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From Introduction: Anyone familiar with David Storey's work will find, on reading a brief outline of his life, that much of the inspiration for his novels and plays springs from personal experience. The third son of a coal-miner, he was born in Wakefield on 13 July 1933. He is one of three surviving sons, an older brother having died in childhood. (In Saville and In Celebration the death as a child of a mining family's eldest son has a powerful effect on the parents and some of the remaining brothers.) Although his father wanted his children to reach the middle class through education, Storey has indicated that this ambition was not pursued wholeheartedly.

This research study represents an important contribution towards fulfilling the long-term objective of the research program in terms of assessing and controlling seismic risks of building structures in low and moderate seismic regions such as Australia. The research outcome enables the existing building stock to be assessed in an inexpensive way. Post-disaster agencies and insurance agencies could then better assess risk exposure. The displacement controlled phenomenon associated with conditions in low and moderate seismic regions has become the basis of a new performance assessment methodology for strength degraded structures. / In low and moderate seismic regions the kinetic energy demand generated by a small or medium magnitude earthquake (M<7) (at an epicentral distance consistence with Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) of up to 80 mm/s on rock) will generally subside when the structure has been displaced to the maximum limit. Current design guidelines in seismic design and assessment of structures has been based on trading-off strength with ductility demand to accommodate large displacement without significant strength degradation to ensure that structures have sufficient energy dissipation capacity. The drift capacity recommended for strength degraded structures is quite low as per the current guidelines which are developed for high seismic regions and it is considered that a structure is deemed unsafe when the lateral strength has degraded by more than 20%. An important investigation has been undertaken to determine if such structures are actually unsafe, should the displacement controlled phenomenon be taken into account. / Therefore, the research described in this thesis is aimed at capitalizing the displacement controlled concept (not to be confused with the displacement based design methods) which is particularly relevant for low and moderate seismic regions for investigating the seismic performance of strength degraded structures. If the peak displacement demand (PDD) and the displacement capacity of the structure are known then the displacement based approach can be applied directly for assessing the performance of the structure. The seismic displacement demand is then simply compared with the displacement capacity to ensure that its gravity load carrying capacity is not compromised in the projected earthquake scenario. / A full scale testing was carried out under quasi-static conditions on a soft-storey building which was representative of existing building stock in low-moderate seismic regions to investigate the force-deformation relationship and drift capacity of soft-storey buildings. Data obtained from the full-scale experimental field studies on the force displacement behaviour of the building has been used as input into the nonlinear time history analyses to study the seismic response behavioral trends of soft-storey buildings. / A new simple methodology for estimating the peak displacement demand of inelastic nonlinear systems, which is based on the elastic displacement response spectra, was introduced. The major findings from the parametric studies shows that highest point on the elastic displacement response spectra can provide a conservative prediction of the maximum displacement demand of non-linear inelastic systems.

This study of six novels by three post-World War II British novelists deals with the philosophical and pragmatic aspects of intimate relationship. Raymond Williams, in The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence, establishes that novelists were among the first to recognise the destruction of the old community by industrialism. Without an alternate conception of community, industrial capitalism imposes itself directly upon the individual, and thus sets harsh limits upon the relationships he or she can create. One result is the alienation that Karl Marx described as inherent in the marketplaceosociety underpinning Victorian culture; or, in another idiom, the possessive individualism perceived by C.B. MacPherson. The increasing commercialism of society—the propensity, as Adam Smith phrased it, to truck and barter—has encouraged possessiveness, and has debased and alienated the most intimate aspects of human existence, especially sex and love. Sex is a central expression of the essence of life, and hence sexual relationships are adversely affected when they are alienated from love and community. As in the commercial transaction, intimacy in these six novels is vulnerable to the manipulation and the exploitation of one person by another, because there is no willingness to become involved in a reciprocal relationship. This commentary on the novels of John Fowles, Doris Lessing, and David Storey suggests some tentative conclusions about intimacy in the latter part of the 20th century. The working class novels generally emphasise traditional relationships; and tell us that individuals who try to discard them (as with Clegg in The Collector, and Machin in This Sporting Life), will lose £or never win) those whom they love. The emphasis upon money alienates them from their basic community, and destroys their integrity. There is no intimacy divorced from the primary social relationship. Middle class protagonists move away from community as they become dominant in a marketplace society. Their success transforms- them into alienated and possessive individualists; and their belated attempt to restore a sense of intimacy is an effort—perhaps tragic—to become whole in a fragmented world. But the relationships occur in a vacuum. Either they fail, as in The Golden Notebook, or the individuals reject intimacy, and flee forward from community into a super-individualism as with Martha Quest in The Four-Gated City. These novels tell us nothing of a social movement that will give the individual a sense of purpose or meaning: hence the individuals remain isolated, and seem to lose substance. When Leonard Radcliffe, for example (Radcliffe), murders his community out of his need for an absolute, he precipitates his own death. Again, Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff in The French Lieutenant1s Woman lose their vitality and sexual commitment because Sarah is more concerned to preserve her individuality. These examples serve to show that temporary and partial relationships are lethal to the spirit. The loss of intimacy is the result, in the end, of the loss of the moral sense. The displacement of the religious impulse to wholeness (the "disappearance of God") leaves one with the hollow victories of possessive individualism in a fragmented society. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Although design decisions that are made in the preliminary design stages of a building are more cost sensitive than those that are made at later stages, previous research suggests that they result in only a slight improvement in the accuracy of building price forecasts as the design develops. However, established conventional forecasting methods lack measures of their own performance, which has inhibited the development of simpler early-stage techniques. One early-stage price forecasting model, the Storey Enclosure Method, which was developed by James in 1954, uses the basic physical measurements of buildings to estimate building prices. Although James' Storey Enclosure Model (JSEM) is not widely used in practice, it has been proved empirically, if rather crudely, to be a better model than other commonly used models. This research aims firstly to advance JSEM by using regression techniques and secondly to develop an objective approach for the assessment of model performance. To accomplish the first research aim, this research uses data from 148 completed Hong Kong projects for four types of building: offices, private housing, nursing homes, and primary and secondary schools. Sophisticated features of the modelling exercise include the use of leave-one-out cross validation to simulate the way in which forecasts are produced in practice and a dual stepwise selection strategy that enhances the chance of identifying the best model. Two types ofregressed models from different candidate sets, the Regressed Model for James' Storey Enclosure Method (RJSEM) and Regressed Model for Advanced Storey Enclosure Method (RASEM), are developed accordingly. In considering the RJSEM, RASEM, and the most commonly used alternative early stage floor area and cube models, all of the models except JSEM are found to be unbiased. The RJSEM and RASEM models are also examined for their consistency using a structured approach that involves the use of both parametric and non-parametric inference tests. This shows that although the RASEMs for different building types are generally more consistent, they are not significantly better than the other models. Finally, the combination of the forecasts that are generated from different models to capture the different aspects of information from the models is suggested as an alternative strategy for improving forecasting performance.

Currently there is a worldwide renaissance in timber building design. At the University of Canterbury, new structural systems for commercial multistorey timber buildings have been under development since 2005. These systems incorporate large timber sections connected by high strength post-tensioning tendons, and timber-concrete composite floor systems, and aim to compete with existing structural systems in terms of cost, constructability, operational and seismic performance. The development of post-tensioned timber systems has created a need for improved lateral force design approaches for timber buildings. Current code provisions for seismic design are based on the strength of the structure, and do not adequately account for its deformation. Because timber buildings are often governed by deflection, rather than strength, this can lead to the exceedence of design displacement limitations imposed by New Zealand codes. Therefore, accurate modeling approaches which define both the strength and deformation of post-tensioned timber buildings are required. Furthermore, experimental testing is required to verify the accuracy of these models. This thesis focuses on the development and experimental verification of modeling approaches for the lateral force design of post-tensioned timber frame and wall buildings. The experimentation consisted of uni-direcitonal and bi-directional quasi-static earthquake simulation on a two-thirds scale, two-storey post-tensioned timber frame and wall building with timber-concrete composite floors. The building was subjected to lateral drifts of up to 3% and demonstrated excellent seismic performance, exhibiting little damage. The building was instrumented and analyzed, providing data for the calibration of analytical and numerical models. Analytical and numerical models were developed for frame, wall and floor systems that account for significant deformation components. The models predicted the strength of the structural systems for a given design performance level. The static responses predicted by the models were compared with both experimental data and finite element models to evaluate their accuracy. The frame, wall and floor models were then incorporated into an existing lateral force design procedure known as displacement-based design and used to design several frame and wall structural systems. Predictions of key engineering demand parameters, such as displacement, drift, interstorey shear, interstorey moment and floor accelerations, were compared with the results of dynamic time-history analysis. It was concluded that the numerical and analytical models, presented in this thesis, are a sound basis for determining the lateral response of post-tensioned timber buildings. However, future research is required to further verify and improve these prediction models.

Este trabalho trata do projeto e da construção de edifícios de andares múltiplos com estrutura formada por perfis de aço e está ligado a duas áreas distintas da engenharia: a acadêmica e a prática. Para a acadêmica fornece uma quantidade de informações que permitem o desenvolvimento de diversas pesquisas sobre o assunto. Para a área prática fornece parâmetros que permitem discutir a viabilidade desta modalidade construtiva e as informações mínimas para o desenvolvimento do projeto e orientação da construção. Para tanto, o conteúdo foi distribuído em 6 capítulos, onde no primeiro é feita uma análise da evolução destas construções, sob o ponto de vista arquitetônico e apresentadas algumas divergências quanto ao ensino e a aplicação desta modalidade construtiva. No segundo capítulo são discutidos alguns aspectos construtivos ligados aos sistemas estruturais já utilizados, a racionalização por ocasião do projeto e o comportamento frente a incêndios. No terceiro capítulo são analisados alguns aspectos estruturais, como os comportamentos estático, dinâmico, de segunda ordem e a influência da rigidez das ligações na rigidez global da estrutura. No quarto capítulo é abordado o sistema estrutural aporticado e desenvolvido o projeto de um edifício, com vinte pavimentos, que permite analisar o comportamento dos seus elementos constitutivos. No quinto capítulo são analisados diversos sistemas estruturais aplicáveis a estas construções, como os aporticados; os com núcleos resistentes; em \"outrigger\"; e os tubulares. Finalmente, no sexto e último capítulo apresentam-se as recomendações e conclusões consideradas pertinentes e alguns temas para pesquisas posteriores. / The aim of this work is the design and construction of multi-storey buildings with steel structures linked to two different fields of the engineering: theorical and practical. For the formar it gives a great deal of information that allows the development of several researches about the topic. For the later it gives parameters which permit discussing the viability of this kind of system, and the least information for the development of the design and guidance of the construction. For this purpouse the content of this work was divided in six chapters, starting with an analysis of the evolution of these buidings on the architectonic point of view and also shows some disagreements related to teaching and the use of this kind of system. In the second one, some constructive aspects linked to usual structural systems are showed, the rationalization during the projet and the behaviour facing tires are discussed. The third chapter deals with some structural aspects as static and dynamic basis of second order and the influence of the stiffness of conections to determine the global stiffness of the structure. In the fourth chapter the complete analysis of the framed structure analysis in a 20 storey-building was developed. The fifth chapter discusses some alternative proposals to the structural system of the building treated in the late chapter; those with a resistent core system, an outrigger and the tube shaped structure. Finally, in the last chapter the remarks and conclusions are presented and some topics for posterior researches are suggested.

Estates of multi-storey housing present some of the most intractable problems for urban policy. Socially, many are characterised by a complex of deprivation. Physically, they often suffer from serious technical problems and poor environmental quality. This study traces the development of multi-storey housing from its early beginnings in the 19th century to the period from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s when most of the contemporary legacy of estates was built. In this period, it is suggested, the concentration on 'low cost' led to the poor design of access systems, the use of untried mass-production techniques and the virtual elimination of social facilities. All these economies sowed the seeds of the social rejection and degeneration that was to follow. The central question is whether such estates can be successfully modernised -or whether the only solution is to demolish them. In seeking an answer the various responses of social landlords are analysed. It emerges that the older, smaller estates can be effectively adapted to provide good housing. The large scale, more recent estates, however, have proved more resistant to improvement. Despite the fact that government has increasingly targeted the problem estates of the 1960s and 70s, many improvement schemes have met with limited success. Drawing on an analysis of past practice, a 'model of regeneration' is defined. This concentrates on the need for tenant participation; on the importance of design solutions which are both technically and socially appropriate; and on management which is sensitive to local needs. This model was tested through case studies on recent improvement schemes. From the results, conclusions are drawn about the value of the model and the prospects for regenerating the various types of multi-storey housing Finally, a strategic approach is defined which can re-form the estates and re-integrate them into the mainstream urban environment.

Este trabalho trata do projeto e da construção de edifícios de andares múltiplos com estrutura formada por perfis de aço e está ligado a duas áreas distintas da engenharia: a acadêmica e a prática. Para a acadêmica fornece uma quantidade de informações que permitem o desenvolvimento de diversas pesquisas sobre o assunto. Para a área prática fornece parâmetros que permitem discutir a viabilidade desta modalidade construtiva e as informações mínimas para o desenvolvimento do projeto e orientação da construção. Para tanto, o conteúdo foi distribuído em 6 capítulos, onde no primeiro é feita uma análise da evolução destas construções, sob o ponto de vista arquitetônico e apresentadas algumas divergências quanto ao ensino e a aplicação desta modalidade construtiva. No segundo capítulo são discutidos alguns aspectos construtivos ligados aos sistemas estruturais já utilizados, a racionalização por ocasião do projeto e o comportamento frente a incêndios. No terceiro capítulo são analisados alguns aspectos estruturais, como os comportamentos estático, dinâmico, de segunda ordem e a influência da rigidez das ligações na rigidez global da estrutura. No quarto capítulo é abordado o sistema estrutural aporticado e desenvolvido o projeto de um edifício, com vinte pavimentos, que permite analisar o comportamento dos seus elementos constitutivos. No quinto capítulo são analisados diversos sistemas estruturais aplicáveis a estas construções, como os aporticados; os com núcleos resistentes; em \"outrigger\"; e os tubulares. Finalmente, no sexto e último capítulo apresentam-se as recomendações e conclusões consideradas pertinentes e alguns temas para pesquisas posteriores. / The aim of this work is the design and construction of multi-storey buildings with steel structures linked to two different fields of the engineering: theorical and practical. For the formar it gives a great deal of information that allows the development of several researches about the topic. For the later it gives parameters which permit discussing the viability of this kind of system, and the least information for the development of the design and guidance of the construction. For this purpouse the content of this work was divided in six chapters, starting with an analysis of the evolution of these buidings on the architectonic point of view and also shows some disagreements related to teaching and the use of this kind of system. In the second one, some constructive aspects linked to usual structural systems are showed, the rationalization during the projet and the behaviour facing tires are discussed. The third chapter deals with some structural aspects as static and dynamic basis of second order and the influence of the stiffness of conections to determine the global stiffness of the structure. In the fourth chapter the complete analysis of the framed structure analysis in a 20 storey-building was developed. The fifth chapter discusses some alternative proposals to the structural system of the building treated in the late chapter; those with a resistent core system, an outrigger and the tube shaped structure. Finally, in the last chapter the remarks and conclusions are presented and some topics for posterior researches are suggested.

This thesis presents an analytical method based on classical matrix methods for computing the dynamic response of elastic-plastic multi-storey building frames. The method developed is comparatively simple and is of much use for building frames having large number of storeys. By this method, response of multi-storey build­ings could be calculated on high-speed digital computers of high storage capacity. The computer program developed saves huge storage locations and thus makes it possible to analyze multi-storey frames which till now were con­sidered as very difficult. Dynamic response of a two-storey and six-storey frame are shown to demonstrate the utility of the method. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)