Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio Aparecido Duarte.pdf: 1068361 bytes, checksum: f69914b2d40848eb8a5509b120a968ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-17 / The object of this study falls in a reflection about György Lukács ' work category in your ontology. Therefore, how would the modal category work be situated according to materialist conception of History? This is the situation that will be addressed on this study. According to the lukacsian believe the modal category work would have in this conception the genesis of social being as well other categories. Thus, also is the basis of primary teleologies derived from the close relationship between man and nature as he could produce concrete conditions of his existence as the secondary theologies, which means, his conscience or what his conscience would produce. When studying the complex modal work, still according to Lukács, there are three important categories, in other words, alienation (Entäussaerung) And strangeness (Entfremdung) Alienation (Entäussaerung). While exteriorization/objectification, although the objectification is different of exteriorization both conceptions would be inseparable. In regards to strangeness (Entfremdung) in its s social-historic process it would involve how to be human in a specific moment of the development of productive forces. Consequently, work would be the structural axis of Marxist work what is evident when Lukács has contact with philosophical-economical manuscripts and this contact would transform his studies drastically. Thus, Karl Marx 's thoughts would be based mainly in a necessarily ontological dimension, from the thing itself, the ontological essence of the matter treated / O objeto do presente estudo se insere em uma reflexão acerca da categoria trabalho na ontologia de György Lukács. Assim, como se situaria a categoria trabalho em nível da concepção materialista da história? Tal é a situação problema que se abordará nesse estudo. Pois, para o pensamento lukacsiano a categoria modal do trabalho teria nessa concepção a gênese do ser social, assim como todas as demais categorias. Destarte, é também fundamento das teleologias primárias oriundas da relação direta do homem com a natureza à medida que ele produziria as condições concretas de sua existência assim como as teleologias secundárias, ou seja, sua consciência, ou aquilo que sua consciência viria a produzir. Ao se estudar o complexo modal do trabalho, ainda em Lukács, duas importantes categorias se fazem presentes, ou seja, a alienação (Entäussaerung) e estranhamento (Entfremdung). Alienação (Entäussaerung) enquanto exteriorização/objetivação, muito embora a objetivação seja distinta da exteriorização ambos os conceitos seriam indissociáveis. Quanto ao estranhamento (Entfremdung) em seu processo sócio-histórico diria respeito ao modo de ser do gênero humano num momento específico do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas. Assim sendo, o trabalho seria o eixo estruturador da obra marxiana o que, fica evidente quando Lukács toma contato com os manuscritos econômico-filosóficos e tal contato viria a transformar radicalmente seus estudos. Destarte, o pensamento de Karl Marx estaria fundamentado, sobretudo em uma dimensão necessariamente ontológica, ou seja, a partir da própria coisa, ou seja, da essência ontológica da matéria tratada

Since the late 1980s, there has been a steady production of Latin American narrative fiction in Spanish concerning China and the Chinese. Despite the work written about China and its relation to Latin America, no comprehensive examination of the representation of China in literature has been produced thus far. This thesis analyses nine novels in which China is the main theme, exploring how China has been represented in Latin American narrative fiction in recent decades. Using 'China' as a multidimensional term informed by Sara Ahmed's understanding of 'strangerness' (2000), this thesis first explores how the novels studied here both highlight and undermine assumptions about China that have long shaped Latin America's understanding of 'China'. Secondly, using theories of the fetish, it shows 'China' to be a kind of literary/imaginary 'third' term which reframes Latin American discourses of alterity. On one level, it is argued that these texts play with the way that 'China' stands in as a wandering signifier and as a metonym for Asia, a gesture that essentialises it as an unchanging other. On another level, it argues that the novels' employment of 'China' resists essentialist constructions of Latin American identity. 'China' is thus shown here to be a symbolic figure in Latin America, serving as a concept through which criticism of the construction of fetishised otherness becomes possible, as well as criticism of the exclusion inherent in essentialist discourses of identity, such as those contained in mestizaje. These discourses of mestizaje have traditionally emphasised racial and cultural mixture, and have excluded the Chinese from discourses of Latin American identity. As a result, 'China' is used here to deconstruct bound identities, interrupting discourses of otherness within Latin America. From this perspective, it is argued that these novels tend to gesture towards an understanding of identity as 'being-with', and community as inoperative, as developed by Jean-Luc Nancy (1991, 2000), whilst taking a cosmopolitan stance, as developed by Berthold Schoene (2011). The novels have been divided between those that set their stories in China, such as Cesar Aira's 'Una novela china' (1987); those that explore Chinese communities in Latin America, such as Ariel Magnus' 'Un chino en bicicleta' (2007); and those that focus on Latin American travel to China, such as Ximena Sanchez Echenique's 'El ombligo del dragon' (2007). Indebted to Ahmed's, Nancy's and Schoene's theoretical perspectives, Chapter 1 explores how 'China', as both a physical space and a discursive context, foregrounds negotiations of power in the histories of both China and Latin America. Chapter 2 studies how 'China' is used to recall and interrogate the notion of an indistinct 'oriental'. The final chapter seeks to understand the ways in which the novels articulate travel to China as a means of challenging Eurocentric structures and 'national' epistemologies. Ultimately, by disclosing the complex operations through which 'China' is represented in Latin American literary discourses, this study explores possible further reconfigurations of Latin American notions of identity and community as non-essentialist and in constant development.