskriptive Statistik zu Hypothese 2 47 4.2.2 Hypothesentest 49 4.3 Weitere explorative Datenanalysen 51 4.3.1 Angebote für betroffene Eltern 51 4.3.2 Bewertung der Zufriedenheit 52 4.3.3 Bewertung der Themenrelevanz 52 4.3.4 Standardisierte Vorgehensweise 53 4.3.5 Begriffe für Totgeburten und Kindstode in den Kliniken 54 4.3.6 Unerwähnte Angebote 55 4.3.7 Wünsche des Personals bezüglich der Unterstützung 56 4.3.8 Weitere Kommentare zur Begleitung der Eltern 57 5. Schlussfolgerungen 58 5.1 Zusammenfassung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 58 5.2 Ergebniseinordnung in den aktuellen Forschungsstand und Handlungsempfehlungen 60 5.3 Kritische Reflexion der eigenen Untersuchung 64 5.4 Resümee und Zukunftsperspektiven 65 Zusammenfassung (Deutsch) 67 Abstract (English) 70 Quellenverzeichnis 73 Anhang 82 A. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 82 B. Abbildungsverzeichnis 83 C. Tabellenverzeichnis 84 D. Operationalisierung der Variablen 85 E. Fragebogen 88 F. Anschreiben Kliniken 96 G. Reminderanschreiben Kliniken (I) 98 H. Reminderanschreiben Kliniken (II) 100 I. Ethikkommission 102 J. Danksagung 107 K. Erklärung zur Eröffnung des Promotionsverfahrens (Anlage 1) 108 L. Erklärung zur Einhaltung gesetzlicher Vorgaben (Anlage 2) 109

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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background: Stillbirth rates are a health problem and they cause distractions in the families. There are more than 5 million perinatal deaths occurring each year, ending preventable stillbirths and neonatal deaths continues to form a significant part of the international public health agenda beyond 2015. There are several risk factors which are associated with stillbirths and this could be classified as maternal, foetal and external risk factors. Therefore, the focus of the study was on the prevalence and determinants of stillbirths in Dilokong Hospital of the Limpopo Province. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted which followed a quantitative approach. This study used secondary data from patient clinical records from the maternity ward in Dilokong Hospital. Comparison between groups for continuous and categorical variables was performed using student t-test, and chisquare test, respectively. P-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence level was regarded as significant. Findings: The prevalence of stillbirth amongst women who delivered at Dilokong hospital between period 2016 and 2019 was 13.5 % (CI: 0.12 – 15.2). The prevalence of stillbirth is stratified by year and it shows that highest prevalence was in 2018 at 42.5% followed by 2017, 2019 and 2016 at 23.2%, 19.7% and 14.6 respectively. The prevalence of stillbirth increased with increasing maternal age from 0.4% in the age group ≤14 years to 26.2% then decreased to 21.5% in the age group 30 – 34 years. The prevalence of macerated stillbirth between period 2016 and 2019 was 11.0%, for fresh stillbirth was 2.6 %. There was significant association of age, marital status of pregnant women, level of education, parity, gravidity, syphilis and HIV status. Older women at age 18 years and above were 1.4 times more likely to have stillbirth and 1.9 times more likely to have fresh stillbirth at p<0.05. Single women were 3.3 times more likely to have stillbirth and 3 times more likely to have macerated stillbirth as compared to married women. Fresh stillbirth was not significantly associated with marital status of pregnant women. Educational level was significantly associated with both stillbirth and macerated stillbirth as those women with no education or having primary educational level were 12.3 times more likely to have stillbirth and 14 times more likely to have macerated stillbirth as compared to women with tertiary educational level. vi Women who had pregnancies that have each resulted in the birth of an infant capable of survival (parity) for four or more times were 2.4 times more likely to have stillbirth and women who were in their fifth or more pregnancies (gravida) were 1.8 times more likely to have stillbirth and 3 times more likely to have fresh stillbirth. Lastly, women who had tested positive for syphilis were 4.1 times more likely to have stillbirth and 3.7 times more likely to have macerated stillbirth and women who were HIV positive were 3.1 times more likely to have stillbirth and 2.3 times more likely to have macerated stillbirth. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of stillbirth was very high in the current study and there is a need for studies on stillbirth and related factors in rural areas of Limpopo Province. This study showed that maternal age, low educational level, marital status of pregnant women, high parity, gravidity, syphilis and HIV status were statistically associated with stillbirth. The factors associated with stillbirth in the current study are preventable if quality focused antenatal care, intrapartum care is provided. Therefore, identification of pregnancy complications and facilitation of proper method of delivery is key to improve quality of care. Efforts to reduce unacceptably high stillbirth in the current study are needed. This study recommends that pregnant mothers need to be educated about the dangers in pregnancy and importance of antenatal visits.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 C34 / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 2686264 bytes, checksum: 6bde964fff23e8b3a35c4e9643f2b0d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present study is about the familiar grief process for stillbirth. Vast is the literature about physical, psychological and social aspects of pregnancy, but insufficient is the reference to cases where the pregnancy goes well, but the baby bourns dead. The World Health Organization defines a stillbirth as a pregnancy product with more than 500g that doesn t show life signs . According to IBGE, in 2003, 16.909 was the number of stillbirths in Brazil. Beyond the analysis of the construction of death and childhood concept, of the pregnancy process, familiar grief and perinatal grief, we pursue the following objectives: recognize the existence of a grief process after a stillbirth and its impact under the familiar system; identify ways of reaction and adaptation of the family; and identify ways to help the family in your grief for stillbirth. The data were collected in Boa Viagem CE. Through the study of four cases and based on Systemic Family Approach, we arrive to the following points: the impact of a stillbirth in the family is undeniable e its consequences reach all members. The four families made reference to the difference between fulfillment at the pregnancy versus the emptiness after the loss. In respect to the marital relation, it seems that, instead to dissolve (as the literature sometimes suggests) the way they use to be gets more intense. The extreme importance of the social support became manifest. Two things were very frequent: the distress caused by the lack of evidence of the baby s existence and the guilt, sometimes self inflicted, sometimes direct to the doctor or to health staff. Give patients sedative were a very common practice in theses cases, considered negative by the families. In opposition to the literature, none of the families wanted a subsequent pregnancy. However, only longitudinal researches e and with a larger sample could give more consistency to our conclusions / O presente trabalho trata do processo de luto familiar por um natimorto. Vasta literatura é dedicada aos aspectos físicos, psicológicos e sociais da gravidez, mas escassa é a referência aos casos onde a gravidez segue seu curso normal, mas não tem êxito, ou seja, em que a criança nasce morta. A OMS define o natimorto como sendo o produto de gestação com mais de 500g que não apresente sinais de vida ao nascer . Segundo dados do IBGE, em 2003, o número de natimortos no Brasil chegou a 16.909. Através da análise da construção do conceito de morte e de infância, do processo de gravidez, luto familiar e luto perinatal, perseguimos os seguintes objetivos: reconhecer a existência de um processo de luto subseqüente á ocorrência de natimorto e seu impacto sobre o sistema familiar como um todo; identificar padrões de reação e adaptação ante a tal ocorrência por parte da família; e identificar maneiras de auxiliar a família em seu processo de luto por natimorto. A coleta de dados se deu no município de Boa Viagem CE. Por meio do estudo de quatro casos e baseados na Abordagem Familiar Sistêmica, chegamos aos seguintes pontos: o impacto de um natimorto na família é inegável e suas conseqüências chegam a atingir todos os membros. As quatro famílias fizeram referência à disparidade do sentimento de completude experimentado na gravidez e do vazio depois da morte. Quanto à relação conjugal, nos parece que, ao invés de se dissolver (como às vezes sugere a literatura) há uma intensificação do padrão anterior. A rede de apoio revelou-se de extrema importância. Dois fenômenos foram muito freqüentes: o desconforto causado pela falta de provas da existência do bebê e a culpa, ora auto dirigida, ora dirigida ao médico ou à equipe hospitalar. Ministrar calmantes às pacientes foi prática comum nesses casos, tendo sido vista como negativa pelas famílias. Contrariando a tendência da literatura, nenhuma família desejava uma gravidez subseqüente. No entanto, apenas pesquisas longitudinais e com maior número de casos poderão tornar nossas conclusões mais consistentes

This dissertation is focused on mapping the needs and development of experiencing the prenatal loss integration process in mothers, whose child died during the second or the third pregnancy trimester or suffered stillbirth. The goal of this dissertation is to suggest optimal intervention, which would prevent the progress of complications in terms of psychological disorders (PTSD, PAS). The theoretical part describes prenatal loss from the aspect of incidence and etiology and the loss of a close relative in general. It also focuses on the specifics of prenatal loss, the topic of crisis and its experience, phases of crisis, definition of the term "psychosocial intervention" and demarcation of its existing forms. This part also offers several perspectives and attitudes to the topic of grief as a process of hard life experience integration. It also describes several phases and problems connected with their fulfillment. The empirical part focuses on surveying the experiences and needs of women, who have suffered with prenatal loss. It also follows the approaches and circumstances, means of support, which helped women to cope with such an experience. It also tries to identify such aspects, which hindered this acceptation or made it more complicated. Research inquiry involves 13 depth interviews, which...

Introdução. As hipóteses levantadas sobre as relações entre as variáveis de exposição e o óbito fetal, via diversos mecanismos, são desenhadas em um diagrama a partir de um quadro conceitual feito pelo pesquisador. Testes sobre essas relações podem ser feitos por meio da modelagem por equações estruturais (MEE). Objetivo. Este estudo objetiva compreender o papel da situação socioeconômica (SSE), da não-aceitação da gravidez (nAdG) e assistência pré-natal na mortalidade fetal, na região sul do município de São Paulo, em 2000. Métodos. Foram construídas variáveis latentes para representar a situação socioeconômica e a não-aceitação da gravidez, a partir de dados da pesquisa do tipo caso-controle sobre mortalidade fetal no município de São Paulo, feita em 2000. Foi testado um modelo para o desfecho óbito fetal com as variáveis latentes, a assistência pré-natal, intercorrências (hipertensão, diabetes gestacional, sangramento vaginal) e retardo de crescimento intra-uterino (RCIU) por meio do MEE. A SSE foi formada por escolaridades da mãe e do chefe da família, classificação socioeconômica e renda per capita; a nAdG foi formada a partir das reações da mãe, pai e família, tentativa de aborto e se a gravidez foi planejada. Resultados. O modelo final apontou a relação entre a situação socioeconômica e não-aceitação da gravidez sobre a mortalidade fetal, passando pelo cuidado de pré-natal inadequado, modelo no qual intercorrências e RCIU também tem efeito sobre o desfecho. Conclusões. Os resultados sugerem que aceitação negativa da gravidez e o efeito da situação socioeconômica desfavorável, mediados pela atenção de pré-natal, podem ser amenizadas com uma maior qualidade nas visitas de pré-natal, especialmente em mães de maior vulnerabilidade social. / Introduction. The hypothesis about the relations among exposure variables and the fetal death are written as a diagram designed from a conceptual framework given by the researcher. Tests on these relations can be performed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Objective. This study aim to understand the role of socioeconomic situation (SES), non-acceptance of pregnancy (nAoP) and prenatal care on fetal mortality, in region south of the city of São Paulo, in 2000. Methodology. The measurement models were created to the latent variables SES and nAoP, from case-control study on fetal mortality in Sao Paulo city, in 2000. It was tested a model with SES, nAoP, prenatal care, medical complications (hypertension, gestational diabetes, vaginal bleeding), intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) on the outcome, performed by SEM. Results. The SES was composed by mothers and household heads years of study, socioeconomic classification index, and income per capita income; The AoP was composed by reactions of mother, father and family, attempted abortion and planned gestation. The final model showed the effect of SES and AoP on fetal death mediated by prenatal care, in a model where medical complications and IUGR also has an effect. Conclusion. The results suggests that negative acceptance of pregnancy and unfavorable socioeconomic situation, mediated by prenatal care, could be minimized improving the quality of prenatal care especially to those who are more social vulnerable.

Feminist and social historians have long been interested in that particularly female ability to become pregnant and bear children. A significant body of historiography has challenged the notion that pregnancy and childbirth considered to be the acceptable and 'appropriate' roles for women for most of the twentieth century in Australia - have always been welcomed, rewarding and always fulfilling events in women's lives. Several historians have also begun the process of enlarging our knowledge of the changing cultural attitudes towards bereavement in Australia and the eschewing of the public expression of sorrow following the two World Wars; a significant contribution to scholarship which underscores the changing attitudes towards perinatal loss. It is estimated that one in four women lose a pregnancy to miscarriage, and two in one hundred late pregnancies result in stillbirth in contemporary Australia. Miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death are today considered by psychologists and social workers, amongst others, as potentially significant events in many women's lives, yet have received little or passing attention in historical scholarship concerned with pregnancy and motherhood. As such, this study focuses on pregnancy loss: the meaning it has been given by various groups at different times in Australia's past, and how some Australian women have made sense of their own experience of miscarriage, stillbirth or neonatal death within particular social and historical contexts. Pregnancy loss has been understood in a range of ways by different groups over the past 100 years. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when alarm was mounting over the declining birth rate, pregnancy loss was termed 'foetal wastage' by eugenicists and medical practitioners, and was seen in abstract terms as the loss of necessary future Australian citizens. By the 1970s, however, with the advent of support groups such as SANDS (Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Support) miscarriage and stillbirth were increasingly seen as the devastating loss of an individual baby, while the mother was seen as someone in need of emotional and other support. With the advent of new prenatal screening technologies in the late twentieth century, there has been a return of the idea of maternal responsibility for producing a 'successful' outcome. This project seeks to critically examines the wide range of socially constructed meanings of pregnancy loss and interrogate the arguments of those groups, such as the medical profession, religious and support groups, participating in these constructions. It will build on existing histories of motherhood, childbirth and pregnancy in Australia and, therefore, also the history of Australian women.

<p>The studies were undertaken to evaluate risk factors and outcomes in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births, in cohort studies using the population-based Swedish Birth, Twin and Education Registers. A cohort study of pregnant women from Uppsala County evaluated the effect on birthweight by caffeine.</p><p> Maternal anthropometrics influence risks of SGA at all gestational ages. Smoking increases risks of moderately preterm and term SGA, while hypertensive disorders foremost increase the risk of preterm SGA. Monozygotic twin mothers have higher concordance rates in offspring birthweight-for-gestational length than dizygotic twin mothers, indicating genetic effects on fetal growth. Caffeine is not associated with a reduction in birthweight or birthweight-for-gestational age.</p><p> The increased risk of stillbirth in postterm pregnancies is explained by increased rates of SGA in postterm pregnancies. Births with malformations account for a large part of the SGA-related increased risk of infant death. SGA, as defined by an individualised birth-weight standard, is a better predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes than the commonly used population-based birthweight standard. </p><p> Risk factors for SGA, as well as the prognosis for the SGA infant, vary with gestational age. However, the commonly used definition of SGA is probably a poor predictor of intrauterine growth retardation.</p>