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<p align='justify'>This thesis is devoted to the micromechanical study of the size-dependent strengthening in Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels. Such grades of advanced high-strength steels are compelling for the automotive industry, due to their improved mechanical properties. Among others, they combine a good strength versus ductility balance. In this context, many research works have been carried out to study these grades of steels. In particular, from a numerical point of view, earlier studies within the framework of classical plasticity do not properly reproduce the strengthening levels characterizing TRIP steels and obtained experimentally.</p> <p><p align='justify'>In this study, the strain gradient plasticity theory presented by Fleck and Hutchinson (2001) is chosen to account for the strengthening effect resulting from the phase transformation. A two-dimensional embedded cell model of a simplified microstructure composed of small cylindrical metastable austenitic inclusions, partially undergoing the phase transformation, within a ferritic matrix is used.</p><p><p align='justify'>First, the single-parameter version of the strain gradient plasticity theory under small strain assumption is used for the simulations. The impact of the higher order boundary conditions is assessed. It is shown that, when the plastic flow is unconstrained at the elasto-plastic boundaries, the transformation strain has no significant impact on the overall strengthening. The strengthening is essentially coming from the composite effect with a marked inclusion size effect resulting from the appearance during deformation of new boundaries (at the interface between parent and product phases) constraining the plastic flow.</p><p><p align='justify'>Second, the multi-parameter version of the strain gradient plasticity theory, incorporating separately the rotational and extensional gradients in the formulation, is employed under small strain assumption. The effect of the plastic strain gradients resulting from the transformation strain is better captured. In particular, the results show a significant influence of the shear component of the transformation strain. An implicit confinement effect is revealed at the elasto-plastic boundaries which is partly responsible for the transformation strain effect. Size effects on the overall strengthening are also revealed, due to a combined size dependent effect of the transformation strain and of the evolving composite structure.</p><p align='justify'>Third, the extension of the strain gradient plasticity theory to a finite strain description is applied. A significant effect of the transformation strain is obtained with the multi-parameter version of the theory as well as an optimal austenite grain size improving the damage resistance of the martensite, in agreement with the typical grain size of the current TRIP-assisted steels (Jacques et al. 2007).</p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<p align="justify">The conservation of structures of the historical heritage is an increasing concern nowadays for public authorities. The technical design phase of repair operations for these structures is of prime importance. Such operations usually require an estimation of the residual strength and of the potential structural failure modes of structures to optimize the choice of the repairing techniques.</p> <p><p align="justify">Although rules of thumb and codes are widely used, numerical simulations now start to emerge as valuable tools. Such alternative methods may be useful in this respect only if they are able to account realistically for the possibly complex failure modes of masonry in structural applications.</p><p><p align="justify">The mechanical behaviour of masonry is characterized by the properties of its constituents (bricks and mortar joints) and their stacking mode. Structural failure mechanisms are strongly connected to the mesostructure of the material, with strong localization and damage-induced anisotropy.</p><p><p align="justify">The currently available numerical tools for this material are mostly based on approaches incorporating only one scale of representation. Mesoscopic models are used in order to study structural details with an explicit representation of the constituents and of their behaviour. The range of applicability of these descriptions is however restricted by computational costs. At the other end of the spectrum, macroscopic descriptions used in structural computations rely on phenomenological constitutive laws representing the collective behaviour of the constituents. As a result, these macroscopic models are difficult to identify and sometimes lead to wrong failure mode predictions.</p><p><p align="justify">The purpose of this study is to bridge the gap between mesoscopic and macroscopic representations and to propose a computational methodology for the analysis of plane masonry walls. To overcome the drawbacks of existing approaches, a multi-scale framework is used which allows to include mesoscopic behaviour features in macroscopic descriptions, without the need for an a priori postulated macroscopic constitutive law. First, a mesoscopic constitutive description is defined for the quasi-brittle constituents of the masonry material, the failure of which mainly occurs through stiffness degradation. The mesoscopic description is therefore based on a scalar damage model. Plane stress and generalized plane state assumptions are used at the mesoscopic scale, leading to two-dimensional macroscopic continuum descriptions. Based on periodic homogenization techniques and unit cell computations, it is shown that the identified mesoscopic constitutive setting allows to reproduce the characteristic shape of (anisotropic) failure envelopes observed experimentally. The failure modes corresponding to various macroscopic loading directions are also shown to be correctly captured. The in-plane failure mechanisms are correctly represented by a plane stress description, while the generalized plane state assumption, introducing simplified three-dimensional effects, is shown to be needed to represent out-of-plane failure under biaxial compressive loading. Macroscopic damage-induced anisotropy resulting from the constituents' stacking mode in the material, which is complex to represent properly using macroscopic phenomenological constitutive equations, is here obtained in a natural fashion. The identified mesoscopic description is introduced in a scale transition procedure to infer the macroscopic response of the material. The first-order computational homogenization technique is used for this purpose to extract this response from unit cells. Damage localization eventually appears as a natural outcome of the quasi-brittle nature of the constituents. The onset of macroscopic localization is treated as a material bifurcation phenomenon and is detected from an eigenvalue analysis of the homogenized acoustic tensor obtained from the scale transition procedure together with a limit point criterion. The macroscopic localization orientations obtained with this type of detection are shown to be strongly related to the underlying mesostructural failure modes in the unit cells.</p> <p><p align="justify">A well-posed macroscopic description is preserved by embedding localization bands at the macroscopic localization onset, with a width directly deduced from the initial periodicity of the mesostructure of the material. This allows to take into account the finite size of the fracturing zone in the macroscopic description. As a result of mesoscopic damage localization in narrow zones of the order of a mortar joint, the material response computationally deduced from unit cells may exhibit a snap-back behaviour. This precludes the use of such a response in the standard strain-driven multi-scale scheme.</p> <p><p align="justify">Adaptations of the multi-scale framework required to treat the mesostructural response snap-back are proposed. This multi-scale framework is finally applied for a typical confined shear wall problem, which allows to verify its ability to represent complex structural failure modes.</p><p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The recent emphasis on magnesium alloys can be appreciated by following the research push from several agencies, universities and editorial efforts. With a density equal to two-thirds of Al and one-thirds of steel, Mg provides the best opportunity for lightweighting of metallic components. However, one key bottleneck restricting its insertion into industrial applications is low strength values. In this respect, Mg-Y-Nd alloys have been promising due to their ability to form strengthening precipitates on the prismatic plane. However, if the strength is compared to Al alloys, these alloys are not attractive. The primary reason for low structural performance in Mg is related to low alloying and microstructural efficiency. In this dissertation, these terminologies are discussed in detail. A simple calculation showed that the microstructural efficiency in Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy is 30% of its maximum potential. Guided by the definitions of alloying and microstructural efficiency, the two prime objectives of this thesis were to: (i) to use thermomechanical processing routes to tailor the microstructure and achieve high strength in an Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy, and (ii) optimize the alloy chemistry of the Mg-rare earth alloy and design a novel rare—earth free Mg alloy by Calphad approach to achieve a strength of 500 MPa. Experimental, theoretical and computational approaches have been used to establish the process-structure-property relationships in an Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy. For example, increase in strength was observed after post aging of the friction stir processed/additive manufactured microstructure. This was attributed to the dissolution of Mg2Y particles which increased the alloying and microstructural efficiency. Further quantification by numerical modeling showed that the effective diffusivity during friction stir processing and friction stir welding is 60 times faster than in the absence of concurrent deformation leading to the dissolution of thermally stable particles. In addition, the investigation on the interaction between dislocations and strengthening precipitate revealed that, specific defects like the I1 fault aid in the accelerated precipitation of the strengthening precipitate in an Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy. Also, the effect of external field (ultrasonic waves) was studied in detail and showed accelerated age hardening response in Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy by a factor of 24. As the bottleneck of low strength is addressed, the answers to the following questions are discussed in this dissertation: What are the fundamental micro-mechanisms governing second phase evolution in an Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy? What is the mechanical response of different microstructural states obtained by hot rolling, friction stir processing and friction stir additive manufacturing? Is defect engineering critical to achieve high strength Mg alloys? Can application of an external field influence the age hardening response in an Mg-4Y-3Nd alloy? Can a combination of innovative processing for tailoring microstructures and computational alloy design lead to new and effective paths for application of magnesium alloys?

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Belt-drives are used in many applications such as industrial machines, washing ‎machines, and accessory drives for automobiles and other vehicles. Multibody dynamics/finite ‎element numerical models have become an effective way to predict the dynamic response of ‎belt-drives. In this thesis, a high fidelity numerical model was built using a multibody ‎dynamics/finite element code to simulate a belt-drive. The belt-drive transmits power from a ‎turbine of a Rankin cycle (that uses the exhaust waste heat of the internal combustion engine as ‎heat source) to the crank shaft of the engine. The code uses a time-accurate explicit numerical ‎integration technique to solve the multibody dynamics differential equations. The belt was ‎modeled using three-node beam elements to account for the belt axial and bending ‎stiffness/damping, while the pulleys, shafts and tensioner body were modeled as rigid bodies. ‎The penalty technique was used to model normal contact between the belt and the pulleys. An ‎asperity-based friction model was used to approximate Coulomb friction between the belt and ‎the pulleys. The dynamic response predicted using the model was validated by comparing it to ‎experimental results supplied by Cummins Inc. A parameter sensitivity study was performed to ‎evaluate the change in response due to change in various belt-drive parameters. A fatigue ‎model was developed to predict the belt fatigue life using output from the explicit finite ‎element code including normal and tangential forces between the belt and the pulleys and belt ‎tension. The belt fatigue life was evaluated for alternative belt-drive configurations in order to ‎find the configuration with the longest life.‎

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This work is focused on developing viable self-healing coatings, especially considering the viability of the coating in a commercial context. With this in mind, finding low cost healing agents, with satisfactory healing and mechanical properties as well as adapting the healing system for use in coatings was required. Seven potential healing agents were evaluated and an air-drying triglyceride (linseed oil) was identified as the candidate healing agent. Different encapsulation techniques were evaluated and ureaformaldehyde microcapsules were chosen as the candidate encapsulation technique. Self-healing coatings were fabricated using urea-formaldehyde encapsulated linseed oil. EIS, SEM and TGA technologies were used to evaluate mechanical performance, corrosion resistance, and self-healing performance.

Volvo Cars in Skövde manufacture and assemble Volvo engines. When attaching the ignition coil to all 4-cylinder engines, a special mounting tool is required. This mounting tool is currently manufactured from injection-molded polyoxymethylene (POM), a thermoplastic. It has been noted that the life span of the tool is shortened as a result of abrasive wear that occurs during the attachment process of the ignition coil. An investigation of the possibility of manufacturing the mounting tool with a 3D-printer is undertaken in cooperation with ÅF, a consultant to Volvo Cars. A literature study is first presented to introduce broader knowledge on the subject. The abrasive wear and other material characteristics such as tensile strength, compressive strength and elongation of  POM and an alternative material for 3D-printing,  Ultem™, an amorphous thermoplastic polyetherimide are discussed.  These material characteristics are studied further and considered in tandem with both a theoretical analysis and a wear experiment, based on the pin-on-disc method. It is shown in the theoretical analysis that the wear is approximately six times larger for Ultem™ when compared to POM. The wear resistance of Ultem™ is highest when wear occurs parallel to the direction of the printed layers. In contrast, the experiment shows that the wear is about three times larger in Ultem™ than in POM.  The highest tensile strength of Ultem™ is also found in the direction of the printed layers. Some issues with the small elongation of the 3D-printed material are presented. It is recommended that ÅF apply the 3D-printing technique with Ultem™ only for construction details with complex geometries and where the material elongation will not exceed 5%. It is also recommended that ÅF both support and contribute to this innovative technique in order to develop leading edge competence in the subject. / Volvo Cars i Skövde tillverkar och monterar Volvomotorer. Vid monteringen av tändspolen till alla 4-cylindriga motorer behövs ett monteringsverktyg. Detta monteringsverktyg tillverkas för närvarande från formsprutad termoplast polyoximetylen (POM). Det har noterats att livslängden av verktyget förkortas på grund av abrasiv nötning som uppkommer under monteringsprocessen av tändspolen. Möjligheterna att tillverka monteringsverktyget med en 3D-skrivare utvärderas i samverkan med ÅF, en konsult till Volvo Cars. En litteraturstudie presenteras för att introducera en bredare kunskap i ämnet. Den abrasiva nötningen och materialegenskaper såsom draghållfasthet, tryckhållfasthet samt töjning hos POM och ett alternativt material för 3D-skrivning, Ultem™, en amorf termoplast polyeterimid, behandlas. Dessa materialegenskaper studeras vidare och tas i beaktning med både en teoretisk analys och ett nötningsexperiment, baserat på pin-on-disc metoden. Enligt den teoretiska analysen är nötningen hos Ultem™ approximativt 6 gånger större vid jämförelsen med POM. Nötningsbeständigheten hos Ultem™ är högst då nötning sker parallellt med 3D-skrivningsriktningen av lagren. Nötningsexperimenten visar att nötningen hos Ultem™ är ungefär 3 gånger större vid jämförelsen med POM. Den högsta draghållfastheten hos Ultem™ uppkommer också parallellt med 3D-skrivningsriktningen av lagren. Problem med den låga töjningen hos det 3D-skrivna materialet behandlas. ÅF rekommenderas att tillämpa 3D-skrivning med materialet Ultem™ främst för detaljer med komplexa geometrier med en töjning som inte överskrider 5 %. ÅF rekommenderas även att både stödja och bidra till denna innovativa teknik för att kunna skapa en ledande expertis i ämnet.

CAPES / O estudo de um componente estrutural, é mais realístico quando se admite que o componente já possua trincas. A área que estuda este fenômeno é a mecânica da fratura. O componente que possui trinca e é submetido a esforços cíclicos, tende a falhar por fadiga. Este estudo apresenta cotas que “envelopam” a solução numérica aproximada da evolução da trinca. São estimados momentos estatísticos das cotas superior e inferior, afim de se obter resultados mais realísticos com relação a propagação da trinca, visto a existência de incerteza sobre os parâmetros dos modelos de evolução da trinca. As cotas são determinadas via metodologia Fast Crack Bounds, sendo está comparada com a solução numérica aproximada obtida pelo método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. A randomização dos parâmetros do modelo, é executada através de Simulação de Monte Carlo. Para a quantificação da incerteza, da cota superior, inferior e da solução numérica, são considerados exemplos “clássicos” da mecânica da fratura, onde a função de correção do fator de intensidade de tensão é conhecida: placa com largura infinita, placa com largura finita e trinca central e placa com largura finita e trinca na aresta. O trabalho apresenta os desvios relativos do primeiro e segundo momento estatístico, bem como os ganhos computacionais na resolução do problema de valor inicial que descrevem a propagação da trinca. Em todos os casos analisados, a metodologia Fast Crack Bounds apresentou menor tempo computacional, quando comparada à solução numérica do problema, sendo no mínimo 411,23% mais eficaz para o parâmetro a0 , até 8.296,29% para o parâmetro KC . / The study of a structural component is more realistic when it is admitted that the component already has cracks. The area that studies this phenomenon is the fracture mechanics. The component which is cracked and subjected to cyclic stresses tends to fail due to fatigue. This study presents upper and lower bounds that "envelop" the approximate numerical solution of the evolution of the crack. The statistical moments of the upper and lower bounds are estimated, to obtain more realistic results in relation to the crack propagation, considering the existence of uncertainty about the parameters of the evolution models of the crack. Upper and lower bounds are determined using the Fast Crack Bounds methodology, being compared to the approximate numerical solution obtained by the fourth-order RungeKutta method. The randomization of the model parameters and execution through the Monte Carlo Simulation. For the quantification of the uncertainty, the upper and lower bounds and the numerical solution, "classic" examples of fracture mechanics are considered, where the correction function of the tensile strength factor is known: Infinite width plate, finite width plate a centered crack and finite width plate a bordercracked. The work presents the relative deviations of the first and second statistical moments, as well as the computational gains in solving the initial value problem that describe the propagation of the crack. In all cases analyzed, the Fast Crack Bounds methodology presented lower computational time when compared to the numerical solution of the problem, being at least 411.23% more effective for the parameter a0 , up to 8,296.29% for the parameter KC .

The considerable progress in the research and development of thin-walled beam structures responds to their growing use in engineering construction and to their increased need for efficiency in strength and cost. The result is a structure that exhibits large shear strains and important non uniform warping under different loadings, such as non uniform torsion, shear bending and distortion.<p><p>A unified approach is formulated in this thesis for 3D thin walled beam structures with arbitrary profile geometries, loading cases and boundary conditions. A single warping function, defined by a linear combination of longitudinal displacements at cross sectional nodes (derived from Prokic work), is enhanced and adapted in order to qualitatively and quantitatively reflect and capture the nature of a widest possible range of behaviors. Constraints are prescribed at the kinematics level in order to enable the study of arbitrary cross sections for general loading. This approach, differing from most published theories, has the advantage of enabling the study of arbitrary cross sections (closed/opened or mixed) without any restrictions or distinctions related to the geometry of the profile. It generates automatic data and characteristic computations from a kinematical discretization prescribed by the profile geometry. The amount of shear bending, torsional and distortional warping and the magnitude of the shear correction factor is computed for arbitrary profile geometries with this single formulation.<p><p>The proposed formulation is compared to existing theories with respect to the main assumptions and restrictions. The variation of the location of the torsional center, distortional centers and distortional rotational ratio of a profile is discussed in terms of their dependency on the loading cases and on the boundary conditions.<p><p>A 3D beam finite element model is developed and validated with several numerical applications. The displacements, rotations, amount of warping, normal and shear stresses are compared with reference solutions for general loading cases involving stretching, bending, torsion and/or distortion. Some examples concern the case of beam assemblies with different shaped profiles where the connection type determines the nature of the warping transmission. Other analyses –for which the straightness assumption of Timoshenko theory is relaxed– investigate shear deformation effects on the deflection of short and thin beams by varying the aspect ratio of the beam. Further applications identify the cross sectional distortion and highlight the importance of the distortion on the stresses when compared to bending and torsion even in simple loading cases. <p><p>Finally, a non linear finite element based on the updated lagrangian formulation is developed by including torsional warping degrees of freedom. An incremental iterative method using the arc length and the Newton-Raphson methods is used to solve the non linear problem. Examples are given to study the flexural, torsional, flexural torsional and lateral torsional buckling problems for which a coupling between the variables describing the flexural and the torsional degrees of freedom occurs. The finite element results are compared to analytical solutions based on different warping functions and commonly used in linear stability for elastic structures having insufficient lateral or torsional stiffnesses that cause an out of plane buckling. <p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of this thesis is to assess the time-dependent behavior of a new kind of composite railway bridge deck composed by two precambered and prestressed beams. The method used until now to design these bridge decks is a simple classical computation method with a variable modular ratio. They have been placed only with simply supported spans up to 26 m.<p>It is now considered to apply this construction method for the building of continuous bridges (with larger spans) by connecting simply supported decks on their supports. It is known that this kind of construction will induce an additional and strong time-dependent redistribution of internal forces within the structure. It was felt that an in-depth understanding of the influence of the concrete time-dependent effects in this kind of composite structures is needed before proceeding with the design of statically indeterminate bridges. Two cross-section analysis programs applying the principle of superposition were developed: the first used the age adjusted effective modulus method and the second the step-by-step method. However, it is known that the delayed behavior of concrete does not fully comply with the principle of superposition. It appears that after a period of compression creep, creep recovery is significantly less than predicted by the superposition principle. In the construction phases of this bridge deck, the concrete fibers belonging to the bottom side of prestressed beams undergo a stress/strain history of significant unloading when the permanent loads are applied step-by-step. Moreover, these methods assume that the relative humidity remains constant. Finally, a lot of bridge decks are heated in order to transfer the prestressing as soon as possible. To evaluate more finely the time-dependent effects of concrete in such composite (and rather complex) structures with variable loading history, several steps have been carried out: <p>-Analysis of the influence of the heat treatment applied in the workshop and the level of applied stress on the creep and the shrinkage of the concrete.<p>-Analysis of the recovery phenomenon of the concrete resulting in the selection of the two-function method with the recovery function proposed by Yue and Taerwe.<p>-Development of a cross-section analysis program applying the two-function method to take into account more finely the recovery phenomenon, what resulted in a optimization of the phases of construction of the bridge decks by decreasing the minimum age of concrete before prestressing from 40 hours to 20 hours. <p>-Development of a structural analysis program with beam finite elements and applying the two-function method,what has resulted in an optimization of the phases of construction of continuous bridges composed by the junction of two bridge decks. <p>-Proposition of a modelling based on the understanding of the physico-chemical phenomenona which are at the origin of the delayed effects and coupled to a local analysis of the evolution of the degree of hydration and the internal relative humidity in order to take into account the changes of the boundaries conditions in terms of heat and moisture exchanges occurring along the construction history of the bridge decks in the evaluation of their long-term behavior. For each component of the delayed strains (the thermal strain, the autogenous shrinkage, the desiccation shrinkage, the desiccation creep, the basic creep), a modelling has been proposed.<p>-Development of a cross-section analysis program based on the numerically stable algorithm with increasing time steps for integral-type aging creep proposed by Bažant and including the different components of the delayed effects according to the proposed modelling.<p>The results seem to be very promising since it was possible to reproduce in a more realistic way the evolutions of the measured strains of the composite railway bridge deck instrumented in June 2000 and situated near Brussels South Station. <p><p><p>L’objectif de cette thèse est de prédire le comportement à long terme de structure mixte type pont-bac composée de poutres préfléchies, précontraintes et construites par phases. A l’heure actuelle, ils sont dimensionnés à l’état limite de service par une méthode traditionnelle pseudo-élastique avec un coefficient d’équivalence acier-béton variable. Il est envisagé d’étendre ce type de construction à la réalisation de viaducs hyperstatiques permettant de franchir de plus grandes portées en établissant une continuité entre deux travées au droit de leur support commun. Il est connu que ce type de construction induit une importante redistribution des efforts internes dans la structure. Il est donc indispensable d’évaluer très finement l’influence des effets différés du béton sur ce type de construction. Deux programmes généraux d’analyse de section basés sur la méthode du module effectif ajusté et la méthode pas-à-pas ont tout d’abord été développés. Ces méthodes appliquent le principe de superposition. Des limitations propres à ces méthodes ont été relevées pour des historiques où le béton subit plusieurs déchargements significatifs par rapport à son état de contrainte initial juste après le transfert de la précontrainte. Ces méthodes ont aussi l’inconvénient de supposer une humidité relative constante. Enfin,pour pouvoir être mis en précontrainte le plus tôt possible, les ponts-bacs sont chauffés. Les caractéristiques de retrait et de fluage s’écartent de celles déterminées en laboratoire sur des éprouvettes conservées à 20°C. Pour lever les limitations des méthodes classiques et évaluer plus finement l’état de contrainte et de déformation à long terme dans ce type de structure, plusieurs étapes ont été effectuées :<p>-Analyse de l’influence d’un traitement thermique appliqué dans les mêmes conditions que celles effectuées chez le préfabricant ainsi que du niveau de contrainte appliqué sur les déformations différées du béton. <p>-Analyse de l’influence de l’application de déchargements à des âges divers sur les éprouvettes de béton permettant de mettre en évidence le fait que la méthode dite aux deux fonctions avec la fonction de recouvrance proposée par Yue et Taerwe reproduit la plupart des résultats expérimentaux de manière très satisfaisante.<p>-Développement d’un programme d’analyse en section suivant la méthode pas-à-pas étendu à la méthode aux deux fonctions afin de mieux tenir compte de la recouvrance, ce qui a permis d’optimiser les phases de préfabrication des ponts-bacs en changeant l’instant de mise en précontrainte. Les simulations ont montré que si le béton du pont-bac est chauffé, la mise en précontrainte peut s’effectuer à 20 heures d’âge du béton. <p>-Développement d’un programme d’analyse de structure au moyen d’éléments finis de type poutre et dont l’algorithme de résolution applique la méthode aux deux fonctions, ce qui a permis d’optimiser les phases de construction de viaducs hyperstatiques constitués par la jonction de deux ponts-bacs. <p>-Proposition d’une modélisation fondée sur la compréhension des phénomènes physico-chimiques à l’origine des effets différés et couplée à une étude locale de l’évolution du degré d’hydratation et de la teneur en eau permettant de tenir compte des changements de conditions aux limites en terme d’échange de chaleur et d’humidité qui ont lieu au cours de l’histoire des ponts-bacs dans l’évaluation de leur comportement à long terme. Pour chaque composante des déformations différées (le retrait thermique, le retrait endogène, le retrait et le fluage de dessiccation, le fluage fondamental), une modélisation a été proposée.<p>-Développement d’un programme d’analyse de section basé sur une approche incrémentale avec l’algorithme récursif et exponentiel proposé par Bažant et dans lequel les composantes des effets différés ont été intégrées suivant la modélisation proposée. <p>Les résultats sont encourageants car ils ont permis de reproduire de manière beaucoup plus réaliste les évolutions des déformations mesurées dans le pont-bac instrumenté à Bruxelles. <p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished