This diploma thesis is engaged in analysis of braking process of vehicles, especially heavy utility vehicles, with regard to their instantaneous weight. This thesis features survey and division of braking systems and function of brakes including schemes and descriptions. Also there is introduce of some systems improving vehicle properties. Furthermore this work puts mind to possibilities of examination of brakes, measurement of braking distance and braking retardation namely in brake test rooms or by outdoor driving tests including descriptions of particular methods and equipment. There is also mention about legislative requirements for braking distance and braking retardation. The conclusion of this thesis compares numerically predicted braking distance and real braking distance measured for factual vehicle during outdoor driving test

No description available.

This thesis presents the area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve, or abbreviated AUC, as an alternate measure for evaluating the predictive performance of ANNs (Artificial Neural Networks) classifiers. Conventionally, neural networks are trained to have total error converge to zero which may give rise to over-fitting problems. To ensure that they do not over fit the training data and then fail to generalize well in new data, it appears effective to stop training as early as possible once getting AUC sufficiently large via integrating ROC/AUC analysis into the training process. In order to reduce learning costs involving the imbalanced data set of the uneven class distribution, random sampling and k-means clustering are implemented to draw a smaller subset of representatives from the original training data set. Finally, the confidence interval for the AUC is estimated in a non-parametric approach.

Trafiksäkerhet är något som är viktigt för trafikanten och den som arbetar på vägarna. Säkerheten längs vägar är något som har utvecklats, men inte flyttbara säkerhetsbarriär för vägarbeten. Den här rapporten följer ett produktutvecklingsprojekt där ett koncept för en ny trafikbuffert tas fram. Dagens trafikbuffertar är svåra att hantera, inte anpassade för stadsmiljöer och ger en lång stoppsträcka för fordonet vid kollision. Den ger även en hög kraftpåkänning för de inblandade vid kollision då det blir en hög impuls. Utgångspunkten för projektet har varit att minska stoppsträckan och minska de inblandas upplevda kraftpåkänning. Detta genomfördes genom att följa en beprövad produktutvecklingsprocess. Under förstudien upptäcktes att det fanns begränsat med information och forskning inom området, men det finns liknande lösningar som det togs inspiration från. Det togs sedan fram ett koncept som baserades på att använda en del av bilens vikt för att minska stoppsträckan, tillsammans med en deformationszon som ska minska rörelseenergin i bilen och kraftpåkänningen för de iblandade. Ett flertal iterationer gjordes på konceptet för att uppfylla så många krav som möjligt och bli ett realiserbart koncept. Simuleringar gjordes för att säkerställa hållfastheten på konstruktionen och beräkningar för att få en uppfattning om stoppsträckan.  Resultatet är ett koncept som har kortare stoppsträcka i teorin och en lägre kraftpåkänning än dagens använda trafikbuffert. Konceptet kräver vidare arbete för att definiera tillverkningsteknik och få ett godkännande av Trafikverket. Slutsatsen är att användningen av bilens vikt är ett bra sätt att minska stoppsträckan. Dock krävs krocksimuleringar och krocktester för att validera resultaten. / Traffic safety is something that is important for both drivers and road workers. Safety along roads has seen developments, but portable safety barriers for road work have not. This report follows a product development project where a concept for a new traffic buffer is being developed. Current traffic buffers are difficult to handle, not suitable for urban environments, and have a long stopping distance when a collision occurs. They also exert high force on those involved, resulting in a severe impact.  The goal of this project was to reduce the vehicle stopping distance and the perceived force on the passengers involved. A proven product development process was used to achieve this goal. During the preliminary study it was discovered that there was limited information and research in the field, but there are similar solutions that provided inspiration. A concept was then developed based on utilizing a portion of the vehicle's weight to reduce the stopping distance, along with a deformation zone that would reduce the vehicle's kinetic energy and the force on those involved. Several iterations were made on the concept to meet as many requirements as possible and make it a feasible concept. Simulations were conducted to ensure the structural strength and calculations were made to estimate the stopping distance. The result is a concept that requires further work to make it ready for production and approved by the Swedish Transport Administration. The concept has a theoretical stopping distance of 4.5 meters and lower force exertion. In conclusion, utilizing the vehicle's weight is a good way to reduce the stopping distance. However, crash simulations and tests are required to validate the results. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-06-28</p>

The modern attention economy incentivizes the use of persuasive designs in software development. Scrolling is an interaction technique commonly associated with persuasive designs because of its lack of natural stopping cues and potential for habit promotion. A scroll-like interaction is used in gesture navigation, which is a method of navigating mobile operating systems. This paper investigates gesture navigation in mobile operating systems in the context of persuasive designs. The aim of this paper is to answer whether gesture navigation affects mobile usage and if there is a systematic preference for gesture navigation over traditional button navigation. In order to answer these questions a pre-post study was conducted. The participants were instructed to change system navigation controls for ten days; whereafter data regarding their mobile usage was collected. The collected data was analyzed in order to determine if there was a difference in mobile usage after changing system navigation controls and whether there was a systematic preference for gesture navigation. The results did not suggest that gesture navigation has an effect on mobile usage. The results did however point towards a systematic preference for gesture navigation over button navigation. The idéa of a systematic preference for gesture navigation motivates further research about the mechanisms behind it. / Den moderna uppmärksamhets-ekonomin motiverar implementering av persuasive design-tekniker inom mjukvaruutveckling. Scrolling är en interaktionsteknik som ofta förknippas med persuasive design på grund av dess brist på naturliga stoppsignaler och förmåga att forma användarvanor. En scrolling-liknande interaktion används i gestnavigering, vilket är en navigeringsmetod i mobila operativsystem. Denna uppsats undersöker gestnavigering i mobila operativsystem i anknytning till persuasive design. Syftet med uppsatsen är att besvara om gestnavigering påverkar mobilanvändning och om det finns en systematisk preferens för gestnavigering framför traditionell knappnavigering. För att besvara dessa frågor genomfördes en inventionsstudie. Deltagarna instruerades att ändra systemnavigering i tio dagar; varefter data om deras mobilanvändning samlades in. De insamlade uppgifterna analyserades för att avgöra om det förekom någon skillnad på mobilanvändandet efter bytet av systemnavigering och om det fanns en systematisk preferens för gestnavigering. Resultaten tydde inte på att gestnavigering påverkar mobilanvändning. Resultaten pekade däremot på en systematisk preferens för gestnavigering framför knappnavigering. Idén om en systematisk preferens för gestnavigering motiverar vidare forskning om preferensens bakomliggande mekanismer.

No description available.

This thesis is made up of two parts. Part A - describes the construction of a scintillation counter and its operation, as an instrument for use in medical research. Part B - is a study of the stopping of mesons in various absorbers as a preliminary to the investigation of the meson decay process. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

In an optimal visiting problem, we want to control a trajectory that has to pass as close as possible to a collection of target points or regions. We introduce a hybrid control-based approach for the classic problem where the trajectory can switch between a group of discrete states related to the targets of the problem. The model is subsequently adapted to a mean-field game framework, that is when a huge population of agents plays the optimal visiting problem with a controlled dynamics and with costs also depending on the distribution of the population. In particular, we investigate a single continuity equation with possible sinks and sources and the field possibly depending on the mass of the agents. The same problem is also studied on a network framework. More precisely, we study a mean-field game model by proving the existence of a suitable definition of an approximated mean-field equilibrium and then we address the passage to the limit.

In this thesis, we consider an optimal stopping problem interpreted as the task of valuating two so called real options written on an underlying asset following the dynamics of an observable geometric Brownian motion with non-observable drift; we have incomplete information. After exercising the first real option, however, the value of the underlying asset becomes observable with reduced noise; we obtain partial information. We then state some theoretical properties of the value function such as convexity and monotonicity. Furthermore, numerical solutions for the value functions are obtained by stating and solving a linear complementary problem. This is done in a Python implementation using the 2nd order backward differentiation formula and summation-by-parts operators for finite differences combined with an operator splitting method.

Proton therapy is a cutting-edge radiotherapy modality offering superior dose localization and reduced damage to healthy tissues, made possible by the unique physical characteristics of protons. Accurate prediction of proton range during treatment planning is critical to its success. However, current methods relying on single-energy CT (SECT) together with heuristic calibration approaches (e.g., Hounsfield look-up tables) are limited by uncertainties in tissue characterization. Emerging multi-energy CT (DECT and PCCT) and proton CT (pCT) technologies aim to enhance range accuracy by addressing these limitations. This PhD research focuses on evaluating the imaging performance of the INFN proton CT prototype, developing novel calibration methods using ex vivo phantoms, and comparing these approaches to conventional SECT and cutting-edge multi-energy CT systems. Key outcomes include the characterization of pCT imaging performance, validation of phantom-based calibration for stopping power estimation, and an initial exploration of clinical applications for proton therapy planning. Collaborative studies with international research groups further demonstrated the potential of integrating pCT and multi-energy CT data to reduce uncertainties in dose calculation and improve inter-center consistency. The results highlight the advantages of proton imaging for robust treatment planning and pave the way for future advancements in clinical proton therapy. By combining hardware innovation, advanced reconstruction algorithms, and interdisciplinary collaboration, this work contributes to the optimization of proton therapy precision and its broader implementation in cancer care.