Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samuel Deoteronio da Silva - parte 1.pdf: 1190958 bytes, checksum: 08460415eb12294aa05f2834b78651da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / Foram avaliadas a microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas e a resistência a corrosão de juntas soldadas de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304, submetidas a diferentes Tratamentos Térmicos Pós-Soldagem (TTPS). Fitas de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304, com 72 mm de largura e 1,8 mm de espessura, foram soldados pelo processo GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding com corrente pulsada e sem metal de adição. Posteriormente foram tratadas termicamente por indução nas temperaturas de 950, 1050, e 1150°C durante 10 e 30 segundos. Através da microscopia ótica, utilizando-se diferentes ataques eletroquímicos, foram estudadas as microestruturas obtidas nas diferentes condições. As frações volumétricas de ferrita e austenita foram avaliadas por metalografia quantitativa e permeabilidade magnética. Foram realizados ensaios de tração para comparação das propriedades mecânicas. A resistência a corrosão foi investigada através de curvas de polarização anódica, medições dos potenciais de pite Ep e da temperatura crítica de pite (CPT). Os tratamentos térmicos pós-soldagem melhoraram tanto as propriedades mecânicas quanto a resistência a corrosão das juntas soldadas de aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32304. Evidenciou-se que fato citado está relacionado com a dissolução de precipitados de nitreto de cromo e o equilíbrio das frações volumétricas de ferrita e austenita no aço inoxidável duplex

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής αναπτύχθηκε ένα τρισδιάστατο παραµετρικό µοντέλο Προοδευτικής Βλάβης (ΠΒ) για την προσοµοίωση της µηχανικής συµπεριφοράς των σύνθετων υλικών σε εφελκυσµό και κόπωση. Το µοντέλο αναπτύχθηκε µε τέτοιο τρόπο, ώστε να µπορεί να εφαρµοστεί µε µικρές τροποποιήσεις σε οποιοδήποτε κατασκευαστικό στοιχείο από σύνθετα υλικά. Αποτελείται από τις συνιστώσες της τρισδιάστατης ανάλυσης τάσεων, η οποία πραγµατοποιείται µε την µέθοδο των πεπερασµένων στοιχείων, της ανάλυσης αστοχίας, η οποία πραγµατοποιείται µε πολυωνυµικά κριτήρια αστοχίας και της υποβάθµισης των ιδιοτήτων του σύνθετου υλικού, η οποία πραγµατοποιείται µε χρήση κανόνων υποβάθµισης. Οι συνιστώσες αυτές, λειτουργούν µε βάση έναν επαναληπτικό αλγόριθµο, ο οποίος σταµατά όταν επαληθευτεί ένα προκαθορισµένο κριτήριο τελικής αστοχίας. Στο σηµείο αυτό, καθορίζεται η αποµένουσα αντοχή του κατασκευαστικού στοιχείου. Όλες οι συνιστώσες του µοντέλου προγραµµατίστηκαν στον κώδικα πεπερασµένων στοιχείων ANSYS, δηµιουργώντας µια εύχρηστη µακρο-ρουτίνα. Το µοντέλο ΠΒ έχει την δυνατότητα να εκτιµά την έναρξη και διάδοση βλάβης συναρτήσει του φορτίου, την δυσκαµψία και την αποµένουσα αντοχή του κατασκευαστικού στοιχείου στο οποίο εφαρµόζεται. Εφαρµογή του µοντέλου ΠΒ έγινε στο πρόβληµα των µηχανικών συνδέσεων πολύστρωτων πλακών υπό εφελκυστικά φορτία, το οποίο δεν έχει αντιµετωπιστεί επιτυχώς θεωρητικά µέχρι σήµερα, κυρίως λόγω της αδυναµίας υπολογισµού του τρισδιάστατου πολύπλοκου τασικού πεδίου, που αναπτύσσεται γύρω από τον ήλο και των πολύπλοκων µηχανισµών αστοχίας που αναπτύσσονται στο σύνθετο υλικό. Η µηχανική σύνδεση που µοντελοποιήθηκε, αποτελούνταν από µια πολύστρωτη πλάκα, µια πλάκα από αλουµίνιο και έναν ήλο µε προεξέχον κεφάλι. Για τον υπολογισµό των τάσεων αναπτύχθηκε ένα τρισδιάστατο µοντέλο πεπερασµένων στοιχείων της σύνδεσης στον 102 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 10: Περίληψη-Συµπεράσµατα • • • κώδικα ANSYS. Ιδιαίτερη έµφαση δόθηκε στην λεπτοµερή µοντελοποίηση της περιοχής γύρω από τον ήλο. Όλες οι πιθανές επαφές µεταξύ των µελών της σύνδεσης µοντελοποιήθηκαν. Η σύσφιξη της σύνδεσης προσοµοιώθηκε ως ένα αρχικό-ξεχωριστό βήµα φόρτισης. Το µοντέλο πεπερασµένων στοιχείων επαληθεύτηκε εκτενώς, µέσω συγκρίσεων διαφορετικών τασικών κατανοµών µε αντίστοιχες αριθµητικές και αναλυτικές λύσεις. Η εφαρµογή του µοντέλου ΠΒ στην µηχανική σύνδεση, αποτελεί συγχρόνως και έλεγχο των δυνατοτήτων του. Τα αποτελέσµατα της εφαρµογής είναι: η εκτίµηση της έναρξης και διάδοσης βλάβης στην πολύστρωτη πλάκα συναρτήσει του φορτίου, ο µακροσκοπικός µηχανισµός αστοχίας, η δυσκαµψία και η αποµένουσα αντοχή της σύνδεσης. Για την εκτίµηση της επίδρασης της γεωµετρίας της σύνδεσης στην διάδοση βλάβης και στον µακροσκοπικό µηχανισµό αστοχίας της σύνδεσης, πραγµατοποιήθηκε µια παραµετρική ανάλυση, στην οποία µεταβάλλονταν οι γεωµετρικοί λόγοι e/d και w/d που καθορίζουν την θέση του ήλου. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι: στους µικρούς λόγους w/d (ο ήλος είναι κοντά στο πλαϊνό άκρο της πλάκας) ο µακροσκοπικός µηχανισµός αστοχίας ήταν ‘εφελκυσµός’, ενώ στους µεγάλους ‘εισχώρηση’, στους µικρούς λόγους e/d (ο ήλος είναι κοντά στο κάτω άκρο της πλάκας) ο µηχανισµός ήταν ‘διάτµηση’ και για µεγάλους ‘εισχώρηση’, ενώ σε δύο γεωµετρίες, παρατηρήθηκαν µικτές αστοχίες (‘διάτµηση’-‘εισχώρηση’ και ‘εφελκυσµός’-‘εισχώρηση’). Οι µηχανισµοί αστοχίας της ‘διάτµησης’ και του ‘εφελκυσµού’ οδήγησαν σε µικρότερες αντοχές των συνδέσεων σε σχέση µε την ‘εισχώρηση’. Όλες οι εκτιµήσεις που αφορούν την έναρξη και διάδοση βλάβης, καθώς και τον µακροσκοπικό µηχανισµό αστοχίας των συνδέσεων, επαληθεύτηκαν από αντίστοιχα αριθµητικά και πειραµατικά αποτελέσµατα που αντλήθηκαν από την βιβλιογραφία. Η καταλληλότητα των κριτηρίων αστοχίας και των κανόνων υποβάθµισης ιδιοτήτων, καθώς και η επίδραση τους στα αποτελέσµατα του µοντέλου, µελετήθηκαν για πρώτη φορά σε ένα µοντέλο ΠΒ. Η µελέτη πραγµατοποιήθηκε, µέσω σύγκρισης της εκτίµησης της δυσκαµψίας και αποµένουσας αντοχής συνδέσεων διαφορετικής γεωµετρίας και αλληλουχίας στρώσεων, µε αντίστοιχα πειραµατικά αποτελέσµατα από την βιβλιογραφία. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της µελέτης, προτάθηκαν δύο νέες οµάδες κριτηρίων αστοχίας και κανόνων υποβάθµισης η καταλληλότητα των οποίων, συγκρίθηκε µε αυτήν των οµάδων που χρησιµοποιήθηκαν αρχικά στο µοντέλο. Τα αποτελέσµατα της µελέτης συνοψίζονται ως εξής: 103 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 10: Περίληψη-Συµπεράσµατα • • • • • η εκτίµηση της δυσκαµψίας της σύνδεσης, ήταν ικανοποιητική σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις και δεν επηρεάστηκε από τον εκάστοτε συνδυασµό των κριτηρίων αστοχίας και κανόνων υποβάθµισης, η εκτίµηση της αποµένουσας αντοχής της σύνδεσης, επηρεάστηκε σε µεγάλο βαθµό από τον εκάστοτε συνδυασµό των κριτηρίων αστοχίας και κανόνων υποβάθµισης. Συγκεκριµένα, η ανάλυση µε τον συνδυασµό των αρχικών οµάδων κριτηρίων αστοχίας και κανόνων υποβάθµισης, έδωσε αρκετά συντηρητικές προβλέψεις σε όλες τις γεωµετρίες της σύνδεσης (απόκλιση από τα πειράµατα 35-40%), ενώ η ανάλυση µε τον συνδυασµό των νέων οµάδων, έδωσε πολύ ικανοποιητικές εκτιµήσεις της αποµένουσας αντοχής που εµφάνισαν απόκλιση από τα πειράµατα η οποία κυµαινόταν από 1.6 µέχρι 6%. Στην συνέχεια, το µοντέλο ΠΒ επεκτάθηκε-τροποποιήθηκε, ώστε να δύναται να εφαρµοστεί σε περιπτώσεις φόρτισης κόπωσης (µοντέλο Προοδευτικής Βλάβης Κόπωσης (ΠΒΚ)). Η βασική διαφορά του µοντέλου ΠΒΚ µε το µοντέλο ΠΒ έγκειται στην προσοµοίωση της κυκλικής φόρτισης και την προσθήκη στην υποβάθµιση του σύνθετου υλικό λόγω τοπικών αστοχιών, της υποβάθµισης λόγω κόπωσης, η οποία οφείλεται στην φύση της κυκλικής φόρτισης. Για την προσοµοίωση της κυκλικής φόρτισης αναπτύχθηκε στην παρούσα εργασία µια νέα µεθοδολογία, η οποία: η εφαρµογή της οποίας απαιτεί την εκτέλεση µικρού αριθµού βηµάτων φόρτισης, λαµβάνει υπόψη τον εκάστοτε λόγο τάσεων R της φόρτισης, και µπορεί να εφαρµοστεί για κυκλική φόρτιση οποιουδήποτε λόγου τάσεων. Η υποβάθµιση λόγω κόπωσης εφαρµόζεται σε επίπεδο δυσκαµψίας και αντοχής και είναι συνάρτηση των κύκλων φόρτισης. Για την προσοµοίωση της στην παρούσα εργασία, αναπτύχθηκε µια µεθοδολογία, η οποία απαιτεί για να εφαρµοστεί µικρό αριθµό πειραµάτων. Το µοντέλο ΠΒΚ είναι επίσης παραµετρικό, αφού µπορεί να εφαρµοστεί σε οποιοδήποτε κατασκευαστικό στοιχείο υποβαλλόµενο σε κόπωση σταθερού εύρους οποιουδήποτε λόγου τάσεων, απαιτώντας δεδοµένα από µικρό αριθµό πειραµάτων, µέσα από τα οποία θα γίνει η προσοµοίωση της υποβάθµισης λόγω κόπωσης του συγκεκριµένου υλικού. Το µοντέλο ΠΒΚ έχει την δυνατότητα να εκτιµά την διάδοση βλάβης κόπωσης συναρτήσει του αριθµού των κύκλων και την διάρκεια ζωής της κατασκευαστικού στοιχείου στο οποίο εφαρµόζεται. Εφαρµογή του µοντέλου ΠΒΚ έγινε σε πολυµερή πολύστρωτες πλάκες από δύο διαφορετικά σύνθετα υλικά (Fiberdux-HTA/6376 και APC-2), οι οποίες υποβάλλονται σε κόπωση εφελκυσµού-θλίψης (R=-1). Για την προσοµοίωση της υποβάθµισης λόγω κόπωσης και την επαλήθευση των τελικών αποτελεσµάτων του µοντέλου, 104 ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ 10: Περίληψη-Συµπεράσµατα χρησιµοποιήθηκαν πειραµατικά αποτελέσµατα που υπήρχαν στο εργαστήριο Τεχνολογίας & Αντοχής Υλικών. Παρουσιάστηκε η εκτίµηση του µοντέλου για την διάδοση της διαστρωµατικής αποκόλλησης και της αστοχίας των ινών σε µια περίπτωση χαµηλής και µια υψηλής µέγιστης τάσης κόπωσης, αντίστοιχα. Η διάδοση αυτών των µηχανισµών αστοχίας επιλέχτηκε διότι ο βαθµός συσσώρευσης τους χρησιµοποιήθηκε από το µοντέλο ως κριτήριο τελικής αστοχίας. Επίσης, η εκτίµηση της διάδοσης της διαστρωµατικής αποκόλλησης, για διαφορετικά ποσοστά της διάρκειας ζωής µιας Fiberdux-HTA/6376 πολύστρωτης πλάκας, συγκρίθηκε µε αντίστοιχά πειραµατικά αποτελέσµατα (C-scan γραφήµατα). Η σύγκριση έδειξε καλή συµφωνία, όσον αφορά την διαστρωµατική αποκόλληση που αναπτύχθηκε στα ελεύθερα άκρα των πλακών. Και στις δύο περιπτώσεις, η διαστρωµατική αποκόλληση αναπτύχθηκε στα ελεύθερα άκρα λόγω υψηλών διαστρωµατικών τάσεων στους πρώτους κύκλους φόρτισης και διαδόθηκε προς το εσωτερικό της πλάκας. Ωστόσο, η διάδοση της διαστρωµατικής αποκόλλησης που αναπτύχθηκε στις εσωτερικές περιοχές αρχικής βλάβης, δεν ήταν δυνατόν να προβλεφτεί, εξαιτίας του ότι στο µοντέλο ΠΒΚ δεν προσοµοιώθηκε η αρχική βλάβη. Τέλος, µε βάση την διάδοση βλάβης και την χρήση κατάλληλων κριτηρίων τελικής αστοχίας, εκτιµήθηκε, για διαφορετικά επίπεδα µέγιστης τάσης, η διάρκεια ζωής σε κόπωση εφελκυσµού-θλίψης (R=-1) των δύο πολύστρωτων πλακών και κατασκευάστηκαν οι αντίστοιχες καµπύλες S-N. Η σύγκριση µεταξύ των εκτιµηθέντων και πειραµατικών καµπυλών S-N, έδειξε µια αρκετά ικανοποιητική συσχέτιση, η οποία ήταν όµως διαφορετική για τα δύο υλικά. Η διαφοροποίηση αυτή οφείλεται στο συνδυασµό της πειραµατικής διασποράς µε το σφάλµα που επεισέρχεται στο µοντέλο από τον τρόπο προσοµοίωσης της υποβάθµισης της δυσκαµψίας και αντοχής λόγω κόπωσης (προσαρµογή των πειραµατικών σηµείων σε κάθε επίπεδο τάσης). / In this thesis a three-dimensional progressive damage model was developed to simulate the mechanical behaviour of composite structural components under tesnile and fatigue loading. First the model was used to simulate the mechanical behaviour of composite bolted joints under tensile loading. The model was able to simulate the initation and propagation of damage with increased load and to assess the macroscopic failure mode, stiffness and residual strenght of the joint. The numerical predictions were verified with experimental results. The model was then used to simulate the mechanical behaviour of CFRP laminates in tension-compression fatigue. The model was able to simulate the progression of fatigue damage and to evaluate the fatigue life of CFRP plates. The different model components were implemented into the ANSYS FE CODE using a parametric macro-routine.

Capes / Bem estabelecido e amplamente utilizado nas indústrias de polímeros e cerâmicas, o processo de extrusão vem sendo também explorado pela indústria de concreto. Embora a indústria de pré fabricados estruturais de concreto utilize superplastificantes, ainda não existem ensaios específicos para caracterizar o comportamento no estado fresco de concretos utilizados para extrusão. Foi observado que, mesmo em empresas de grande porte, a avaliação consiste no ensaio de abatimento em tronco de cone e na experiência intuitiva de um funcionário ao manipular o concreto com uma pá manual. No entanto o lançamento do concreto nos moldes é realizado por máquinas extrusoras que possuem maior força e constância na aplicação. Assim, a extrudabilidade do concreto é baseada no ensaio de “slump test” e na avaliação pessoal do operador, sendo confirmado num lote piloto no próprio processo industrial. Este trabalho teve como base o processo de fabricação de telhas extrudadas autoportantes. Visando simular algumas condições do processo de produção, foi realizada uma adaptação do ensaio da caixa-L, no qual foi inserido um vibrador de mangote no reservatório da caixa. O ensaio consistiu em avaliar o comportamento do concreto ao ser inserido no reservatório da caixa-L e logo após a abertura da comporta, com e sem vibração prévia do concreto no reservatório, para assim melhor definir um procedimento de ensaio. Para uma análise reológica foi proposta a realização de ensaio de squeeze-flow, realizado com argamassa e concreto da dosagem de concreto para extrusão. Foram utilizadas as mesmas configurações do ensaio utilizado para a argamassa: máquina de ensaio do tipo universal, célula de carga de 2000 N, prato superior e amostra, ambos com 10 cm de diâmetro, deformação livre, e com o diâmetro do punção igual ao diâmetro da amostra. Ensaios para adaptação da altura da amostra (5 cm) foram realizados de modo a evitar que ao invés de se deformar por cisalhamento ocorresse a compressão simples da brita. Foi realizada caracterização das matérias primas e testes de compactação, que determinaram a melhor proporção entre a areia fina natural, areia artificial e brita nas seguintes proporções: 25%: 25%: 50% e 0%: 50%: 50%, em massa. Para cada uma destas proporções, foram determinadas composições para o concreto com valores de “m” variando de 4,0, 4,5 e 5,0, que reduzem a quantidade de cimento em até 16%. Utilizou- se aditivo superplastificante de 3a geração à base de Policarboxilato. Para definir os teores de aditivo, foi realizado ensaio de slump test, referência na indústria para escolha de composição, definindo assim as 16 composições para estudo. A realização do ensaio possibilitou criar uma metodologia para verificar o comportamento do concreto sobre vibração, fornecendo informações tais como: aparência, coesão, tixotropia e o perfil do fluxo. Isso pode permitir realizar ajustes reais de trabalhabilidade do concreto com base nas características do processo de produção e perfil da peça extrudada. A análise reológica verificou que as condições de fluxo sofridas pela argamassa não são mantidas para o concreto, principalmente quanto à coesão e aderência. Outros fatores também foram observados, como a segregação, exsudação e comportamento ao longo do tempo. Os resultados mostram que ocorrem diferenças significativas, sendo que algumas características apresentadas na argamassa não se reproduzem no concreto. Ensaios de resistência mecânica à compressão mostraram que todas as composições atendem ao valor mínimo previsto em norma e quanto à trabalhabilidade observou-se que as composições somente com areia artificial apresentaram falta de coesão, perceptível no ensaio de slump test. Definiu-se o ensaio de caixa-L adaptado com vibração prévia como melhor procedimento de ensaio. Os resultados mostraram que mesmo composições com abatimento nulo, que seriam descartadas pela indústria, apresentaram trabalhabilidade e fluíram com vibração, sendo que os teores de aditivo influenciaram no perfil e no tempo do escoamento. / A well established and widely used in the industries of ceramics and polymers, the extrusion process has been also explored by the concrete industry. Although the industry of prefabricated structural concrete using superplasticizers, there are still no specific tests to characterize the behavior in the fresh concrete used for extrusion. Although the industry prefabricated concrete structural use superplasticizers, there're not no specific tests to characterize the behavior of the fresh concrete used for extrusion. It was observed that, even in large companies, the evaluation consists of the slump test in truncated cone and the intuitive experience of an employee to handle the concrete with a shovel manual. However the concrete cast in molds is done by extruding machines that have greater strength and consistency in application. Thus extrudability of concrete is based on the testing of "slump test" and the personal evaluation of the operator, being confirmed in a pilot batch in industrial process itself. This work was based on the manufacturing process of extruded tiles freestanding. Aiming to simulate some of the conditions of the production process, there was an adaptation of the test box-L, which was inserted in the reservoir hose vibrator housing. The test consisted in assessing the behavior of the concrete to be inserted into the reservoir from the L-box and immediately after opening the gate, with and without prior vibration of concrete in the tank, so as to better define a test procedure. For a rheological analysis was proposed to carry out squeeze flow test conducted with concrete mortar and concrete strength for extrusion. We used the same settings as used for the test mortar testing machine universal type, load cell 2000 N, and sample top plate, both 10 cm in diameter, free deformation, and the punch diameter equal to the diameter sample. Assays for adjusting the height of the sample (5 cm) were made in order to avoid that instead of being deformed by the compressive shear occur in the gravel. Was performed characterization of raw materials and compression testing which determined the best ratio between the fine sand natural, artificial sand and gravel in the following proportions: 25%: 25%: 50% to 0%: 50%: 50% by mass. For each of these ratios were determined for concrete compositions with values of "m" ranging from 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0, which reduces the amount of cement up to 16%. We used superplasticizer 3rd generation based Polycarboxylate. To set the content of admixture slump test was performed test, the industry benchmark for the choice of composition, thereby setting the 16 estudo.Para compositions for each of these ratios were determined for concrete compositions with values of "m" varying from 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0, which reduces the amount of cement up to 16%. We used superplasticizer 3rd generation based Polycarboxylate. The main test possible to create a methodology to assess the behavior of concrete on vibration, providing information such as: appearance, cohesion, thixotropy and flow profile. This can make adjustments allow real concrete workability based on the characteristics of the production process and extruded profile part. The rheological analysis verified that the flow conditions experienced by the cement is not retained in the concrete, especially in regard to cohesion and adhesion. Other factors were also observed, such as segregation, exudation and behavior over time. The results show that significant differences occur, and some features disclosed in the mortar on the concrete not reproduced. Testing of mechanical strength showed that all compositions meet the minimum standards set out in and about the workability was observed that the compositions only with artificial sand showed a lack of cohesion noticeable slump test. Set up the test L-box pre adapted as best vibration test procedure. The results showed that even compositions with zero rebate which would be discarded by the industry had flowed workability and vibration, and the admixture levels and influence the time profile of the flow.

Em uma abordagem realística de estruturas e componentes mecânicos admite-se a existência de trincas. A presença destas, geralmente, está associada ao fenômeno da fadiga. Existem diversos modelos matemáticos que descrevem a propagação de uma trinca. De forma geral, os modelos de propagação de trinca são classificados pelo tipo de carregamento, que pode ter amplitude de tensão constante (CATC) ou amplitude de tensão variável (CATV). Neste trabalho foi utilizado o modelo do tipo CATC proposto por Collipriest. Para muitas aplicações de engenharia, até um certo momento, não se faz necessário uma grande acurácia nas previsões do comportamento das estatísticas, a cerca da evolução de uma trinca, mas uma previsão confiável, dentro de certos limites, desse comportamento. Este trabalho apresenta resultados teóricos, que consistem em obter cotas, inferiores e superiores, que “envelopam” os estimadores dos momentos estatísticos de primeira e de segunda ordem da função “tamanho de trinca” baseadas no método “Fast Crack Bounds”. Essas cotas são polinômios, definidos na variável número de ciclos, que consideram as incertezas nos parâmetros que descrevem os modelos de propagação de trinca. O método de simulação de Monte Carlo foi utilizado para obter as realizações da função tamanho de trinca a partir de um conjunto de 10.000 amostras randômicas dos parâmetros característicos do modelo de Collipriest. Essas realizações foram utilizadas para obter os estimadores dos momentos estatísticos do tamanho de trinca. A eficiência das cotas para os estimadores dos momentos estatísticos do tamanho de trinca é avaliada através de funções “desvio relativo” entre as cotas e as soluções numéricas aproximadas do problema de valor inicial (PVI) que descreve o modelo de Collipriest. Em geral, a solução dos PVI que descrevem os modelos de propagação de trincas é obtida através do uso de métodos numéricos, como o método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem explícito (RK4). Neste trabalho foi utilizado o software MATLAB para obter as soluções do PVI que descreve o modelo de Collipriest, avaliar o tempo computacional da metodologia proposta, além dos desvios das cotas em relação às soluções aproximadas, confirmando sua eficiência. / In a realistic approach of structures and mechanical components, cracks are admitted. Their presence is usually associated with the fatigue phenomenon. There are several mathematical models that describe the propagation of a crack. In general, the crack propagation models are classified by the type of load, which can have constant stress amplitude (CSA) or variable stress amplitude (VSA). In this work, the CSA type model proposed by Collipriest was used. For many engineering applications, until a certain point, it is not necessary to have great accuracy in predictions of the behavior of statistics, about the evolution of a crack, but a reliable prediction, within certain limits, of this behavior. This work presents theoretical results, which consist of obtaining lower and upper bounds that "envelop" the estimators of the first and second order statistical moments of the crack size function based on the Fast Crack Bounds method. These bounds are polynomials defined in the variable “number of cycles” that consider the Metais - Fadiga uncertainties in the parameters that describe the crack propagation models. The efficiency of the bounds for the statistical moments of crack size is evaluated through the deviation between the bounds and the approximate numerical solutions of the initial value problems (IVP) that describes the Collipriest model. In general, the solution of the IVPs describing crack propagation models is obtained through the use of numerical methods, such as the explicit fourth order Runge-Kutta method (RK4). In this work, the MATLAB software was used to obtain the solutions of the IVP that describes the Collipriest model, to evaluate the computational time of the proposed methodology, besides the deviations of the bounds in relation to the approximated solutions, confirming its efficiency.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo do tratamento duplex para o biomaterial Nitinol (NiTi). Este tratamento consiste em nitretação a plasma para a formação do nitreto de titânio (TiN), seguido de deposição de um filme fino de nitreto de zircônio (ZrN) sobre a superfície nitretada. O estudo das fases cristalinas presentes no sistema foi realizado pela técnica de difração de raios X (DRX). A morfologia e espessura da camada nitretada e do filme fino depositado foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As propriedades mecânicas foram estudadas mediante ensaios de nanoindentação. Para avaliar a resistência à corrosão foram realizados testes de polarização potenciodinâmica em solução de saliva artificial. Os resultados mostram que a temperatura de nitretação tem forte influência na formação do TiN na superfície do substrato. O filme de ZrN depositado sobre as amostras nitretadas apresenta propriedades de dureza e resistência à corrosão que dependem da temperatura de nitretação, mesmo tendo sido depositados sem variação de temperatura. Esse comportamento sugere que os filmes são influenciados pela condição inicial da superfície antes da deposição. Os melhores resultados em termos de dureza e resistência à corrosão foram obtidos nas amostras tratadas em temperaturas mais elevadas. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T18:07:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliane Carla Bernardi.pdf: 2940702 bytes, checksum: 376b73745f740260fc19e7a6e8b5d900 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T18:07:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliane Carla Bernardi.pdf: 2940702 bytes, checksum: 376b73745f740260fc19e7a6e8b5d900 (MD5) / The present work aims to study about duplex treatment on the biomaterial Nitinol (NiTi). This treatment consists in titanium nitride (TiN) formed by plasma nitration, followed by zirconium nitride (ZrN) thin film deposition upon the nitrated surface. The study of crystalline phases present in the system was performed by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The morphology and thickness of the nitrated layer and thin film were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties were studied by nanoindentation analysis. In order to evaluate corrosive resistance tests of potenciodynamic polarization were performed in solution of saliva artificial. Results demonstrate that nitration temperature has a strong influence in the formation TiN on the substrate surface. The ZrN film depositated upon nitrated samples present hardness and corrosive resistance properties that depend on nitration temperature, even though ZrN films were depositated without temperature variation. This behaviour suggests that films are influenced by the initial surface condition before depositon. The best results in terms of hardness and corrosive resistance were obtained in samples treated at higher temperatures.

A reciclagem de resíduos constitui uma opção para amenizar o impacto ambiental resultante da quantidade expressiva de detritos gerados pelas atividades produtivas do segmento da construção. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a utilização de agregados graúdos reciclados de concreto (ARC) em substituição ao agregado graúdo natural (AGN) para a produção de concretos com resistência à compressão de 30 MPa. O programa experimental iniciou-se com a caracterização física e granulométrica do agregado graúdo reciclado de concreto (ARC), e posterior comparação com as propriedades do agregado graúdo natural (AGN). Com base no conhecimento dessas propriedades, deu-se início a etapa de produção dos concretos. Foram estudados diferentes procedimentos de forma a reduzir o efeito da absorção de água do concreto pelo agregado reciclado durante o estado fresco. Também foi avaliada a influência da utilização de diferentes teores (0, 10%, 20%, 50% e 100%) de substituição do agregado graúdo natural pelo agregado graúdo reciclado de concreto nas propriedades do estado fresco e do estado endurecido do concreto. Embora tenha se verificado uma redução nos valores de resistência em relação ao concreto de referência (sem a presença de ARC), os concretos alcançaram o valor especificado de resistência à compressão (30 MPa) para todas as porcentagens de substituição de AGN por ARC. Com relação às propriedades de módulo de elasticidade e resistência à tração por compressão diametral, verificou-se que a redução nos resultados se intensifica conforme aumenta a porcentagem de ARC incorporado à mistura. Os valores registrados para absorção de água, por sua vez, aumentavam gradativamente de forma proporcional à quantidade de ARC no concreto. / The recycling of waste is an option to minimize the environmental impact of the significant amount of waste generated by production activities in the construction segment. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the use of recycled coarse aggregate concrete (ARC) to replace the natural coarse aggregate (AGN) for the production of concrete with compressive strength of 30 MPa. The experimental program began with physical and particle size characterization of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete (ARC), and for comparison with the properties of natural coarse aggregate (AGN). Based on the knowledge of these properties, the next step was the production of concrete. Different procedures to reduce the effect of absorption of water by recycled concrete aggregate at the fresh state were studied. Also it was evaluated the effect of using different amounts (0, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%) replacement of the natural coarse aggregate for concrete recycled coarse aggregate in to the properties of concrete at the fresh state and at the hardened state. Although it has been verified a decrease in the compressive strength values in relation to the reference concrete (without the presence of ARC), for all AGN replacement percentages by ARC was reached the value specified compressive strength (30 MPa). With regard to the modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength, it was found that the reduction in results intensifies with increasing percentage of ARC incorporated into the mixture. The values recorded for water absorption, in turn, gradually increased in proportion to the amount of the ARC.

A reciclagem de resíduos constitui uma opção para amenizar o impacto ambiental resultante da quantidade expressiva de detritos gerados pelas atividades produtivas do segmento da construção. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a utilização de agregados graúdos reciclados de concreto (ARC) em substituição ao agregado graúdo natural (AGN) para a produção de concretos com resistência à compressão de 30 MPa. O programa experimental iniciou-se com a caracterização física e granulométrica do agregado graúdo reciclado de concreto (ARC), e posterior comparação com as propriedades do agregado graúdo natural (AGN). Com base no conhecimento dessas propriedades, deu-se início a etapa de produção dos concretos. Foram estudados diferentes procedimentos de forma a reduzir o efeito da absorção de água do concreto pelo agregado reciclado durante o estado fresco. Também foi avaliada a influência da utilização de diferentes teores (0, 10%, 20%, 50% e 100%) de substituição do agregado graúdo natural pelo agregado graúdo reciclado de concreto nas propriedades do estado fresco e do estado endurecido do concreto. Embora tenha se verificado uma redução nos valores de resistência em relação ao concreto de referência (sem a presença de ARC), os concretos alcançaram o valor especificado de resistência à compressão (30 MPa) para todas as porcentagens de substituição de AGN por ARC. Com relação às propriedades de módulo de elasticidade e resistência à tração por compressão diametral, verificou-se que a redução nos resultados se intensifica conforme aumenta a porcentagem de ARC incorporado à mistura. Os valores registrados para absorção de água, por sua vez, aumentavam gradativamente de forma proporcional à quantidade de ARC no concreto. / The recycling of waste is an option to minimize the environmental impact of the significant amount of waste generated by production activities in the construction segment. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the use of recycled coarse aggregate concrete (ARC) to replace the natural coarse aggregate (AGN) for the production of concrete with compressive strength of 30 MPa. The experimental program began with physical and particle size characterization of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete (ARC), and for comparison with the properties of natural coarse aggregate (AGN). Based on the knowledge of these properties, the next step was the production of concrete. Different procedures to reduce the effect of absorption of water by recycled concrete aggregate at the fresh state were studied. Also it was evaluated the effect of using different amounts (0, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100%) replacement of the natural coarse aggregate for concrete recycled coarse aggregate in to the properties of concrete at the fresh state and at the hardened state. Although it has been verified a decrease in the compressive strength values in relation to the reference concrete (without the presence of ARC), for all AGN replacement percentages by ARC was reached the value specified compressive strength (30 MPa). With regard to the modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength, it was found that the reduction in results intensifies with increasing percentage of ARC incorporated into the mixture. The values recorded for water absorption, in turn, gradually increased in proportion to the amount of the ARC.

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo do tratamento duplex para o biomaterial Nitinol (NiTi). Este tratamento consiste em nitretação a plasma para a formação do nitreto de titânio (TiN), seguido de deposição de um filme fino de nitreto de zircônio (ZrN) sobre a superfície nitretada. O estudo das fases cristalinas presentes no sistema foi realizado pela técnica de difração de raios X (DRX). A morfologia e espessura da camada nitretada e do filme fino depositado foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As propriedades mecânicas foram estudadas mediante ensaios de nanoindentação. Para avaliar a resistência à corrosão foram realizados testes de polarização potenciodinâmica em solução de saliva artificial. Os resultados mostram que a temperatura de nitretação tem forte influência na formação do TiN na superfície do substrato. O filme de ZrN depositado sobre as amostras nitretadas apresenta propriedades de dureza e resistência à corrosão que dependem da temperatura de nitretação, mesmo tendo sido depositados sem variação de temperatura. Esse comportamento sugere que os filmes são influenciados pela condição inicial da superfície antes da deposição. Os melhores resultados em termos de dureza e resistência à corrosão foram obtidos nas amostras tratadas em temperaturas mais elevadas. / The present work aims to study about duplex treatment on the biomaterial Nitinol (NiTi). This treatment consists in titanium nitride (TiN) formed by plasma nitration, followed by zirconium nitride (ZrN) thin film deposition upon the nitrated surface. The study of crystalline phases present in the system was performed by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The morphology and thickness of the nitrated layer and thin film were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties were studied by nanoindentation analysis. In order to evaluate corrosive resistance tests of potenciodynamic polarization were performed in solution of saliva artificial. Results demonstrate that nitration temperature has a strong influence in the formation TiN on the substrate surface. The ZrN film depositated upon nitrated samples present hardness and corrosive resistance properties that depend on nitration temperature, even though ZrN films were depositated without temperature variation. This behaviour suggests that films are influenced by the initial surface condition before depositon. The best results in terms of hardness and corrosive resistance were obtained in samples treated at higher temperatures.

No description available.

<p align='justify'>This thesis is devoted to the micromechanical study of the size-dependent strengthening in Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels. Such grades of advanced high-strength steels are compelling for the automotive industry, due to their improved mechanical properties. Among others, they combine a good strength versus ductility balance. In this context, many research works have been carried out to study these grades of steels. In particular, from a numerical point of view, earlier studies within the framework of classical plasticity do not properly reproduce the strengthening levels characterizing TRIP steels and obtained experimentally.</p> <p><p align='justify'>In this study, the strain gradient plasticity theory presented by Fleck and Hutchinson (2001) is chosen to account for the strengthening effect resulting from the phase transformation. A two-dimensional embedded cell model of a simplified microstructure composed of small cylindrical metastable austenitic inclusions, partially undergoing the phase transformation, within a ferritic matrix is used.</p><p><p align='justify'>First, the single-parameter version of the strain gradient plasticity theory under small strain assumption is used for the simulations. The impact of the higher order boundary conditions is assessed. It is shown that, when the plastic flow is unconstrained at the elasto-plastic boundaries, the transformation strain has no significant impact on the overall strengthening. The strengthening is essentially coming from the composite effect with a marked inclusion size effect resulting from the appearance during deformation of new boundaries (at the interface between parent and product phases) constraining the plastic flow.</p><p><p align='justify'>Second, the multi-parameter version of the strain gradient plasticity theory, incorporating separately the rotational and extensional gradients in the formulation, is employed under small strain assumption. The effect of the plastic strain gradients resulting from the transformation strain is better captured. In particular, the results show a significant influence of the shear component of the transformation strain. An implicit confinement effect is revealed at the elasto-plastic boundaries which is partly responsible for the transformation strain effect. Size effects on the overall strengthening are also revealed, due to a combined size dependent effect of the transformation strain and of the evolving composite structure.</p><p align='justify'>Third, the extension of the strain gradient plasticity theory to a finite strain description is applied. A significant effect of the transformation strain is obtained with the multi-parameter version of the theory as well as an optimal austenite grain size improving the damage resistance of the martensite, in agreement with the typical grain size of the current TRIP-assisted steels (Jacques et al. 2007).</p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished