During the entire course of evolution of our species have animals played an important role in human society and culture. They receive considerably more attention over other stimuli and the interest in animals is accompanied by both positive and negative emotions. This work deals with human attitudes towards three classes of vertebrates - amphibians (Amphibia), mammals (Mammalia), and birds (Aves) - and aims to reveal morphological and other perceptional characteristics of these animals (colour, pattern) that are responsible for their ratings of attractiveness, and of fear and disgust induced, and to investigate the relationship of negative emotions and human aesthetic preferences. The testing, underwent by 536 respondents, revealed the general body shape has the most significant impact on the rating of attractiveness and disgust induced by amphibians. Mammals and birds were significantly influenced by their real body size that was impossible to completely filter out by standardising of the photographs. Colours were of merely marginal influence, saturation contributed to the positive rating, whereas dark and dull colours were rated rather negatively. Particular colours were specific for individual groups. The relations between the examined quantities were not uniform among all the investigated...

Scaffolding and videoprojection on the gallery floor act like challenge to watch videos from the right focus – from the top of the safoolding. Instalation should mostly force the audience to get in touch with situation, which is unbearable for someone, who is scared from the heights – acrophobic.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El uso masivo de plásticos sintéticos y su impacto medioambiental obliga a buscar alternativas biodegradables para el envasado de los alimentos,etapa necesaria para su adecuada conservación.Así mismo,la necesidad de incrementar la vida útil de los alimentos ha despertado gran interés en el desarrollo de materiales activos(antimicrobianos y antioxidantes)que mantengan su calidad y seguridad por más tiempo,mediante el uso de compuestos de origen natural,seguros para el consumidor.En este sentido,el desarrollo de materiales biodegradables activos para el envasado de alimentos constituye hoy en día un reto importante para la industria alimentaria.En la presente Tesis Doctoral,se ha estudiado la encapsulación de carvacrol mediante el electroestirado o extensión y secado de diferentes disoluciones poliméricas con carvacrol.Se han utilizado polímeros biodegradables portadores de diferente polaridad(almidón termoplástico:TPS,polivinil-alcohol:PVA, policaprolactona:PCL o ácido poliláctico:PLA)disueltos en el solvente adecuado,con el fin de obtener capas activas.Estas capas se han combinado con otras de polímeros con propiedades complementarias,para obtener laminados activos adecuados para el envasado de alimentos.Los laminados combinaron polímeros polares(TPS o PVA)y poliésteres no polares(PCL o PLA)incorporando el carvacrol en una de las capas.Se evaluó la cinética de liberación del activo,así como la acción antimicrobiana de los materiales obtenidos.Los laminados se caracterizaron en su funcionalidad como material de envase(prop. de barrera,mecánicas u ópticas)así como en su estructura y comportamiento térmico.Los estudios de encapsulación revelaron un mayor potencial encapsulante del carvacrol para los polímeros no polares(PCL;PLA),aunque el PVA mostró también una buena afinidad con el compuesto activo.La matriz de PVA mostró una mayor retención de carvacrol mediante electroestirado de sus disoluciones acuosas que por extensión y secado,sin necesidad de adición de tensoactivos como el Tween85.Para la encapsulación en PLA,se usaron mezclas binarias de solventes aptos para contacto con los alimentos(acetato de etilo y DMSO).En este caso,se obtuvo una mayor eficiencia encapsulante del PLA en los materiales obtenidos por extensión y secado que en los electroestirados.La cinética de liberación del carvacrol de las fibras de PCL explicó el mayor efecto antibacteriano contra E.coli,y el escaso efecto antilisteria.La velocidad de liberación del activo aumentó cuando disminuyó la polaridad de los simulantes alimentarios, mostrando una liberación completa en los sistemas apolares,pero solo hasta 75% en los sistemas acuosos,que requerirían una mayor proporción del activo en el envase para potenciar su efectividad.La combinación de láminas de TPS con fibras de PCL cargadas con carvacrol dio lugar a materiales con una permeabilidad al vapor de agua mejorada,en comparación con los films de almidón,sin efectos relevantes sobre las otras propiedades funcionales estudiadas.Cuando los laminados se probaron in vitro contra cepas G(+) y G(-) mostraron un efecto antibacteriano similar al de las fibras de PCL con carvacrol,pero retrasado en el tiempo.Los estudios de desintegración-biodegradación de los laminados almidón-PCL revelaron que las películas con carvacrol afectaron la actividad del inóculo del compost,disminuyendo ligeramente la biodegradabilidad de las películas,pero alcanzando valores de desintegración similares(75-80%)a las muestras libres de carvacrol.Se obtuvieron también laminados de PLA y PVA mediante la extensión y secado de disoluciones acuosas de PVA con carvacrol.La superficie del PLA fue sometida a aminolización a fin de mejorar la extensibilidad de las disoluciones acuosas.A pesar del incremento de la componente polar de la energía superficial del PLA y su mejorada humectabilidad con las soluciones de PVA,estas bicapas no mostraron una mejora significativa en las propied / [CA] L'ús massiu de plàstics sintètics i el seu impacte mediambiental obliga a buscar alternatives biodegradables per a l'envasament dels aliments necessari per a la seua conservació.Així mateix,la necessitat d'incrementar la vida útil dels aliments ha despertat gran interés en el desenvolupament de materials actius(antimicrobians i antioxidants)que mantinguen la seua qualitat i seguretat per més temps,per mitjà de l'ús de compostos d'origen natural,segurs per al consumidor.En este sentit,el desenvolupament de materials biodegradables actius per a l'envasament d'aliments constituïx un repte important per a la indústria alimentària.En la present Tesi Doctoral,s'ha estudiat l'encapsulació de carvacrol per mitjà de l'electroestirat o extensió i assecat de diferents dissolucions polimèriques amb carvacrol.S'han utilitzat polímers biodegradables portadors de diferent polaritat(midó termoplàstic:TPS, polivinil-alcohol:PVA, policaprolactona:PCL o àcid poliláctic:PLA)dissolts en el solvent adequat,a fi d'obtindre capes actives.Estes s'han combinat amb altres de polímers amb propietats complementàries,per a obtindre laminats actius adequats per a l'envasament d'aliments.Els laminats van combinar polímers polars(TPS o PVA)i poliésters no polars(PCL o PLA)incorporant el carvacrol en una de les capes.Es va avaluar la cinètica d'alliberament de l'actiu,així com l'acció antimicrobiana dels materials obtinguts.Els laminats es van caracteritzar en la seua funcionalitat com a material d'envàs(propietats de barrera, mecàniques o òptiques),així com en la seua estructura i comportament tèrmic.Els estudis d'encapsulació van revelar un major potencial encapsulant del carvacrol per als polímers no polars(PCL i PLA),encara que el PVA va mostrar també una bona afinitat amb el compost actiu.La matriu de PVA va mostrar una major retenció de carvacrol per mitjà d'electroestirat de les seues dissolucions aquoses que per extensió i assecat,sense necessitat d'addició de tensioactius com el Tween 85.Per a l'encapsulació en PLA,es van usar mescles binàries de solvents aptes per a contacte amb els aliments(acetat d'etil i DMSO).Es va obtindre una major eficiència encapsulant del PLA en els materials obtinguts per extensió i assecat que en els electroestirats.La cinètica d'alliberament del carvacrol de les fibres de PCL va explicar el major efecte antibacterià contra Escherichia coli,i l'escàs efecte antilisteria.La velocitat d'alliberament de l'actiu va augmentar quan va disminuir la polaritat dels simulants alimentaris,mostrant un alliberament complet en els sistemes no polars, però només fins a un 75% en els sistemes aquosos,que requeririen una major proporció de l'actiu en l'envàs per a potenciar la seua efectivitat.La combinació de làmines de TPS amb fibres de PCL carregades amb carvacrol va donar lloc a materials amb una permeabilitat al vapor d'aigua millorada,en comparació amb els films de midó, sense efectes rellevants sobre les altres propietats funcionals.Quan els laminats es van provar in vitro contra ceps Gram(+) i Gram(-) van mostrar un efecte antibacterià semblant al de les fibres de PCL amb carvacrol,però retardat en el temps.Els estudis de desintegració-biodegradació dels laminats midó-PCL van revelar que les pel·lícules amb carvacrol van afectar l'activitat de l'inocule del compost,disminuint lleugerament la biodegradabilitat,però aconseguint valors de desintegració semblants(75-80%)a les mostres lliures de carvacrol.Es van obtindre també laminats de PLA i PVA per mitjà de l'extensió i assecat de dissolucions aquoses de PVA amb carvacrol.La superfície del PLA va ser sotmesa a aminolizatció a fi de millorar l'extensibilitat de les dissolucions aquoses.A pesar de l'increment de la component polar de l'energia superficial del PLA i la seua millorada mullabilitat amb les solucions de PVA,estes bicapes no van mostrar una millora significativa en les propietats mecàniques i de barrera / [EN] The massive use of synthetic plastics and their environmental impact makes necessary the search for biodegradable alternatives for food packaging. Likewise, the need to increase the shelf life of food has aroused great interest in the development of active materials (antimicrobial and antioxidant) that maintain food quality and safety for longer periods of time through the use of compounds of natural origin, safe for the consumer. In this sense, the development of active biodegradable materials for food packaging is both a major imperative and challenge for the food industry today. In the present Doctoral Thesis, the encapsulation of carvacrol has been studied by means of the electrospinning or casting of different polymeric solutions with carvacrol. Biodegradable polymers with different polarities (thermoplastic starch: TPS, poly(vinyl-alcohol): PVA, poly-(¿-caprolactone): PCL or poly(lactic acid): PLA) dissolved in the appropriate solvent have been used to obtain active layers. These have been combined with other polymers with complementary properties, to obtain active laminates suitable for food packaging. The laminates combined polar polymers (TPS or PVA) and non-polar polyesters (PCL or PLA) incorporating carvacrol in one of the layers. The release kinetics of the active ingredient was evaluated, as well as the antimicrobial action of the materials obtained. The laminates were characterized in their functionality as a packaging material (barrier, mechanical or optical properties), as well as in their structure and thermal behaviour. Encapsulation studies revealed a higher encapsulating potential of carvacrol for non-polar polymers (PCL and PLA), although PVA also showed a good affinity with the active compound. The PVA matrix showed a higher retention of carvacrol by electrospinning of its aqueous solutions than by casting, without the need for addition of surfactants such as Tween 85. For the encapsulation in PLA, binary mixtures of solvents suitable for food contact (ethyl acetate and DMSO) were used. A higher encapsulation efficiency of PLA was obtained in the materials produced by casting than by electrospinning. The carvacrol release kinetics of PCL fibres explained the higher antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and the lower antilisterial effect. The release ratio of the active ingredient increased when the polarity of the food simulants decreased, showing a complete release in non-polar systems and only up to 75% in aqueous systems that would require a higher proportion of the active ingredient in the packaging material to enhance its effectiveness. The combination of TPS films with carvacrol loaded PCL fibres resulted in materials with improved water vapour permeabilities, compared to starch films, with no relevant effects on the other functional properties. When the laminates were tested in vitro against Gram (+) and Gram (-) strains, they showed a similar antibacterial effect to that of PCL fibres with carvacrol, but delayed in time. Disintegration-biodegradation studies of PCL-starch laminates revealed that carvacrol films affected the activity of the compost inoculum, slightly decreasing the biodegradability of the laminates, but reaching similar disintegration values (75-80%) to the carvacrol-free samples. PLA and PVA laminates were also obtained by casting aqueous PVA solutions with carvacrol. The surface of PLA was submitted to aminolization in order to improve the extensibility of the aqueous solutions. Despite the increase in the polar component of the PLA surface energy and its improved wettability with PVA solutions, these bilayers did not show significant improvement in mechanical and barrier properties over the PLA monolayers. / The authors would like to thank the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain, for funding this study as part of projects AGL2013-42989-R and AGL2016-76699-R and predoctoral research grant # BES-2014-068100. / Tampau, A. (2020). Carvacrol encapsulation by electrospinning or solvent casting to obtain biodegradable multilayer active films for food packaging applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/140313 / TESIS / Compendio

Arnošt Lustig and experience of the Holocaust in light of theory of narration Abstract. Means of implementation Nazi program of exterminating the Jews, which was designed and implemented during the Second World War, had an instrument of realization in a concentration camp, where prisoners not only of died, but there was organized devaluation of their lives. We talk about it as a "model form of government", reasonably elaborate system, in which prisoners should believe, that their life has no meaning, and on the other hand they are exposed to "limit situations", that create pressure on their survival instinct, and thus affect their behavior. From world of ever-present death prisoners brought experience, about which many could not and others needed to talk. However, they meet with an inability to express this experience. There grow up a debate whether the facts are trivializing. The threat of trivializing is seen also in artistic representation. As one of the options for capture the experience of the Holocaust is mentioned concentration on the internal experience of the individual, which can by displayed mainly by art literature, whch is looking for new expressive and formal means to "communicate an incommunicable" trauma. Among the writers of literature, who comes from their own camp experiences is ranked...

Title: Teaching of sports gymnastics disciplins in connection with fear scruples Aims of thesis: Find out range of incorporate sports gymnastics in teaching on elementary and high schools in chosen prague's region. How influence fears scruples this teaching. Method: In research was used method of question by question form. Respondets were students of 1. and 2. follow-up masters study UK FTVS, for teachers on prague's elementary and high schools. Results: A single items from question form were statistically evaluated, completed by bar graphs and comments. Final summary of examined problematic shows lack of representation disciplins of sports gymnastics in teaching of physical education on elementary and high schools, consequently arise fears inhibitions. Keywords: Fear, anxiety, sports gymnastics, vault, injury, physical education, teaching

Diploma thesis "The Topic of the Death in Existential Philosophy and its Influence on the Theological Reflection" deals with the Death in work of existential philosophers as Martin Heidegger, Jean - Paul Sartre, Karl Jaspers and Albert Camus. Authors concentrate on human being, which is direct to the Death. They mention about concepts, which influence of this perception of the Death, for example a freedom, an anxiety, a fear or a quilt. These concepts are importance to accept of the Death as a part of a human life. We can't omit the existence of God, who authors, without Karl Jaspers, decline. Diploma thesis deals with importance of the Death and what the Death tells for human. Authors concentrate on moment of the Death and subjective of the Death not only, but meaning of the Death in future too.

Due to shared coevolutionary history of snakes and primates with snakes acting as their main predators, snakes elicit fear in most of the primates, humans included. Humans are able to notice a stimulus that elicits fear, e.g., a snake, much faster. Such ability might have surely positively affected their survival in the past. In the nature, aposematic coloration acts as a warning of a dangerous prey to its predators not to devour it. The highly poisonous American coral snakes have this coloration pattern. The harmless king snakes of the Central and North Americas gain an anti-predatory advantage by becoming the coral snakes 'Batesian mimics, copying their bright pattern. Such pattern elicits an innate fear reaction in various species of wild birds who avoid a mere contact with patterned plastic dummies. The question arises whether other taxa, including primates and humans, generally recognize such pattern as dangerous. The aim of this study was to find whether humans fear coral snakes, although they have not long coevolutionary history with them. Further it was analyze, which visual factors of the snakes affect this fear reaction (i.e., a warning coloration, pattern or shape of snake). The atractiveness of these snakes was tested. Another question was whether humans are able to intuitively recognize...

Title: Teaching of sports gymnastics disciplins in connection with fear scruples Aims of thesis: Find out range of incorporate sports gymnastics in teaching on elementary and high schools. How influence fears scruples this teaching. Method: In research was used method of question by question form. Respondets were students of 1. and 2. follow-up masters study UK FTVS, for teachers on elementary and high schools. Results: Grafics expression of results, evaluation of single items from question form completed by comments and final summary of examined problematic. Keywords: Fear, anxiety, sports gymnastics, vault, injury, physical education, teaching

L’industrie de traitement de surfaces (TS) utilise de nombreux produits chimiques, en particulier des métaux toxiques et des substances organiques, qui sont connus pour être nocifs vis-à-vis des humains et de l’environnement. En raison d’une réglementation de plus en plus stricte, les effluents contenant des métaux lourds (Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Al, Cr, etc.) et de la charge organique caractérisée par le paramètre DCO (demande chimique en oxygène) doivent être traités. Il existe une grande variété de procédés de traitement des eaux usées provenant de la filière traitement de surface. En général, les systèmes conventionnels dedétoxification se composent principalement d’un ajustement de pH, d’une oxydation des cyanures et d’une réduction des chromes, suivi d’une précipitation sous forme d’hydroxydes et d’une clarification, et parfois d’une étape d’adsorption sur charbonpour enlever la DCO résiduelle. Cependant, la technologie sur charbon actif présente plusieurs problèmes tels que la saturation rapide et des problèmes de colmatage et de régénération des réacteurs. Comme les résines d’échange d’ions, leur utilisation est restreinte due au coût élevé. Pour ces raisons, la plupart des petites et moyennes entreprises ne peuvent pas utiliser de tels traitements. Ainsi, afin de répondre à ces problématiques, de nombreuses études sont menées pour trouver des alternatives peu coûteuses, qui soient efficaces et acceptables pour un usage industriel. Dans cette étude, la bio-adsorption sur un bio-adsorbant d’amidon réticulé a été utilisée pour retenir les métaux et la DCO contenus dans différents effluents industriels. L’adsorption a été étudiée en fonction du temps de contact, de la masse d’adsorbant et de la charge polluante (concentration, nature). L’influence de ces paramètres sur l’efficacité d’adsorption a été évaluée en utilisant une méthode conventionnelle en mode cuvéedite méthode en batch. Les résultats ont montré que le matériau présente des capacités d’adsorption élevées vis-à-vis des ions métalliques, ce qui permet de diminuer les concentrations métalliques en dessous des valeurs réglementaires. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus vis-à-vis de la charge organique, et ceci quelque soit le type d’effluent. Afin d’évaluer l’impact des rejets industriels provenant de quatre entreprises différentes de TS, nous avons effectué des tests écotoxicologiques normalisés basés sur l’utilisation de graines de laitue Lactuca sativa. Nous avons mesuré le taux de germination, la longueur et la masse deslaitues. Les résultats ont permis de comparer la toxicité des quatre rejets: les rejets contenant du cuivre et du nickel ont un impactbeaucoup plus élevé que ceux contenant du zinc ou de l’aluminium. De plus, les tests de germination effectués à l’aide de solutions synthétiques ont confirmé que les mélanges de métaux présentent une toxicité plus élevéeque celle de leurs constituants considérés isolément. Les testsde phytotoxicitéont été également réalisés sur les rejets industriels avant et après adsorption. Ces tests biologiques ont confirmé l’efficacité du procédépour diminuer fortement la toxicité du rejet. L’abattement chimique et la réduction de la toxicité ont démontré que la bio-adsorption sur un matériau non-conventionnel peut être une étape de finition intéressante pour la détoxification des rejets industriels.Enfin, les tests biologiques normalisés sont rapides, faciles à mettre en œuvre et parfaitement reproductibles. Ils pourraient être utilisés en routine pour évaluer les impacts d’un rejet industriel, même lorsque celui-ci satisfait aux exigences réglementaires / The surface-treatment industry consumes an important range of chemicals, in particular toxic metals and organics that are known to be harmful to humans and environnment. Because of more and more stringer regulations, effluents polluted with heavy metals and organics characterized by chemical oxigen demand must be treated.[...]

Fear of death is related to the way we live, affects individuals and affects the attitude of a whole society. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part, a definition of concept of ethics and bioethics can be found as well as a discussion of the differing perceptions of the value of human life, basic information about euthanasia and the possibilities for palliative and hospice care. Furthermore, different views on the fear of death are noted as are presented by representatives of several areas - anthropologists, psychologists, theologians and sociologists. In the next part an interdisciplinary overview of the fear of death is compiled, which forms the theoretical basis for the practical part of the work. In this part a qualitative research was carried out through half structured interviews on fear of death. Comparing the results with outcomes from the theoretical part, it was found that death is a taboo topic in a society and that the fear of death is natural. In line with the used literature, most respondents have a great fear of the process of dying itself than of the death itself. From this point of view it was uncovered, that there is a relatively low awareness of the possibilities of palliative care between respondents.