Ett sekellångt förbud mot att bygga hus med trästomme högre än två våningar har gjort att värdefulla kunskaper om träbyggandet gått förlorat samtidigt som andra material istället etablerat sig på marknaden.För utvecklingen av flervåningshus i trä har Växjö blivit en förebild för andra städer i Sverige och resten av världen. Med denna studie vill författarna skapa en uppfattning om var i utvecklingen vi står idag samt tillvarata erfarenheter från fyra representativa projekt.Målet har varit att ta fram faktorer i produktionsprocessen som påverkar tid, kvalitet och ekonomi för flervåningshus i trä. Dessutom har det undersökts i vilken grad och på vilket sätt erfarenheter från tidigare projekt omsatts i senare projekt.Arbetet resulterar i ett antal punkter som är viktiga att ta ställning till vid en byggnation av flervåningshus med en träbaserad stomme. Dessa punkter berör bl a vad som behöver beaktas vid hög prefabriceringsgrad, varför och hur väderskydd bör användas samt hur sättningar påverkar en träbyggnad. Utvecklingen är starkt beroende av kontinuitet och av att fler hus av denna sort byggs. Detta skapar förutsättningar för att det skall gå snabbare och bli mindre kostsamt att bygga med trä.

A fundamental task in structural stability analysis is to ensure the safety of structures throughout their operational life so as to prevent catastrophic consequences either at ambient or elevated temperatures. This thesis concerns the stability of unbraced steel frames due to abnormal loadings or fire loads, and develops practical methods to evaluate the stability capacity of unbraced steel frames at ambient temperature or in fire. The problem of determining the elastic buckling strengths of unbraced steel frames subjected to variable loadings can be expressed as an optimization problem with stability constraints based on the concept of storey-based buckling. The optimization problem can be solved by the linear programming method, which is considerably simpler and more suitable for engineering practice than the nonlinear programming method. However, it was found that the frame buckling strength obtained from the linear programming method based on Taylor series approximation on column stiffness may be overestimated in some cases. Thus, a secant approximation of the column stiffness was introduced, and a modified linear programming method based on the secant approximation was proposed. Numerical examples show that the linear programming method in light of the secant approximation can yield conservative results and maintain simplicity. In spite of the convenience of the modified linear programming method, numerical examples show that the linear programming method cannot accurately detect the maximum and minimum frame buckling strengths in some cases. Therefore, an alternative method to assess the lateral stiffness of an axially loaded column derived by using two cubic Hermite elements to signify the column is proposed. Unlike the column stiffness obtained from the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory containing transcendental functions, the stiffness in the proposed method includes only polynomials. Thus, the column stiffness within the proposed method enables the minimization and maximization problems to be solved by efficient gradient-based nonlinear programming algorithms, which overcome the inability of linear programming algorithm to detect the minimum frame buckling strength in some cases. The accuracy of the column stiffness associated with the proposed method was compared with that of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Four unbraced steel frames were investigated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. It is known that the evaluation of the lateral stability of steel frames subjected to elevated temperatures is different from that at ambient temperature due to the degradation of material strength. Thus, the storey-based buckling method at ambient temperature was extended to evaluating the stability of unbraced steel frames subjected to elevated temperature. To simulate a steel column exposed to the elevated temperature, an analytical model was proposed to examine the effects of axial loading, elevated temperature, and thermal boundary restraints on the lateral stiffness of steel columns in unbraced frames. The procedure of evaluating the stability capacity of unbraced steel frames at elevated temperature was then concluded. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the evaluation procedure of the proposed method. The column model was then refined to evaluate the lateral stiffness of steel column subjected to non-uniform elevated temperature distributions along the longitudinal direction. The lateral stiffness equation of the column model was derived based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The procedure to evaluate the stability capacity of unbraced steel frames subjected to non-uniform elevated temperature distributions was then concluded. The numerical examples were investigated with the proposed method for non-uniform elevated temperature distributions. Finally, initial attempts were made to evaluate the stability of unbraced steel frames with fire-protected columns at different fire scenarios. A degradation factor charactering the variation of the Young's Modulus of steel at elevated temperature was introduced. The objective and constraint functions were constructed, and optimal tools were used to determine the buckling strength of an unbraced steel frame at different fire scenarios.

Facades are popular in modern buildings and are made of different materials such as pre-cast concrete, glass, aluminium, granite or marble and steel. During recent times seismic activity in densely populated areas has resulted in damage and a consequent loss of life. There were many types of building failure, including failure of building facade systems. Facade systems are highly vulnerable and fail more frequently than the buildings themselves with significant devastating effects. During an earthquake building frames suffer large interstorey drifts, causing racking of the building facade systems. The facade systems may not be able to cater for such large deformations and this can result in either functional or total failure at the facade connections or damage by pounding (impact) with adjacent facade panels. Façade failure and collapse can cause serious damage to buildings and injury to people in the vicinity. Moreover, facade represent between 10- 20 % or more of the total building cost depending on the size and importance of the facility and facade material (Facades1980). Considering the cost and safety issues, the importance of a well designed facade system on a building needs to be emphasised. In modern buildings, energy absorbing passive damping devices are very commonly used for energy absorption in order to manage the vibration response of multistorey buildings in an earthquake event. A number of manufactured dampers such as Viscoelastic and viscous, friction and yielding dampers are available. These dampers use a range of materials and designs in order to achieve diverse levels of damping and stiffness. This thesis is an investigation of the seismic behaviour of building facade systems and studies the effects of facade and connection properties on this response. The objectives with energy absorbing connections of the study are to determine and control facade distortions and to establish the required connection properties. Finite Element techniques have been used for modelling and analysis of the building frame, facade and connections. Time history analyses under earthquake loadings were carried out to determine the system response in terms of inter-storey drifts, facade distortions, differential displacement between facades and frames and the axial force in horizontal connections. Connection properties with respect to stiffness and energy absorption capability (or damping) have been modelled and varied to obtain the desired response. Findings illustrate the influence of these connection properties on system response and show that it is possible to control facade distortions to within acceptable limits. They also demonstrate that energy absorbing connections are able to reduce inter-storey drifts and mitigate the detrimental seismic effects on the entire building facade system.

Thesis (M. Hous. M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-305).

Thesis (M.Hous.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93). Also available in print.

The thesis deals with a proposed layout of a multi-storey apartment building on the territory of the town of České Budějovice. The thesis contains a literary overview to inform the reader about the issues of design documents, analysis of the land use plan for the corporate town of České Budějovice in connection with the building location and, last but not least, related design documents in agreement with the applicable decree. The objective of this thesis was to develop the design documents meeting the low energy consumption standard, i.e. meeting all current requirements for modern and energy-saving construction projects, in terms of the appearance, employed technologies and materials. An integral part of the results is a placement of the project in a suitable location, as outlined by the land use plan. The thesis is concluded with an evaluation of the architectural and structural solution and of the selected materials in respect to the low energy consumption standard of the building.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to provide improvement suggestions on how the amount of carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced in the construction of mainly multi-storey timber buildings. Proposals are made after identifying where in the life cycle the largest emissions occur. Method: To achieve the goal of this study a case study was performed on an existing multi-storey timber building. A life cycle analysis (LCA) was performed to identify where in the life cycle the biggest emissions occur. To gather all important information about the project, document analysis was conducted. In addition, a literature study was made on the subject which supports and enhances conducted study. Findings: From literature study, case study and document analysis results have been listed which forms the foundation for the following suggestions of improvement. The life cycle analysis has identified that the largest amount of carbon dioxide is 28 % and is obtained in sawmills. The production of glue produces 25 % and transports during the lifecycle produces nearly 20 %. Implications: The conclusion contributes to reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in future production of mainly wooden buildings. The greatest amount of carbon dioxide have been identified and the following proposals have been made to reduce emissions. Make sawmills more effective to reduce emissions. Produce and use environmentally friendly adhesive with similar characteristics. Use waste from forest felling, sawmills and glulam factories for production of biofuel used for transports. Limitations: This study has only covered multi-storey buildings in different wooden systems, the problem is probably also relevant for other buildings. Keywords: Carbon dioxide emissions, LCA, multi-storey building, timber and wooden frame. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att ge förbättringsförslag om hur mängden koldioxidutsläpp kan minskas vid byggande av främst flervåningshus i trä. Förslag tas fram efter att ha identifierat var i livscykeln de största utsläppen sker. Metod: Syftet med arbetet uppnås framförallt med en fallstudie utförd på ett existerande flervåningshus med stomme i limträ. En livscykelanalys (LCA) utfördes för att ta fram var i livscykeln de största utsläppen sker. För att samla in all viktig information om projektet utfördes även dokumentanalys. Fortsättningsvis utfördes en noggrann litteraturstudie inom ämnet som stödjer och förstärker utförd studie. Resultat: Från litteraturstudie, fallstudie och dokumentanalys har resultat tagits fram som ligger till grund för framförda förbättringsförslag. Livscykelanalysen har identifierat att den största mängden koldioxidutsläpp är 28 % och avges från sågverken. Framställandet av lim avger 25 % och transporterna under livscykeln avger ungefär 20 %. Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen bidrar till att mängden koldioxidutsläpp kan minskas i framtida produktion av framförallt byggnader i trä. Där koldioxidutsläppen är som störst i livscykeln har följande förbättringsförslag tagits fram för att minska utsläppen. Effektivisera sågverk för att minska utsläppen. Framställa och använda ett miljövänligare lim med liknande egenskaper. Utnyttja spill från skogsavverkning, sågverk och limträfabrik till att producera biobränsle som kan användas till transporter. Begränsningar: Arbetet har endast behandlat flervåningshus i olika stomsystem av trä, troligtvis är problemet aktuellt även för andra byggnader. Nyckelord: Flervåningshus, koldioxidutsläpp, LCA, limträ och trästomme.

Themaster’sthesisdealswithdesigndocumentationofanewbuildingkindergartenin Jedovnice. The property consists of six classroom, background for these classes and forteachers, background for school management and kitchen. It is a detached, two-storey building without a basement. Parking space is solved by parking in next of the building. The house is fitted to slightly sloping terrain. The main entrances to the building are situated to the north, north-east and south-west. The building is designed from the struktural systém HELUZ.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a multi-storey boarding house with a restaurant and an apartment for the boarding house manager in Velké Losi-ny. The building has two floors and one underground floor. The building is intended for accommodation of persons, for recreation, catering in a restaurant and for living in one accommodation unit. There will be 15 accommodation rooms with a capacity of 38 persons, massages in 1S and a restaurant with kitchen in the 1st floor. Air-conditioning units will be designed in the kitchen and restaurant. The main entrance to the boarding house is from the north side, the entrance to the restaurant is oriented to the southeast, the entrance to the household and the housing unit on the south-east side. Apart from the entrance to the accommodation unit, all entrances are accessible by wheelchair access. The house has a regular rectangular letter shape and is behind the roof pitched gable roof. The roof construction consists of wooden trusses. Residential rooms are oriented to the southwest and southeast. The building is built of ceramic blocks on the above-ground floor and concrete blocks lost in the bed on the underground floor. The horizontal structures consist of reinforced concrete cross-reinforced and one-side reinforced ceiling slabs. The project was developed using the educational version of the computer program AutoCad and Archicad. Emphasis was placed on the layout, architectural appearance, static requirements and safety of use.