O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a proporção ideal de dois estabilizantes em compostos elastoméricos, utilizados em pneus que requerem desempenho em longo prazo, submetidos a diferentes tipos de envelhecimento. A resistência ao envelhecimento pode ser alcançada pelo uso de estabilizantes primários e secundários. Para este estudo, os estabilizantes primários selecionados e testados em diferentes quantidades, foram o 6PPD N-1,3 dimetil-butil-N’-fenil-p-fenilenodiamina e o TMQ (2,2,4 - trimetil-quinolina oligomerizada) em uma formulação elastomérica para lateral de pneu de passeio. Nove misturas foram preparadas com 0,5, 1,5 e 2,5 phr (partes por cem de elastômero) de 6PPD, combinado com 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 phr de TMQ, totalizando 9 amostras. Os compostos foram expostos a três processos de envelhecimento acelerado: termo-oxidativo em estufa, com circulação de ar, a 70°C; fotoquímico em câmara de UV, a 60°C e ao ozônio, 40°C, concentração de 50 pphm. Além disso, as amostras foram envelhecidas naturalmente durante 440 dias. Em intervalos de tempo, pré-determinado, as amostras foram retiradas e as propriedades mecânicas (tensão e alongamento na ruptura e resistência ao rasgamento) foram avaliadas. A cromatografia a gás foi utilizada para quantificar o teor de 6PPD, antes e após os processos de envelhecimento. O envelhecimento natural não apresentou alterações significativas nas propriedades mecânicas, mesmo tendo havido consumo gradativo do 6PPD. As amostras expostas ao envelhecimento termo-oxidativo apresentaram a maior perda das propriedades mecânicas (resistência ao rasgamento e tensão na ruptura) e no teor de 6PPD. Sendo assim, foi o teste mais significativo para definir a melhor combinação dos estabilizantes: 2,5 phr de 6PPD e 1,0 de TMQ. Nos envelhecimentos acelerados em câmara de ozônio e fotoquímico em câmara de UV, teores menores de estabilizantes já garantiram a manutenção das propriedades. Não houve consumo significativo de 6PPD para esses dois envelhecimentos acelerados. / This study aims at analysing the ideal rate of two stabilizers in elastomeric compounds, used in tires that require a long-term performance, submitted to different kinds of aging. The resistance to the aging can be achieved by using primary and secondary stabilizers. For this study, the primary stabilizers selected and tested in different quantities, have been the 6PPD N-1,3 dimethyl-butyl-N’-phenyl-pphenylenediamine and the TMQ (2,2,4 - trimethyl-oligomerized quinoline) in an elastomeric formulation to the side of tire. Nine mixtures have been prepared with 0,5; 1,5 and 2,5 phr (parts by hundred of elastomer) of 6PPD, combined with 0,5; 1,0 and 1,5 phr of TMQ, totaling nine mixtures. The compounds have been submitted to three accelerated aging processes: thermal-oxidative in heater, with air flow to 70°C; photochemical in UV chamber, to 60°C and to ozone, 40°C, concentration of 50 pphm. In addition, the samples have been aged naturally for 440 days. In predetermined time intervals, the samples have been removed and the mechanical properties (stress at breaking and stretching and resistance to tearing) have been analysed. The gas chromatography has been used to quantify the percentage of 6PPD, before and after the aging processes. The natural aging has not presented significant changes to the mechanical properties, even the fact that there has been gradual consumption of the 6PPD. The samples which have been submitted to the thermal-oxidative aging have presented the highest loss of mechanical properties (resistance to tearing and stress at breaking) and in the percentage of 6PPD. Therefore, it has been the most significant test to define the best combination of the stabilizers: 2,5 phr of 6PPD and 1,0 of TMQ. In the accelerated agings in ozone chamber and photochemical in UV chamber, lower percentages of stabilizers have already ensured the conservation of the properties. There has not been significant consumption of 6PPD for both of these accelerated agings.

Orientador: Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nakaoka_MarciaMika_M.pdf: 3146053 bytes, checksum: a03bb35599db030272585c8a34b3893e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o desempenho de um material reembasador resiliente à base de resina acrílica (Eversoft com ou sem adição de citrato à composição), submetido ou não ao envelhecimento (termociclagem), sobre as propriedades de deformação permanente e resistência à tração da união com resina acrílica (QC-20®). Para a realização dos ensaios foram confeccionadas 80 amostras, metade para cada ensaio, separadas por composição e submetidas ou não à termociclagem, totalizando 8 grupos. Para o ensaio de tração, foram utilizadas matrizes retangulares de 10mm2 de secção transversal e um espaçador de 3mm de espessura para padronizar o espaço para a base resiliente, cujo molde impresso no silicone polimerizado por reação de condensação foi preenchido com resina acrílica e material resiliente. A resina acrílica foi incluída com o espaçador e após a polimerização, o espaçador foi removido, as amostras de resina acrílica retiradas do molde e realizado o acabamento. As amostras de resina acrílica retornaram ao molde, e no lugar do espaçador, os materiais resilientes foram prensados e termopolimerizados de acordo com as instruções dos fabricantes. Para o ensaio de deformação permanente, foram utilizadas matrizes cilíndricas de 12,7mm de diâmetro e 19mm de altura, cujo molde impresso no silicone foi preenchido com material resiliente. Metade das amostras de cada ensaio foi levada ao termociclador MSCT-3 PLUS, onde foram realizados 3.000 ciclos de 1 minuto de imersão em água a 5±1ºC e 1 minuto a 55±1ºC. A outra metade foi armazenada em água numa estufa a 370C durante 24 horas. As amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de tração no equipamento EMIC-DL500MF com velocidade de 5 mm/minuto. As amostras foram avaliadas visualmente quanto ao tipo de ruptura ocorrida, e amostras representativas de cada tipo foram analisadas através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura em microscópio modelo JSM 5600 PV (JEOL, Japão). As amostras do estudo de deformação permanente foram ensaiadas em um aparelho mecânico recomendado na especificação no18 da American Dental Association (A.D.A.). Todos os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância em esquema fatorial 2x2 e as médias comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey, em nível de significância de 5%. Em relação aos valores médios de resistência à tração da união dos materiais não submetidos à termociclagem, o Eversoft com citrato ¿ Experimental apresentou menor valor (0,39 MPa), porém sem diferença estatística com o Eversoft sem citrato ¿ Eversoft® (0,44 MPa). Houve aumento dos valores médios de resistência à tração da união quando submetido à termociclagem para o Eversoft® (0,46 MPa) e Experimental (0,55 MPa), sendo estatisticamente significativo apenas para o material Experimental Em relação aos tipos de fratura, para ambos materiais não submetidos à termociclagem, predominaram rupturas coesivas (80%); e quando submetidos à termociclagem, foram observadas rupturas adesivas para o material Experimental (80%) e adesivas e mistas (40% e 50%, respectivamente) para o Eversoft®. Em relação à deformação permanente, os valores médios obtidos para os materiais Eversoft® e Experimental não submetidos à termociclagem (1,06% e 1,82%, respectivamente) diferiram estatisticamente quando submetidos à termociclagem (1,36% e 1,98 %, respectivamente). A termociclagem não afetou a resistência à tração da união para o material Eversoft®, enquanto o Experimental apresentou elevação no valor médio de resistência à tração da união, com diferença estatística significativa. A termociclagem elevou os valores médios de deformação permanente para ambos materiais. Independentemente do tratamento, o material resiliente Experimental apresentou o valor médio mais elevado para deformação permanente / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of citrate added or not to a composition of acrylic-based soft liner (Eversoft) on its permanent deformation and bond strength with acrylic resin (QC-20®). Eighty samples were used to carry out the two assays containing 40 specimens each: 2 materials (Eversoft® and Eversoft + citrate) and 2 treatments (with and without thermocycling) totaling 8 groups of 10 specimens each. For the tensile test, rectangular specimens with a 10x10mm2 cross sectional area were prepared for each acrylic resin and soft liner. Acrylic resin specimens were prepared by investing brass dies with a 3mm thick spacer in a denture flask. The dies and spacers were invested in silicone rubber. All dies and the spacer were machined to the same dimensions to standardize acrylic resin and soft liner shape. Specimens were made by processing soft liner against acrylic resin blocks according to the manufacturers¿ directions. For the permanent deformation, the specimens were prepared by investing brass dies (12.7 x 19.0 mm) in a denture flask and the model impressed was filled up with a soft liner. Half of the specimens of each assay were thermocycled using the MSCT-3 Plus with cycles of 1 minute in water at 5±1ºC and 1 minute in water at 55±1ºC, totaling 3000 cycles. The other half was stored in water at 370C for 24h. For the tensile test, the specimens were submitted to a bond strength testing machine (EMIC DL-500 MF) at the crosshead speed of 5mm/minute. Samples were visually evaluated as to the types of rupture observed in this study. The Scanning Electron Microscope JSM 5600 PV (JEOL, Japan) was used to analyze the representative samples. Permanent deformation was measured with an instrument described in the American Dental Association (A.D.A.) - specification number18. The data were submitted to a 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (5%). The bond strength test, without thermocycling, revealed a lower mean value (0.39 MPa) for the group Eversoft with citrate - Experimental; however, no statistically significant difference was observed for the group Eversoft without citrate - Eversoft® (0.44 MPa). Thermocycling did not affect the bond strength regarding Eversoft® (0.46 MPa); however, Experimental presented a higher mean value (0,55 MPa) ¿ statistically significant. Both materials, without thermocycling, presented cohesive failures (80%). When submitted to thermocycling, 80% of adhesive failures were observed for Experimental, and 40% of adhesive and 50% of a combined mode of failures for Eversoft®. In relation to the permanent deformation, Eversoft® and Experimental, not submitted to thermocycling, presented mean values (1.06% and 1.82%, respectively) differing statistically from those submitted to thermocycling (1.36% and 1.98%, respectively). Thermocycling did not affect the bond strength regarding Eversoft®; however, Experimental presented a higher mean value. Thermocycling had a deleterious effect on the permanent deformation of both materials. Regardless of treatment, statistically significant difference was observed for Experimental group, showing the highest permanent deformation permanent value / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

In the zinc slag fuming process, zinc is extracted from lead blast furnace slag by reduction with a coal/air mixture injected into the slag through submerged tuyeres. The furnace is constructed of water-cooled jackets to contain the molten bath and freeze a protective slag layer. The slag layer greatly reduces vessel wear caused by the corrosive and violently agitated bath. However, the jackets are known to develop cracks in the working face panel that initiate on the slag face and propagate towards the water cavity. If the cracks reach the water cavity explosions may result should the molten slag come into contact with the water. In this study an analysis of heat transfer in the jacket has been carried out using in-plant measurements and mathematical modelling. The working face of a water jacket was instrumented with thermocouples and positioned in a fuming furnace at the Trail smelter of Cominco Ltd. Measurements revealed the presence of large thermal transients or temperature "spikes" in the panel approximately 20 cm above the tuyeres. The transients were observed during charging and tapping of the furnace and are likely associated with slag fall-off due to surface wave action and gas injection effects when the bath level is low. Temperatures at the mid-thickness were seen to rise by as much as 180 °C above the steady-state level. Under these conditions large compressive stresses are produced in the panel that are sufficient to cause yielding. Over time, the transients lead to low-cycle fatigue of the working face panel with crack formation initiating at pre-existing surface flaws. A mathematical modelling analysis of the transient freezing phenomena has been carried out using the finite element method. The results indicate that the temperature spikes are associated with the sudden removal of patches of slag and molten slag coming into direct contact with the jacket. The temperature spikes are large enough to generate compressive stresses that cause yielding of the material in the exposed area. In order to reduce the damage caused by the removal of the slag shell an increased number of anchoring studs should be used in critical areas and a higher water circulation velocity should be employed to increase the size of the frozen slag layer and its strength. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Cellular materials, often called lattice materials, are increasingly receiving attention for their ultralight structures with high specific strength, excellent impact absorption, acoustic insulation, heat dissipation media and compact heat exchangers. In alignment with emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology, realization of the structural applications of the lattice materials appears to be becoming faster. Considering the direction dependent material properties of the products with AM, by directionally dependent printing resolution, effective moduli of lattice structures appear to be directionally dependent. In this paper, a constitutive model of a lattice structure, which is an octet-truss with a base material having an orthotropic material property considering AM is developed. In a case study, polyjet based 3D printing material having an orthotropic property with a 9% difference in the principal direction provides difference in the axial and shear moduli in the octet-truss by 2.3 and 4.6%. Experimental validation for the effective properties of a 3D printed octet-truss is done for uniaxial tension and compression test. The theoretical value based on the micro-buckling of truss member are used to estimate the failure strength. Modulus value appears a little overestimate compared with the experiment. Finite element (FE) simulations for uniaxial compression and tension of octet-truss lattice materials are conducted. New effective properties for the octet-truss lattice structure are developed considering the observed behavior of the octet-truss structure under macroscopic compression and tension trough simulations.

Rising demand for improved fuel economy and structural efficiency are the key factors for use of aluminum alloys for light weighting in aerospace industries. Precipitation strengthened 2XXX and 7XXX aluminum alloys are the key aluminum alloys used extensively in aerospace industry. Welding and joining is the critical step in manufacturing of integrated structures. Joining of precipitation strengthened aluminum alloys using conventional fusion welding techniques is difficult and rather undesirable in as it produces dendritic microstructure and porosities which can undermine the structural integrity of weldments. Friction stir welding, invented in 1991, is a solid state joining technique inherently benefitted to reduces the possibility of common defects associated with fusion based welding techniques. Weldability of various 2XXX and 7XXX aluminum alloys via friction stir welding was investigated. Microstructural and mechanical property evolution during welding and after post weld heat treatment was studied using experimental techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, hardness testing, and tensile testing. Various factors such as peak welding temperature, cooling rate, external cooling methods (thermal management) which affects the strength of the weldment were studied. Post weld heat treatment of AL-Mg-Li alloy produced joint as strong as the parent material. Modified post weld heat treatment in case of welding of Al-Zn-Mg alloy also resulted in near 100% joint efficiency whereas the maximum weld strength achieved in case of welds of Al-Cu-Li alloys was around 80-85% of parent material strength. Low dislocation density and high nucleation barrier for the precipitates was observed to be responsible for relatively low strength recovery in Al-Cu-Li alloys as compared to Al-Mg-Li and Al-Zn-Mg alloys.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, Johannesburg, 1998 / This research examines fatigue in WC-Co, both under compressive and tensile loading conditions. A new macro-mechanism for compression fatigue crack propagation is put forward, which contradicts existing data on compression fatigue cracks as being self-limiting. Evidence of this macro-mechanism is presented in the form of final crack length versus number of cycles data, and micrographs of the compression fatigue cracks. A finite element study of the stress distribution in the WC-Co microstructure during compression fatigue loading has been developed. This model verifies possible methods of compression fatigue crack initiation. Examination of tensile fatigue and fast: fracture surfaces is used to show that fatigue is a separate mechanism to fast fracture in WC-Co. Characteristic features of the fatigue fracture surface are presented. A possible fatigue crack propagation mechanism is also presented. Finally, fatigue crack growth rate data in the form of the Paris equation is presented for WC-Co grades T6 and G6. / MT2017

An experimental analysis of specimens taken from a thick, filament-wound composite material pressure vessel (cylinder) was performed by testing tensile coupons with various semi-elliptical surface notches. The strength of specimens with small notches was found to be notch insensitive. The strength of specimens with larger notches depended on the size of the notch. The fracture toughness of the laminate was found by applying a general fracture-toughness parameter approach. Using this value, several approaches were employed to predict failure loads. The accuracy of the approaches depended on the size of the notches. In general, the linear-elastic fracture mechanics method overpredicted the failure strength of specimens with intermediate sized notches, but predicted failure strength accurately for specimens with large notches. A strength of materials approach accurately predicted notched strength only for specimens with small notches. Notched strength was more accurately predicted for all notch sizes using an empirical approach, with the notch area used to predict failure instead of the notch depth, which was used in the linear-elastic fracture mechanics and strength of materials approaches. / M.S.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the notch sensitivity of ARALL 2 and ARALL 3 laminates subjected to uniaxial tensile loading. An experimental program was designed to test notched 0° and 90° ARALL specimens with three different hole diameters, 0.125 in, 0.250 in, and 0.500 inches. Unnotched specimens were tested to determine the elastic properties, including the shear modulus of of the ARALL laminates. Comparison of ARALL 2 and ARALL 3 laminates has shown that ARALL 3 laminates exhibit higher strength than the corresponding ARALL 2 specimens. Based on the experimental observations, a failure mechanism has been proposed for notched ARALL laminates. The failure of 0° ARALL laminates is governed by fiber failure in the aramid/epoxy layer. Experimental results for the off-axis elastic properties are compared with the predictions from transformation equations. Finite element analysis of notched laminates was performed in order to gain a better understanding of the experimental results. A linear analysis was found to be unsuitable for predicting the complete response of ARALL laminates. A Successive Yielding Model was used for modelling the behavior of the ARALL laminates. Predictions of this Successive Yielding Model are in excellent agreement with experimental results. Finite element analysis was also used to study the end effects and for establishing the specimen geometry. / M.S.

Cubes of coal have been tested in compression in the past, and it has been found. that the following formula, relating the compressive strength to the size of the cube can be applied: P = k .a- n Where P is the compressive strength in pounds per square inch. a is the edge dimension os specimens tested. n is a constant. k is a constant. The value of n has been found by a majority of people working on coal to be 0.5, however, lower values have also been found. In this study limestone shale and Plaster of Paris cubes, varying in size between one and three inches, and one and five inches in the case of shale, were tested in compression. The results were converted to logarithmic form, and the value of n determined for each material. It was found for the limestone and the Plaster of Paris that the value of n was close to zero over the range of sizes tested, indicating that the strength is independent of the size of the spec1men over the range one inch to three inch cubes. A value of 0.20 was found for the shale over the range one inch to five inches. The Griffith crack theory of failure gives the following result: P = k.c -0.5 Where P is the compressive strength in pounds per square inch. 2c is the length of cracks in the material. k is a constant. Thus, depending upon the relationship between c and a, the Griffith theory predicts that the value of n should be 0.5 for cracked materials where the length of crack is directly proportional to the edge dimension of the specimen, and zero where the length of crack is independent of the edge dimension of the specimen, in relatively uncracked materials. The Griffith theory is supported both by the results of compression tests, and by the results of the tests in this study and those previously conducted on coal. / Master of Science

Ph. D.