Strawberries are an extremely perishable fruit mainly due to their soft texture and sensitivity to fungal infection. The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for grey mould on strawberries and is the main causal agent of postharvest decay and subsequent economic loss. As an alternative to fungicides, manipulation of plant nutrition, such as calcium and boron, has been suggested as a means of disease management. This project investigated the effects of calcium and boron application on fruit quality and grey mould development in strawberry. The effect of calcium on fruit quality, grey mould development and leaf blight in strawberry cultivars ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ was investigated through preharvest and postharvest applications. To determine the effect of preharvest application, calcium sulphate in 0.25X strength Hoagland’s solution was applied at 0, 100, 300 and 500 ppm Ca through fertigation. Fully-ripened fruit were harvested and evaluated for postharvest quality at harvest and then after storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 2 to 10 days. Although fruit firmness of both cultivars declined slightly during storage, this was not affected by preharvest calcium application. Similarly, preharvest calcium treatment had no effect on the external appearance, pH, soluble solids content (SSC) or titratable acidity (TA). No grey mould development was observed on fruit at harvest when flowers were inoculated with a conidia suspension of B. cinerea (10⁴ conidia per mL). However, fruit harvested from plants that received calcium at any concentration had less incidence of grey mould during storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH for 14 days than fruit harvested from plants that received no calcium for both cultivars. For ‘Aromas’, 79% and 51% of fruit, and for ‘Selva’, 69% and 43% of fruit, showed rot when treated with 0 and 500 ppm Ca, respectively. The shelf life of ‘Aromas’ and ‘Selva’ increased by about 8% when plants received 500 ppm Ca in comparison with plants that received 0 ppm Ca. After 7 days of incubation at 22 to 24⁰C, there was no difference between blight lesions on wound-inoculated detached leaves from different calcium treatments for either cultivar. However, the lesions on ‘Selva’ were smaller than on ‘Aromas’. The calcium levels in leaves from plants that received calcium at any concentration were adequate for strawberry growing and significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in leaves from plants that received 0 ppm Ca. However, calcium treatment did not ensure transfer of calcium to fruit tissues. Calcium lactate and calcium chloride were used as postharvest calcium treatments at 1500, 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca. Fruit of ‘Selva’ were dipped in calcium solution for 5 min and wound-inoculated with B. cinerea (10⁶ conidia per mL). Calcium lactate and calcium chloride at 3000 and 4500 ppm Ca, respectively, were most effective in delaying Botrytis rot development on ‘Selva’ after 7 days of storage at 10⁰C, 90±5% RH. Storage for least 24 h after calcium dips prior to inoculation was required to delay the development of fruit rot. Fruit harvested early in the season seemed to be less susceptible to grey mould than those harvested later. However, calcium treatment tended to be more effective when applied to late-season fruit. Preharvest boron treatment, applied as for calcium but at 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm B, had no effect on fruit firmness of either cultivar. However, firmness of ‘Aromas’ fruit was slightly greater than ‘Selva’ fruit for all treatments. The amount of boron applied had no effect on the external appearance, pH, SSC or TA for either cultivar after storage of fruit for up to 10 days. Application of boron had no effect on fruit grey mould development in either cultivar. Furthermore, boron had minimal effect on the incidence of blight on woundinoculated detached leaves of ‘Aromas’ 7 days after inoculation. However, blight lesion diameters on ‘Selva’ leaves in the 1.0 ppm B treatment (8.0 mm) were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) than in the 0 ppm B treatment (13.0 mm). Phytotoxicity was observed in boron treatments even at the level considered optimum for strawberry growing. Severity increased with increasing boron concentration but no consistent effect on flower death or flower abortion was observed. In conclusion, strawberry is sensitive to boron toxicity. Calcium may enhance fruit firmness and, consequently, delay grey mould development if calcium penetrates the fruit. Postharvest calcium treatment tended to be more effective in delaying development of grey mould when applied to late-season fruit. Calcium lactate is a potential alternative to calcium chloride for reducing decay caused by B. cinerea in strawberry without providing undesirable bitterness. This finding may provide a basis for application in industry. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1331382 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine 2008

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 226-244).

CNPq / O morangueiro é uma das culturas agrícolas que apresentam o maior custo de produção, principalmente devido a aquisição das mudas. Esse fato tem levado os produtores a manter as plantas por mais uma safra, devido ao baixo custo vinculado a essa prática. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto dessa prática sobre a qualidade do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de frutos de morangueiro de primeira (2013) e de segunda safra (2014) de um mesmo cultivo, levando em consideração aspectos físicos, químicos e nutricionais dos frutos. Posteriormente foi elaborado um queijo tipo Petit suisse com a cultivar Camarosa que apresentou os maiores teores de substâncias antioxidantes polares. Para as características físicas, o tamanho não difereriu em relação ás épocas de cultivo, mas os frutos de primeira época apresentaram-se mais vermelhos do que os de segunda época, o que pode estar relacionado com o teor de fenólicos totais. Com relação as características químicas (pH, sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável), observou-se que os frutos de primeira época apresentaram pH maior e menor teor de acidez titulável. Esses dados sugerem que sensorialmente o consumidor pode preferir os frutos de primeira época. A atividade antioxidante (ABTS) e o teor de antocianinas dos frutos de morango foi maior na segunda época de cultivo; e a atividade antioxidante (DPPH), compostos fenólicos e vitamina C apresentaram valores superiores na primeira época de cultivo. Esses resultados sugerem que dependendo da época de cultivo os frutos de morango possuem diferentes teores de substâncias bioativas em sua composição, que podem atuar na nutrição humana. Para a elaboração do queijo tipo Petit suisse, optou-se pela cultivar Camarosa, pois em ambas as épocas de cultivo essa cultivar apresentou maior teor de antioxidantes polares (vitamina C, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e flavonoides) do que as demais cultivares. Ao elaborar o queijo tipo Petit Suisse observou-se que com a adição do microencapsulado de polpa de goiaba o teor de carotenoides totais do produto aumentou, e com a adição da farinha de feijão houve aumento no valor proteíco e mudança na textura do queijo. Ambos os ingredientes interferiram no pH do produto. Com os resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que os ingredientes microencapsulado de polpa de goiaba e farinha de feijão agregaram valor nutricional ao queijo tipo Petit Suisse, devido ao maior teor de proteínas e carotenoides totais, indicando que esses ingredientes podem ser utilizados para a fabricação de outros produtos alimentícios. / Strawberry is one of the crops that have the highest cost of production, mainly due to the acquisition of the seedlings. This has led producers to keep the plants for another season, due to low cost linked to this practice. However, little is known about the impact of this practice on the quality of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the first fruits of strawberry (2013) and second crop (2014) of the same crop, taking into account physical, chemical and nutritional fruit. Later we designed a cheese type Petit Suisse with the cultivar Camarosa showed the highest levels of polar antioxidants. For physical characteristics, size does not difereriu compared ace growing seasons, but the fruits of the first season were more red than the second season, which may be related to the total phenolic content. Regarding the chemical characteristics (pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity), it was observed that the fruit first period had lower pH and higher titratable acidity. These data suggest that sensory consumers may prefer the fruits of the first season. The antioxidant activity (ABTS) and the anthocyanin content of strawberry fruits was higher in the second growing season; and the antioxidant activity (DPPH), phenolic compounds and vitamin C had higher values in the first growing season. These results suggest that depending on the growing season the strawberry fruits have different levels of bioactive substances in its composition, which can act in human nutrition. In preparing the cheese type Petit suisse, we chose to cultivate Camarosa because in both growing seasons this cultivar showed higher content of polar antioxidants (vitamin C, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and flavonoids) than the other cultivars. In preparing the cheese type Petit Suisse was observed that with the addition of guava pulp microencapsulated the total carotenoid content of the product increased, and with the addition of bean flour was increased-protein value and change in the texture of the cheese. Both ingredients interfere in the pH of the product. With the obtained results it can be stated that the ingredients microencapsulated of guava pulp and bean flour added nutritional value to cheese type Petit suisse, due to the high amount of protein and carotenoids, indicating that these ingredients can be used to manufacture other food products. / 5000

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-08-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_cs_me_botfca.pdf: 1230514 bytes, checksum: 2b7a4b091d9745f8b64a38ad5d473da8 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade e conservação do morango tratado em pós-colheita com cloreto de cálcio e em armazenamento sob atmosfera modificada. O experimento foi conduzido com morangos (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) 'Oso Grande', produzidos na cidade de Botucatu-SP e colhidos no estádio de maturação vermelho. O primeiro experimento consistiu da imersão das frutas em diferentes concentrações de CaCl2 durante 2 horas: 0% (testemunha), 1,0 %, 2,0%, 3,0% e 4,0%. Os parâmetros analisados foram: perda de massa fresca, aparência, tempo de vida útil, incidência de doenças, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, teor de cálcio, firmeza e análise sensorial. O segundo experimento realizado consistiu no armazenamento das frutas em embalagens de polietileno sob diferentes misturas gasosas: testemunha, vácuo parcial, 5% O2 e 1% CO2; 5% O2 e 3% CO2; 5% O2 e 5O2. Os parâmetros analisados foram: perda de massa fresca, aparência, tempo de vida útil, incidência de doenças, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, açúcar redutor e total, vitamina C, firmeza e análise sensorial. Para avaliação da conservação pós-colheita, os frutos foram armazenados a 0°C l 1°C/90l 5% UR por 12 dias e avaliados a cada 2 dias. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, comparando-se as médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados obtidos no 1° experimento permitem concluir que, apesar da imersão em CaCl2 ter sido eficiente para aumentar o teor de cálcio nas frutas, as diferentes concentrações testadas propiciaram aos morangos maior perda de massa fresca, incidência de doenças, depreciação na aparência, sabor, textura e aroma, diminuindo, portanto a qualidade e vida pós-colheita da fruta... / The objective of this work was evaluate has postharvest immersion in calcium chloride and storage in modified atmosphere, effect the quality and postharvest conservation of strawberries. The experiment was conducted with strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) 'Oso Grande', produced in the city of Botucatu-SP-Brazil and picked in the maturation stage red . The first experiment consisted of the immersion of the fruits in different concentrations of CaCl2 for 2 hours: 0% (control), 1,0%, 2,0%, 3,0% and 4,0%. The analyzed parameters were: regarding fresh mass loss, appearance, shelf life, incidence of disease, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, calcium contents, firmness, and sensorial analysis. The second experiment consisted of the storage of the fruits in polyethylene packing under different gaseous mixtures: control, vacuous, 5% O2 and 1% CO2; 5% O2 and 3% CO2; 5% O2 and 5O2. The analyzed parameters were: regarding fresh mass loss, appearance, shelf life, incidence of disease, soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH, reducer and total sugars, vitamin C, firmness and sensorial analysis. For evaluation of the post-harvest conservation the fruits were stored 0°C l 1°C/90l 5% UR for 12 days and appraised every 2 days. The statistical layout was completely randomized, by comparing the means with Tukey test in a ratio of 5% probability. The results obtained in the 1° experiment conclude that, although the immersion in CaCl2 has been efficient in increasing the content of calcium in the fruits, the different tested concentrations attributed to the strawberries with a greater loss of fresh mass, incidence of disease, depreciation in appearance, flavor, texture and aroma therefore decreasing the quality and post-harvest life of the fruit. The results of the 2° experiment already indicate that the treated fruits have a larger shelf life, better appearance, flavor and aroma,...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV07MA016.pdf: 1679932 bytes, checksum: ff6b141d76da54e056823ae64536de56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The first cultivations of apple in Brazil was initiated in the end of the sixty s and beginning of the seventy decade and the quality of the available propagative materials used to be very low for plantation. Europeu and United State were the main producers of this fruit and were the forst ones to work with clonal cleaning, but allowing many infected propagative materials with vírus and similars were introduced in Brazil. In the last years the Brazilian apple culture increased its social-economic importance, especially in the Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina State. However the quality of the imported and produced seedling in Brazil still is not satisfactory. Recent introductions of propagative materials from United States, Europe and Japan, revealed partially infected with latente viroses, according with the Virology Laboratory of the EMBRAPA GRAPE and WINE. The culture of the dtrawberry also is distinguished in the national scene of production of fruits of tempered climate, assuming reat relevance due its exploration in properties of familiar base. The plants used for the producers are deriving mainly of Chile, Argentina ando f the United States, that after enter in the country controls of little severity Viruses are responsible for injuries in all stages of apple development by interference in physiological processes which are necessary for the metabolismo and normal growth of the plant. The detention and elimination of thesepathogens is fundamental for clonal cleaning programs. Therefore, the characterization and utilization of new techniques in detection of these pathogens are very importante in search higher sensitivity, security and less costs for obtainment and production of free vírus and viroid propagative materials. The objective of this work was: a) develop a method of multiple biological indexing in substitution of individual biological indexing in detection of apple latente vírus; b) molecular characterization by analysis of nucleoitides and amino acids sequence of the capsidial protein of the isolate BR1 of apple chlorotic leaf spot vírus (ACLSV); and c) detection and partial characterization of the coat protein gene of Strawberry mild yellow edge vírus (SMYEV) in strawberry cv camarosa . The multiple biological indexing in which all indicator plantare grafting over the same root-stock, showed a substantial economy of space and costs due to reduction of the plant numbers in approximately 60 to 80%. This method showed to be reliable with a satisfactory sprouting and a good exteriorization of classic symptoms in the biological detection and characterization of Apple chlorotic leaf spot vírus (ACLSV), Apple stem grooving vírus (ASGV) and Apple vírus stem pitting (ASPV). The molecular characterization of the ACLSV isolate BR1 showed high homology when compared with the Japanese isolate MO-31 which cause latente infection in Malus prunifolia Malus Borkh var. ringo (= Maruba-Kaido). The Japanese isolate MO-31 is a latente vírus in Maruba-Kaido and is the more importante ACLSV biotipe. In nursery and orchards eith Maruba-Kaido root-stock, the symptoms of the ACLSV infection is not visible, allowing the maintenance of infected plants. The Strawberry mild yellow edge vírus was detected by biological indexing and the analysis of nucleotides and aminoavids sequence of the Brasilian isolates (BR1) showed, when compared with others isolates, a 88 to 92% between nucleotides and 98,5 to 100% between aminoacids / Os primeiros cultivos de macieira no Brasil iniciaram-se no final da década de 60 e início da década de 70 do século passado. A qualidade do material disponível para o plantio naquela época era baixa, visto que os principais produtores desta fruta, como a Europa e os Estados Unidos apenas iniciavam programas de limpeza clonal, e com isso ocorreram introduções de materiais infectados por vírus e similares. Nos últimos anos a cultura da macieira assumiu grande importância sócio-econômica no Brasil, especialmente no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Entretanto a qualidade das mudas importadas e produzidas no país ainda não é satisfatória. Introduções recentes de materiais propagativos provenientes dos Estados Unidos, Europa e Japão, mostraram-se parcialmente infectadas por vírus latentes, conforme análises do Laboratório de Virologia da Embrapa Uva e Vinho. A cultura do morango também se destaca no cenário nacional de produção de frutos de clima temperado, assumindo grande relevância devido a sua exploração em propriedades de base familiar. As mudas utilizadas pelos produtores são oriundas principalmente do Chile, Argentina e dos Estados Unidos, que entram no país sem controle quanto a presença de vírus. Os Vírus são responsáveis por danos em todas as fases de desenvolvimento da macieira e do morangueiro, pois interferem nos processos fisiológicos necessários para o metabolismo e crescimento normal da planta. A detecção e eliminação de vírus são componentes fundamentais em programas de limpeza clonal. Por isso, o desenvolvimento e a utilização de novas técnicas de detecção são relevantes na busca de maior sensibilidade, segurança e menor custo na obtenção e produção de materiais propagativos livres de vírus. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) desenvolver um método de indexação biológica múltipla como alternativa a indexação biológica individual na detecção de vírus latentes em macieira; b) a caracterização molecular pela análise da seqüência de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos do gene da proteína capsidial do isolado BR1 de Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV); e c) detecção e caracterização parcial do gene da proteína capsidial de Strawberry mild yellow edge virus SMYEV em morangueiro cultivar Camarosa. A indexação biológica múltipla, na qual todas as indicadoras são enxertadas sobre o mesmo porta-enxerto, permitiu substancial economia de espaço e custos, devido à redução do número de plantas em cerca de 60 a 80%. Este método conferiu resultados confiáveis, como uma brotação satisfatória e a expressão de sintomas clássicos, na detecção e caracterização biológica de ACLSV, Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) e Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV). A caracterização molecular do isolado BR1, demonstrou a maior homologia deste isolado com o isolado japonês MO-31, o qual causa infecção latente em Malus prunifolia Borkh var. ringo (=Maruba-Kaido), e o ACLSV não sendo visível, pode ser propagado em plantas infectadas. SMYEV foi detectado por indexação biológica e molecular e a análise da seqüência de nucleotídeos e aminoácidos deduzidos do isolado brasileiro (BR1) de SMYEV, demonstrou comparativamente com outros isolados, homologia de 88 a 92% entre nucleotídeos e 98,5 a 100% entre aminoácidos deduzidos