In this paper, I will cover the process of making my thesis film, Entrepreneurs. Specific facets of this process include writing, directing, production design, cinematography, editing, sound, and technology. I will detail the goals initially set for each facet, the approach taken during production, and the results that led to the finished product. I will then evaluate the overall success of the project.

The large magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy of the L10 phase has pushed the interest to the FePt nanoparticles to get smallest possible not superparamagnetic particles for magnetic data storage media. The DC magnetron sputtering process, in an inert gas atmosphere and subsequently ejection into high vacuum via differential pumping in addition with a newly constructed light furnace, allows us to have a predeposition annealing of FePt nanoparticles. The advantage compared to wet chemical process route is, that we can prevent the growing of particles on a substrate. In order to determine the experimentally hardly accessible temperature of the particles, the thermal history of the particles is rather calculated from the interaction with the light field along the flight path through the light furnace used for the in-flight annealing. The results obtained for the particle temperature are corroborated by experimental findings on the sintering of agglomerated particles and change in magnetic properties due to heating over the L10 stability temperature. The experiments reveal that the effect of the thermal treatment on both the structural and magnetic properties of the FePt nanoparticles strongly depends on the particles’ crystal structure. The magnetic behavior shows a size depending effective uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant. This behavior is strongly correlated to the structure of the 5 nm to 8 nm L10 FePt particle.

The large magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy of the L10 phase has pushed the interest to the FePt nanoparticles to get smallest possible not superparamagnetic particles for magnetic data storage media. The DC magnetron sputtering process, in an inert gas atmosphere and subsequently ejection into high vacuum via differential pumping in addition with a newly constructed light furnace, allows us to have a predeposition annealing of FePt nanoparticles. The advantage compared to wet chemical process route is, that we can prevent the growing of particles on a substrate. In order to determine the experimentally hardly accessible temperature of the particles, the thermal history of the particles is rather calculated from the interaction with the light field along the flight path through the light furnace used for the in-flight annealing. The results obtained for the particle temperature are corroborated by experimental findings on the sintering of agglomerated particles and change in magnetic properties due to heating over the L10 stability temperature. The experiments reveal that the effect of the thermal treatment on both the structural and magnetic properties of the FePt nanoparticles strongly depends on the particles’ crystal structure. The magnetic behavior shows a size depending effective uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant. This behavior is strongly correlated to the structure of the 5 nm to 8 nm L10 FePt particle.:Einleitung 1 Grundlagen 1.1 Eisen-Platin Nanopartikel 1.1.1 Das System Eisen-Platin 1.1.2 Die A1 - L10 Phasenumwandlung 1.1.3 Größeneinflüsse auf Phasenstabilität und strukturelle Allotropie 1.2 Magnetische Eigenschaften 1.2.1 Magnetokristalline Anisotropieenergie 1.2.2 Ummagnetisierungsverhalten nach Stoner-Wohlfarth (SW) 1.2.3 Ummagnetisierungsverhalten mit kubischer Anisotropie 1.2.4 Skalierungseffekte - Superparamagnetismus 1.2.5 Magnetische Wechselwirkungen zwischen Partikeln 1.3 Nanopartikelentstehung und Thermodynamik der Phasenbildung 1.3.1 Nukleation von Nanopartikeln aus der Gasphase 1.3.2 Partikelwachstum 1.4 Definition der Fragestellung 2 Experimentelles und Methoden 2.1 Das Nanopartikel-Depositions-System 2.2 Konstruktion und Aufbau des Lichtofens 2.2.1 Vermessung der Lichtofenleistung 2.2.2 Justage des Lichtofens 2.3 Optische Wärmebehandlung von Nanopartikeln 2.3.1 Wärmeströme 2.3.2 Absorptionsquerschnitt 2.3.3 Dielektrische Funktion 2.3.4 Schwarzkörperstrahlung 2.3.4.1 Beschreibung des Spektrums von Halogenlampen 2.3.4.2 Abstrahlungsleistung von Nanopartikeln 2.4 Berechnung der Partikeltemperatur 2.4.1 Optische Konstanten für L10-FePt Nanopartikel 2.4.2 Strahlungsverhalten freier Partikel 2.4.3 Numerische Berechnung der Partikelgeschwindigkeit 2.4.4 Experimentelle Bestimmung der Wärmekapazität von FePt 2.4.5 Bestimmung der Partikeltemperatur durch iterative Integration 2.4.6 Zusammenfassende Bewertung zum Optischen Heizen 2.5 Charakterisierung mittels TEM- und HRTEM-Analysen 2.5.1 Bestimmung der Größenverteilung 2.5.2 Bestimmung des Agglomerationsgrades 2.5.3 Auswertung der Kristallstruktur mittels HRTEM 2.6 Magnetisierungsmessungen 2.6.1 Magnetische Charakterisierung mittels VSM-Messungen 2.6.2 Messung der Hysterese-Schleife 2.6.3 Remanenzanalyse 3 Sintern von Partikeln 3.1 Optisches Heizen im Flug 3.2 Diskussion 4 Optimierung der Herstellungsparameter anhand HRTEM-Strukturanalyse 4.1 Einzelpartikel 4.1.1 Ungeheizte Einzelpartikel 4.1.2 Geheizte Einzelpartikel 4.2 Partikel-Agglomerate 4.2.1 Ungeheizte Agglomerate 4.2.2 Geheizte Agglomerate mit hohem Targetalter 4.2.3 Geheizte Agglomerate mit geringem Targetalter 4.3 Diskussion 5 Magnetische Eigenschaften geheizter Partikel 5.1 Einfluss der Wärmebehandlung auf die magnetische Hysterese 5.1.1 Überheizen kleiner Partikel 5.1.2 Überheizen großer Partikel 5.2 Magnetisierungsprozess 5.2.1 Messung des Remanenzverhaltens kleiner und großer Partikel 5.2.2 Temperaturabhängigkeit der Schaltfeldverteilung 5.3 Diskussion 6 Korrelation der effektiven Anisotropie mit der Partikelgrößenverteilung 6.1 Bestimmung der effektiven uniaxialen und kubischen Anisotropieverteilung 6.2 Korrelation der Partikelgröße mit der Anisotropie für kleine Partikel 6.3 Korrelation der Partikelgröße mit der Anisotropie für große Partikel 6.4 Diskussion 7 Zusammenfassung Literaturverzeichnis

Ce travail porte sur l'étude de la levée de dégénérescence de spin dans le régime Hall quantique. Des mesures de magnétotransport à très basse température sont mises en oeuvre sur un ensemble d'hétérostructures AlGaAs/GaAs, afin de caractériser la densité d'états électronique sous champ magnétique et les interactions entre électrons. Les interactions d'échange se révèlent être principalement déterminées par la densité électronique, et deviennent de plus en plus importantes lorsque celle-ci diminue dans le domaine (1.10^11-1.10^12cm^-2). Un modèle simple sans paramètre d'ajustement prédit correctement le champ magnétique nécessaire pour observer la levée de dégénérescence de spin, démontrant que celle-ci est le résultat d'une compétition entre le coût de retournement des spins, induit par le désordre<br /> du système, et le gain d'énergie d'échange associé à l'état polarisé en spin. Dans ce modèle, l'énergie Zeeman ne joue aucun rôle, si bien que l'apparition de l'état polarisé en spin dans le plus haut niveau de Landau occupé peut être interprétée comme une transition de Stoner induite par le champ magnétique. Le cas d'une énergie Zeeman non-nulle, abordé en introduisant un champ magnétique supplémentaire dans le plan du gaz électronique bidimensionnel, peut également être décrit dans le cadre de ce modèle sans paramètre d'ajustement, confirmant la validité de l'approche initiale.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2431_1.pdf: 3903715 bytes, checksum: f4ecb374f539aa4e3d0c912da52e2836 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / No presente trabalho foram investigadas propriedades magnéticas dos nanocompósitos ferromagnéticos (Fe1&#8722;xCox)y(MnO)1&#8722;y, x = 0.4 e 0.6 e y = 0.35, 0.65 e 1, produzidos pela técnica de mecano-síntese. A caracterização estrutural e morfológica das amostras foi feita usando difração de raios x fazendo uso da equação de Scherrer, de gráficos de Williamson-Hall e refinamento Rietveld. Essas análises resultaram em valores de x e y muito próximos dos valores nominais e, dentro da resolução da técnica, não foi detectada a presença de outras fases. As amostras apresentaram valores de tamanho médio dos cristalitos muito próximos (12-14 nm) e valores reduzidos de micro-deformações (1.5% para Fe1&#8722;xCox e 0.4% para o MnO). As propriedades magnéticas foram investigadas utilizando várias técnicas de medida (SQUID, magnetometria por extração e magnetometria por amostra vibrante), medidas em um grande intervalo de temperatura T (5-700 K) e em campos magnéticos de até 2 T. A partir dessas medidas foram construídos gráficos de Henkel e curvas de inversão de primeira ordem (FORCs) à temperatura ambiente e em campos de até 1.5 T. Medidas de curvas de histerese foram utilizadas para determinar a dependência da coercividade (HC), da magnetização de saturação (MS) e do campo de exchange-bias (HEB) com T. Procedimentos de medidas de magnetização feitas resfriando a amostra a campo nulo (ZFC) e na presença de campo (FC) foram feitas no intervalo de temperatura 5-300 K para valores pequenos de campo magnético (até 5 mT). Os gráficos de Henkel e FORCs indicaram que na temperatura ambiente as interações magnéticas entre as nanopartículas de Fe1&#8722;xCox são predominantemente de origem dipolar e influenciada essencialmente pela quantidade de MnO presente nas amostras. Entretanto, no caso particular da amostra sem MnO, o gráfico de Henkel indicou uma mudança de comportamento acima de 0.25 T passando a interação de dipolar para ser predominantemente de exchange. Acima de 120 K (temperatura de Néel do MnO), as medidas de HC apresentaram um dependência com T do tipo T3/4. Este comportamento é característico de arranjos de partículas tipo Stoner-Wohlfarth orientadas aleatoriamente. Já abaixo de 120 K, HC é fortemente influenciado pela presença de MnO aumentando significativamente com a diminuição da temperatura. Similar crescimento com T foi observado nos valores de HEB o qual é visto apenas em temperaturas abaixo de 120 K. As medidas de MS apresentaram uma dependência tipo Lei de Bloch T3/2 para a amostra sem MnO em todo intervalo de temperatura (5-700 K), enquanto para as demais amostras esse comportamento foi observado para T>120 K. Abaixo dessa temperatura, a adição de MnO produz um aumento em MS. Também foi observado o efeito de exchange-bias para temperaturas inferiores à temperatura de Néel do MnO (120 K), com um significante aumento do campo de exchange-bias com a diminuição da temperatura. Por fim, observamos também um comportamento irreversível nas magnetizações ZFC e FC abaixo de 120 K nas amostras com MnO. Os resultados obtidos abaixo de 120 K foram interpretados como devidos a interações de curto alcance entre as nanopartículas e pela presença de momentos magnéticos não compensados nas interfaces entre partículas

Catholic Action was an international movement that encouraged active promotion of the Catholic faith by ordinary believers. While the idea gained force at a local level in Italy in the early twentieth century, Pope Pius XI gave the philosophy official Church approval in 1931. Catholic Action served as a major intellectual and religious force among American Catholics from the Great Depression until the transformations in Catholicism caused by the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965. The program encouraged American Catholics both to promote the practice of the faith among fellow Church members and to express Catholic teachings in the public realm in order to influence political and economic policy. Because the Church's social teaching articulated strong reservations regarding free-market capitalism, Catholic Action proved compelling to progressives and leftists among the faithful. American Catholic leftists during this era continued a long tradition of social justice activism among Catholic immigrant workers and their descendants. Yet Catholic political mobilization could also serve conservative ends, as when believers gathered in rallies against Hollywood movies or communism. Regardless of whether they engaged in progressive or conservative activism, however, Catholics' organized efforts in the mid-twentieth century fortified their already strong sense of religious identity. This thesis examines two Catholic public figures in Portland, Oregon during the era of Catholic Action: Hall S. Lusk, a lawyer who held many public offices including that of Oregon Supreme Court Justice, and Francis J. Murnane, a leader in the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union. Biographies of the two men demonstrate that the two served as important spokesmen for Catholic principles in mostly non-Catholic Portland. While Lusk viewed Catholic Action as an opportunity to strengthen American Catholics' devotion to the nation, Murnane's version authorized radical dissent against the nation's social and economic structure. An analytical chapter examines how the same Catholic Action philosophy drove the two men in different directions politically but imbued each with a strong sense of Catholic identity. The Conclusion discusses the continued relevance of the study of the Catholic Action period by pointing to the surprising durability of Catholic cultural cohesion throughout American history and to the powerful force that religious faith possesses to inspire activists on both the left and the right.

Cette thèse présente une étude modélisatrice de différentes familles d'intermétalliques et de leurs hydrures qui présentent un intérêt à la fois fondamental et appliqué. Deux méthodes complémentaires construites au sein de la théorie de la fonctionnelle densité (DFT) ont été choisies : d'une part celle à base de pseudo potentiels (VASP) pour l'optimisation géométrique, la recherche structurale et la cartographie de localisation électronique (ELF), d'autre part celle de type "tous-électrons" (ASW), pour une description détaillée de la structure électronique, des propriétés de liaison chimique suivant différents schémas et des quantités impliquant les électrons de c\oe ur comme le champ hyperfin. Un accent particulier est mis sur les rôles compétitifs des effets magnétovolumiques par rapport à ceux chimiques (liaison métal-H) dans les phases hydrurées, binaires de Laves (ex. ScFe2) et de Haucke (ex. LaNi5) et ternaires à base de cérium (ex. CeRhSn) et d'uranium (ex. U2Ni2Sn). / This thesis presents an ab initio study of several classes of intermetallics and their hydrides. These compounds are interesting from both a fundamental and an applied points of view. To achieve this aim two complementary methods, constructed within the DFT, were chosen : (i) pseudo potential based VASP for geometry optimization, structural investigations and electron localization mapping (ELF), and (ii) all-electrons ASW method for a detailed description of the electronic structure, chemical bonding properties following different schemes as well as quantities depending on core electrons such as the hyperfine field. A special interest is given with respect to the interplay between magnetovolume and chemical interactions (metal-H) effects within the following hydrided systems : binary Laves (e.g. ScFe2) and Haucke (e.g. LaNi5) phases on one hand, and ternary cerium based (e.g. CeRhSn) and uranium based (e.g. U2Ni2Sn) alloys on the other hand.

aCette thèse présente une étude modélisatrice de différentes familles d'intermétalliques et de leurs hydrures qui présentent un intérêt à la fois fondamental et appliqué. Deux méthodes complémentaires construites au sein de la théorie de la fonctionnelle densité (DFT) ont été choisies : d'une part celle à base de pseudo potentiels (VASP) pour l'optimisation géométrique, la recherche structurale et la cartographie de localisation électronique (ELF), d'autre part celle de type "tous-électrons" (ASW), pour une description détaillée de la structure électronique, des propriétés de liaison chimique suivant différents schémas et des quantités impliquant les électrons de c\oe ur comme le champ hyperfin. Un accent particulier est mis sur les rôles compétitifs des effets magnétovolumiques par rapport à ceux chimiques (liaison métal-H) dans les phases hydrurées, binaires de Laves (ex. ScFe2) et de Haucke (ex. LaNi5) et ternaires à base de cérium (ex. CeRhSn) et d'uranium (ex. U2Ni2Sn).

En komparativ analys av dödsskildringar i två moderna romaner, Niels Lyhne skriven av J.P. Jacobsen och Stoner av John Williams. Diskuterar den moderna apokalypsen, utvecklingen från tidigmoderna till senmoderna romaner och Karl Jaspers gränsögonblick.

В магистерской диссертации представлены результаты моделирования магнитных гистерезисных свойств ансамбля обменносвязанных частиц. Для выполнения компьютерного моделирования разработан пакет компьютерных программ в среде MATLAB, позволяющий моделировать и анализировать предельные и частные петли магнитного гистерезиса для однофазных и многофазных ансамблей с различными типами магнитной анизотропии, упорядочением фаз, а также при параметрической зависимости микроскопических констант от температуры. Все это реализовано в рамках модели однодоменных нанокристаллитов, имеющих однородную намагниченность, процесс изменения которой осуществляются за счет когерентного вращения. Разработан алгоритм параллельного расчета, позволяющий основные арифметические и логически операции выполнять на графических ускорителях. Полученные с его помощью численные результаты качественно соответствуют экспериментальным данным для системы Nd-Fe-B. / The results of magnetic properties modelling of the ensemble of exchange coupled particles are represented in this master's thesis. The computer modelling is realized in the MATLAB programming environment and allows performing calculations and analysis of major and minor magnetic hysteresis loops of single-phase or multiphase ensembles with different types of magnetic anisotropy, phase arrangement and with the parametric dependency of microscopic constants on temperature. The latter is based on the model of single domain nanocrystallites. Each of them has a uniform magnetization and any changes of one are happened by coherent rotation. The algorithm of parallel calculations using a graphic processing unit is also shown in the work. The obtained numeric results qualitatively are in compliance with the Nd-Fe-B experimental data.