Metal pipes are sometimes swaged by a metal cone to enlarge them, which increases the strain in the material. The amount of strain is important because it affects the burst and collapse strength. Burst strength is the amount of internal pressure that a pipe can withstand before failure, while collapse strength is the amount of external pressure that a pipe can withstand before failure. If the burst or collapse strengths are exceeded, the pipe may fracture, causing critical failure. Such an event could cost the owners and their customers millions of dollars in clean up, repair, and lost time, in addition to the potential environmental damage. Therefore, a reliable way of estimating the burst and collapse strength of strained pipe is desired and valuable. The sponsor currently rates strained pipes using the properties of raw steel, because those properties are easily measured (for example, yield strength). In the past, the engineers assumed that the metal would be work-hardened when swaged, so that yield strength would increase. However, swaging introduces anisotropic strain, which may decrease the yield strength. This study measured the yield strength of strained material in the transverse and axial direction and compared them to raw material, to determine the amount of anisotropy. This information will be used to more accurately determine burst and collapse ratings for strained pipes. More accurate ratings mean safer products, which will minimize risk for the sponsor’s customers. Since the strained metal has a higher yield strength than the raw material, using the raw yield strength to calculate burst and collapse ratings is a conservative method. The metal has even higher yield strength after strain aging, which indicates that the stresses are relieved. Even with the 12% anisotropy in the strained and 9% anisotropy in the strain aged specimens, the raw yield strengths are lower and therefore more conservative. I recommend that the sponsor continue using the raw yield strength to calculate these ratings. I set out to characterize the anisotropic nature of swaged metal. As expected, the tensile tests showed a difference between the axial and transverse tensile strength. The correlation was 12% difference in yield strength in the axial and transverse directions for strained material and 9% in strained and aged material. This means that the strength of the metal in the hoop (transverse) direction is approximately 10% stronger than in the axial direction, because the metal was work hardened during the swaging process. Therefore, the metal is more likely to fail in axial tension than in burst or collapse. I presented the findings from the microstructure examination, standard tensile tests, and SEM data. All of this data supported the findings of the mini-tensile tests. This information will help engineers set burst and collapse ratings and allow material scientists to predict the anisotropic characteristics of swaged steel tubes.

Cellular materials, often called lattice materials, are increasingly receiving attention for their ultralight structures with high specific strength, excellent impact absorption, acoustic insulation, heat dissipation media and compact heat exchangers. In alignment with emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology, realization of the structural applications of the lattice materials appears to be becoming faster. Considering the direction dependent material properties of the products with AM, by directionally dependent printing resolution, effective moduli of lattice structures appear to be directionally dependent. In this paper, a constitutive model of a lattice structure, which is an octet-truss with a base material having an orthotropic material property considering AM is developed. In a case study, polyjet based 3D printing material having an orthotropic property with a 9% difference in the principal direction provides difference in the axial and shear moduli in the octet-truss by 2.3 and 4.6%. Experimental validation for the effective properties of a 3D printed octet-truss is done for uniaxial tension and compression test. The theoretical value based on the micro-buckling of truss member are used to estimate the failure strength. Modulus value appears a little overestimate compared with the experiment. Finite element (FE) simulations for uniaxial compression and tension of octet-truss lattice materials are conducted. New effective properties for the octet-truss lattice structure are developed considering the observed behavior of the octet-truss structure under macroscopic compression and tension trough simulations.

As análises de tensões não-lineares por elementos finitos situadas no regime plástico do material demandam maior tempo de processamento computacional quando comparadas às análises lineares situadas no regime elástico. Os valores de tensões não-lineares podem ser obtidos por meio de metodologias analíticas de previsão de tensão aplicadas a componentes entalhados. Entre os métodos de obtenção de tensão em entalhes, destaca-se o método de Neuber. O presente trabalho visa avaliar a aplicação deste método aliado à análise de elementos finitos para a obtenção de tensões não-lineares em componentes automotivos fabricados em ferro fundido nodular contendo descontinuidades geométricas na superfície. Como referência foram utilizados valores de tensões obtidos através da técnica de extensometria, aplicados em dois diferentes modelos de alavancas contidas em transmissões de ônibus e caminhões. Todos os dados de entrada para os cálculos de elementos finitos foram obtidos através da caracterização do material por meio da realização de ensaios de dureza, tração e metalografia. A fim de verificar possíveis trincas ocasionadas pelos carregamentos aplicados, os componentes testados foram submetidos a ensaios de partículas magnéticas. Busca-se, assim, uma contribuição para a redução do tempo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos fabricados em componentes de ferro fundido nodular. / The analyzes of nonlinear stresses by finite elements located in the plastic regime of the material demand a longer time of computational processing when compared to the linear analyzes located in the elastic regime. The values of nonlinear stresses can be obtained by analytical methodologies of stress prediction applied to notched components. Among the methods of obtaining stresses in notches, the Neuber method is outstanding. The present work aims to evaluate the application of this method, combined with the finite element analysis to obtain nonlinear stresses in automotive components made of nodular cast iron containing geometric surface discontinuities. As reference, stress values obtained through the strain gauge technique were used, applied in two different shift levers contained in bus and truck transmissions. All input data for the finite element calculations were obtained through the characterization of the material by means of hardness, tensile and metallography tests. In order to verify possible cracks caused by the applied loads, the tested components were subjected to magnetic particle tests. Thus, a contribution is made to reduce the development time of new products manufactured in nodular cast iron components.

Este trabalho tem o intuito de analisar a junção realizada pelo processo de soldagem por fricção-mistura (FSW) pelo do teste de Arcan. É apresentada inicialmente uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos já realizados nessa área e da teoria relevante. Foram realizados ensaios para avaliar a falha da junta sob carregamento multiaxial quando comparada à falha do material base. Para a realização dos ensaios utilizouse uma máquina de tração com capacidade de 50 kN. Foi projetado e construído um dispositivo de Arcan modificado, que permite a variação do ângulo com o qual a força de tração é aplicada. Os resultados práticos demonstraram as características de resistência da junção por FSW quando sujeita à forças de tração e cisalhamento. Os resultados obtidos servem como base para comparação entre junções feitas por FSW e por métodos convencionais como a utilização de rebites (prática muito comum na indústria aeronáutica). / The aim of this work is to analyze the junction made by Friction Stir Welding (FSW) using the Arcan test. Initially is presented a review of the studies carried out in this area and the relevant theory for the project. Tests were executed in order to evaluate the failure of the welding under multiaxial loading when compared to the failure of the base material. In order to execute the Arcan Tests, a tensile test machine with nominal capacity of 50 kN was used. A modified Arcan device, that allows an angle variation of the force applied, was developed and fabricated. The practical results demonstrate the FSW joint resistance characteristics when subjected to normal and shear forces. The results obtained serve as basis to compare the junctions made using FSW and conventional joint methods like rivets (very common practice in the aeronautical industry).

A corrosão metálica é um problema que afeta a economia mundial, sendo responsável pelo aumento dos custos de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica e pode ser influenciada por atividades microbianas, podendo levar a aceleração ou inibição do processo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo isolar e identificar as bactérias associadas a processos de corrosão em torres de transmissão de energia, bem como avaliar a resistência destas bactérias a diferentes metais pesados buscando selecionar micro-organismos com potencial para biorremediação. A identificação taxonômica dos isolados associados a elementos metálicos foi efetuada por análise filogenética das sequências parciais do gene RNA ribossomal 16S, resultando em 101 bactérias distribuídas em oito gêneros: Lysinibacillus, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Exiguobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Bacillus e Acinetobacter. Todos os gêneros foram resistentes a mais de um metal, sendo que o metal que menos afetou o crescimento dos isolados foi o cromo e o que mais afetou foi o mercúrio. / Metallic corrosion is a problem that affects the world economy, being responsible for the increased costs of generating, transmission and distribution of electricity and can be influenced by microbial activities, leading to inhibition or acceleration of the process. This study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria associated with corrosion processes in metallic structures of power transmission towers, as well as evaluating the resistance of these bacteria to different heavy metals, in order to select microorganisms with potential for biorremediation. The taxonomic identification of the isolates of bacteria associated with metallic elements was performed by phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA gene, resulting in 101 bacteria distributed in eight genera: Lysinibacillus, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Exiguobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Bacillus and Acinetobacter. All genera were resistant to more than one metal. Chromium and mercury were the metals that least and most affected the growth of isolates, respectively.

Orientador: Marney Pascoli Cereda / Banca: Marcelo Álvares de Oliveira / Banca: Magali Ribeiro da Silva / Resumo: Os tubetes ou células de germinação disponíveis hoje no mercado são de derivados do petróleo como o polietileno e o poliestireno tipo isopor, um recurso não renovável. Focalizando o mercado de produtos alternativos, anteriores pesquisas com subprodutos e resíduos agroindustriais resultaram em um material biodegradável com o qual foi possível confeccionar tubetes com volume reduzido (26 cm3) em relação aos convencionais (55 cm3). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os tubetes biodegradáveis comparando-os com tubetes de polietileno através do sistema de produção de mudas de aroeira (Schinus terebinthyfolius Raddi), utilizando-se análise clássica de crescimento, porcentagem de germinação e sobrevivência das mudas e custo de produção operacional da fase de crescimento das mudas. Para estabelecer as comparações os tubetes biodegradáveis e seu material foram caracterizados quimicamente e, mecanicamente por ensaios de resistência à ruptura de corpos de prova por impacto, tração paralela e flexão. No viveiro estabeleceu-se o uso de 230 tubetes biodegradáveis e 230 de plástico, divididos em dois lotes: 1) Não Destrutivo: 40 tubetes biodegradáveis e 40 de plástico. 2) Destrutivo: 190 tubetes biodegradáveis e 190 de plástico. A análise química dos tubetes biodegradáveis antes do uso, após a fase de crescimento e do substrato mostrou a lixiviação de minerais, pois o material dos tubetes é poroso permitindo a adsorção de água juntamente com seus minerais dissolvidos. Verificou-se também redução de Carbono e Matéria Orgânica...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Actually commercial pots or germination cells are composed by polyethylene and polyesthyrene, non-renewable source. Use of by-products and residues for biodegradable pots production with low volume (26cm3) when compared with traditional pots (55cm3) were made aiming the market of new products. This work had as purpose to compare the seedling aroeira production (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) in biodegradable pots and polyethylene pots as support. It was used classic growth analysis, germination and survival seedling percentages and operational production cost of growth phase seedling. The chemical and mechanical characteristics (resistance to rupture for impact, parallel traction and flexion) were analyzed. It was used 230 biodegradable pots and 230 polyethylene pots, divided in two parcels in plant house. 1) Non-destruction parcel: 40 biodegradable pots and 40 polyethylene pots. 2) Destruction parcel: 190 biodegradable pots and 190 polyethylene pots. The results of chemical analysis showed that occurred mineral substrate lixiviation to pots. Due the porous characteristics of biodegradable pots can be occurred water adsorption and dissolved minerals. It was observed Carbon and Organic Matters decrease in biodegradable pots, which evidence the pots biodegradation in growth phase already. The results of mechanical test showed that the best result for manual technique is pushing (flexion) instead of pulling (traction). It will also possible compare this biodegradable material with others products. The germination and survival seedling percentages were 100% in both pots. The growth analysis results showed that lower volume of biodegradable pots did not affect the growing of roots as well as the plant development. The cost of operational production in...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Theoretical strength of solids is defined as the ultimate strength beyond which plastic deformation, fracture, or decohesion would occur. Understanding the microscopic origin from quantum mechanics and thermoelastic formulation is of great importance to mechanical properties and engineering design of various solids. While quite a few theory models have been made in the past century by several generations of scientists, including Frankel and Born, a general and convincing framework has not been fully established. We study this issue from three respects: (1) Unify various elastic stability criteria for solids that determine an upper bound of theoretical strength; (2) with ab initio method, we test the elastic stability conditions of crystal Au. The phenomenon of bifurcation is observed: under hydrostatic expansion, the rhombohedral modulus reaches zero first of all; while under uniaxial tensile stress, the tetragonal shear modulus first reaches zero; (3) propose a nonlinear theoretical formulation of stability criterion. As an analytic method, this scheme is quite simple, in the mean time, it saves computation resource.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Civil Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

El uso de materiales compuestos de matriz polimérica (FRP) emerge como alternativa al hormigón convencionalmente armado con acero debido a la mayor resistencia a la corrosión de dichos materiales. El presente estudio investiga el comportamiento en servicio de vigas de hormigón armadas con barras de FRP mediante un análisis teórico y experimental. Se presentan los resultados experimentales de veintiséis vigas de hormigón armadas con barras de material compuesto de fibra de vidrio (GFRP) y una armada con acero, todas ellas ensayadas a flexión de cuatro puntos. Los resultados experimentales son analizados y comparados con algunos de los modelos de predicción más significativos de flechas y fisuración, observándose, en general, una predicción adecuada del comportamiento experimental hasta cargas de servicio. El análisis de sección fisurada (CSA) estima la carga última con precisión, aunque se registra un incremento de la flecha experimental para cargas superiores a las de servicio. Esta diferencia se atribuye a la influencia de las deformaciones por esfuerzo cortante y se calcula experimentalmente.Se presentan los aspectos principales que influyen en los estados límites de servicio: tensiones de los materiales, ancho máximo de fisura y flecha máxima permitida. Se presenta una metodología para el diseño de dichos elementos bajo las condiciones de servicio. El procedimiento presentado permite optimizar las dimensiones de la sección respecto a metodologías más generales. / Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have emerged as an alternative to steel for reinforced concrete (RC) elements in aggressive environments due to their non-corrosive properties. This study investigates the short-term serviceability behaviour of FRP RC beams through theoretical and experimental analysis. Twenty-six RC beams reinforced with glass-FRP (GFRP) and one steel RC beam are tested under four-point loading. The experimental results are discussed and compared to some of the most representative prediction models of deflections and cracking for steel and FRP RC finding that prediction models generally provide adequate values up to the service load. Additionally, cracked section analysis (CSA) is used to analyse the flexural behaviour of the specimens until failure. CSA estimates the ultimate load with accuracy, but it underestimates the experimental deflection beyond the service load level. This increment is mainly attributed in this work to shear induced deflection and it is experimentally calculated.A discussion on the main aspects of the SLS of FRP RC is introduced: the stresses in materials, maximum crack width and the allowable deflection. A methodology for the design of FRP RC at the serviceability requirements is presented, which allows optimizing the overall depth of the element with respect to more generalised methodologies.

Thesis (M.S.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Civil Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.