No description available.

Low-temperature energy systems are processes that operate below ambient temperatures and make use of refrigeration cycles, where the main energy consumption is due to the shaft work required to drive the compressors. Very-low-temperature energy systems, also known as cryogenic processes, operate at around -150°C and below. Due to increasing demand of products from cryogenic processes and tighter environmental regulations, existing plants need to be revamped to increase their energy efficiency or adapt to new processing capacities. So, accurate models of the performance of cryogenic processes are needed in order to optimise their operation. The present work proposes a new approach for optimising the operating conditions of existing refrigeration cycles in cryogenic processes, using pure refrigerants, for different plant operating conditions. In this work, the process conditions are considered as given and not considered as variables during the optimisation. The operational optimisation is achieved by integrating models for the part-load performance of centrifugal compressors and models for the simulation of plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHEs), into a single optimisation approach. An optimisation approach similar to the one proposed in this work was not found in the open literature. The optimisation approach varies the refrigerant evaporation temperatures, flow rates and cooling duties, minimum temperature difference in PFHEs, and rotational speed of compressors. The objective function seeks to minimise shaft work demand and the constraints consider the operational limitations of centrifugal compressors (minimum and maximum flow rates) and PFHEs (no temperature crosses and meeting the target temperatures of the process streams). In order to explore the solution space that is generated by the complex interactions between the variables and find an approximation to a global optimum, a multistart optimisation algorithm is implemented. The part-load centrifugal compressor model implemented in this work uses regressed data from their performance curves together with the fan laws. The proposed simulation model of PFHEs represents these units as a ‘fictitious’ heat exchanger network of two-stream matches. The simulation model accounts for single and two-phase streams and for the temperature-dependent physical properties of pure refrigerants (e.g. viscosity, heat capacity, etc.). In addition to the simulation model, design and rating models for PFHEs with single and two-phase streams are also proposed. The examples presented in this work for the design, simulation and rating of single and two-phase streams in PFHEs show that the models proposed can find feasible designs, and can predict the outlet temperature of the process streams within ±3°C for different inlet conditions. The example presented in this work for the operational optimisation of refrigeration cycles shows that savings of around 3% in shaft work consumption (up to £0.86 million per year), for different process throughput, can be achieved using the proposed methodology.

This work presents direct and large eddy simulations of a wide range of heat augmentation surfaces roughened by modified dimples/protrusions. The dissertation is composed of two main parts: Part I (Chapters 2-4) for compact heat exchangers and Part II (Chapter 5) for internal cooling of rotating turbine blades. Part I consists of three phases: Phase I (Chapter 2) investigates flow structure and heat transfer distribution in a channel with dimples/protrusions; Phase II (Chapter 3) studies the application of dimples as surface roughness on plain fins; and Phase III (Chapter 4) considers a new fin shape, the split-dimple fin, that is based on modifying the conventional dimple shape. Chapter 2 presents direct and large eddy simulations conducted of a fin bank over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, ReH=200-15,000, covering the laminar to fully turbulent flow regimes and using two channel height geometries. While the smaller fin pitch channel has better performance in the low to medium Reynolds number range, both channel heights show similar trends in the fully turbulent regime. Moreover, analysis of the results shows that vortices generated in the dimple cavity and at the dimple rim contribute substantially to heat transfer from the dimpled surface, whereas flow impingement and acceleration between protrusions contribute substantially on the protrusion side. Chapter 3 considers applying dimples as surface roughness on plain fin surfaces to further enhance heat transfer from the fin. Three fin geometries that consider dimple imprint diameter effect and perforation effect are considered. The dimple imprint diameter has a minimal effect on the flow and heat transfer of the fin. However, the introduction of perforation in the dimple significantly changes the flow structure and heat transfer on the dimple side of the fin by eliminating recirculation regions in the dimple and generating higher intensity vortical structures. Chapter 4 presents a novel fin shape, the split-dimple fin, which consists of half a dimple and half a protrusion with an opening between them. The split dimple provides an additional mechanism for augmenting heat transfer by perturbing continuous boundary layer formation on the fin surface and generating energetic shear layers. While the protruding geometry of the split dimple augments heat transfer profoundly, it also increase pressure drop. The split dimple fin results in heat conductance that is 60–175% higher than a plain fin, but at a cost of 4–8 times the frictional losses. Chapter 5 studies the employment of dimples/protrusions on opposite sides for internal cooling of rotating turbine blades. Two geometries with two dimple/protrusion depths are investigated over a wide range of rotation numbers, Rob=-0.77 to 1.10. Results show that the dimple side is more sensitive to the destabilizing forces on the trailing surface, while both react similarly to the stabilizing effect on the leading side. It is concluded that placing the protrusion on the trailing side for low rotation number, |Rob|<0.2, provides better performance, while it is more beneficial to place the dimple side on the trailing side for higher rotation numbers. / Ph. D.

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise paramétrica do processo de desumidificação de ar comprimido em trocadores de calor compactos com superfícies intensificadoras do tipo aletas deslocadas. A umidade contida no ar comprimido precisa ser retirada do sistema para evitar a formação de condensado nas linhas de distribuição, nos atuadores ou nos dispositivos finais. Utiliza-se o processo de desumidificação por resfriamento onde a temperatura do ar é diminuída até alcançar o ponto de orvalho, resultando em formação de condensado. O desumidificador é constituído por dois trocadores de calor (recuperador e evaporador), sendo cada um deles dividido em duas regiões. Realizou-se a modelagem do processo de transferência de calor para cada um dos trocadores. Utilizou-se o método do potencial de entalpias para determinar os coeficientes globais de transferência de calor de cada trocador. Para a realização da simulação numérica, foi implementado um programa utilizando como ferramenta computacional o programa “Engineering Equation Solver" (EES). O estudo foi feito variando-se os parâmetros geométricos do trocador de calor e verificando sua influência nos coeficientes de transferência de calor, nos calores trocados e nas condições de saída do ar. Primeiramente, cada parâmetro foi analisado individualmente e depois com algumas combinações. Concluiu-se que as dimensões das aletas no recuperador e os comprimentos do recuperador e do evaporador são os parâmetros que mais influenciam nas propriedades do ar comprimido na saída do desumidificador. / The objective of this work is to conduct a parametric analysis of the dehumidification process of compressed air in compact heat exchangers with Offset Strip Fins. The humidity carried by the compressed air should be removed from the system to prevent the condensation in the distribution lines and in the actuators or the final devices. The dehumidification process by cooling occurs when the temperature of the air is diminished until reaching the dew point, resulting in condensation of water vapor. The dehumidifier is constituted by two heat exchangers (recuperator and evaporator), each one of them being divided in two regions. A modeling of the heat and mass transfer process for each heat exchangers, was performed. The enthalpy driving potential method was used to determine the overall heat transfer coefficients of each heat exchanger. The numerical simulation was implemented by using the computational software "Engineering Equation Solver"(EES). The study was made varying the geometric parameters of the heat exchanger and verifying its influences on the heat transfer coefficients, the heat transfer and pressure drop, and the air exit conditions. First, each parameter was analyzed individually and then with some combinations. Its was concluded that the fins dimensions in both regions of the lengths of the recuperator and the evaporator are the parameters that have larger influence on the exit compressed air properties.

Solar power tower technology can achieve higher temperatures than the most common commercial technology using parabolic troughs. In order to take advantage of higher temperatures, new power cycles are needed for generating power at higher efficiencies. Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) power cycle is one of the alternatives that have been proposed for the future concentrated solar power (CSP) plants due to its high efficiency. On the other hand, carbon dioxide can also be a replacement for current heat transfer fluids (HTFs), i.e. oil, molten salt, and steam. The main disadvantages of the current HTFs are maximum operating temperature limit, required freeze protection units, and complex control systems. However, the main challenge about utilizing s-CO2 as the HTF is to design a receiver that can operate at high operating pressure (about 20 MPa) while maintaining excellent thermal performance. The existing tubular and windowed receivers are not suitable for this application; therefore, an innovative design is required to provide appropriate performance as well as mechanical strength. This research investigates the application of s-CO2 in solar power tower plants. First, a computationally efficient method is developed for designing the heliostat field in a solar power tower plant. Then, an innovative numerical approach is introduced to distribute the heat flux uniformly on the receiver surface. Next, different power cycles utilizing s-CO2 as the working fluid are analyzed. It is shown that including an appropriate bottoming cycle can further increase the power cycle efficiency. In the next step, a thermal receiver is designed based on compact heat exchanger (CHE) technology utilizing s-CO2 as the HTF. Finally, a 3MWth cavity receiver is designed using the CHE receivers as individual panels receiving solar flux from the heliostat field. Convective and radiative heat transfer models are employed to calculate bulk fluid and surface temperatures. The receiver efficiency is obtained as 80%, which can be further improved by optimizing the geometry of the cavity.

O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise paramétrica do processo de desumidificação de ar comprimido em trocadores de calor compactos com superfícies intensificadoras do tipo aletas deslocadas. A umidade contida no ar comprimido precisa ser retirada do sistema para evitar a formação de condensado nas linhas de distribuição, nos atuadores ou nos dispositivos finais. Utiliza-se o processo de desumidificação por resfriamento onde a temperatura do ar é diminuída até alcançar o ponto de orvalho, resultando em formação de condensado. O desumidificador é constituído por dois trocadores de calor (recuperador e evaporador), sendo cada um deles dividido em duas regiões. Realizou-se a modelagem do processo de transferência de calor para cada um dos trocadores. Utilizou-se o método do potencial de entalpias para determinar os coeficientes globais de transferência de calor de cada trocador. Para a realização da simulação numérica, foi implementado um programa utilizando como ferramenta computacional o programa “Engineering Equation Solver” (EES). O estudo foi feito variando-se os parâmetros geométricos do trocador de calor e verificando sua influência nos coeficientes de transferência de calor, nos calores trocados e nas condições de saída do ar. Primeiramente, cada parâmetro foi analisado individualmente e depois com algumas combinações. Concluiu-se que as dimensões das aletas no recuperador e os comprimentos do recuperador e do evaporador são os parâmetros que mais influenciam nas propriedades do ar comprimido na saída do desumidificador. / The objective of this work is to conduct a parametric analysis of the dehumidification process of compressed air in compact heat exchangers with Offset Strip Fins. The humidity carried by the compressed air should be removed from the system to prevent the condensation in the distribution lines and in the actuators or the final devices. The dehumidification process by cooling occurs when the temperature of the air is diminished until reaching the dew point, resulting in condensation of water vapor. The dehumidifier is constituted by two heat exchangers (recuperator and evaporator), each one of them being divided in two regions. A modeling of the heat and mass transfer process for each heat exchangers, was performed. The enthalpy driving potential method was used to determine the overall heat transfer coefficients of each heat exchanger. The numerical simulation was implemented by using the computational software "Engineering Equation Solver"(EES). The study was made varying the geometric parameters of the heat exchanger and verifying its influences on the heat transfer coefficients, the heat transfer and pressure drop, and the air exit conditions. First, each parameter was analyzed individually and then with some combinations. Its was concluded that the fins dimensions in both regions of the lengths of the recuperator and the evaporator are the parameters that have larger influence on the exit compressed air properties.

No description available.

Se ha desarrollado y construido una infraestructura experimental orientada a la validación de modelos de intercambiadores compactos de aletas y tubos y sistemas de refrigeración con sobrealimentación de líquido. El objetivo ha sido la obtención de datos experimentales fiables, con condiciones geométricas y de contorno exactamente definidas, para poder compararlos inequívocamente con resultados de simulaciones numéricas. Se presentan los modelos matemáticos, objetivo de la validación, y una descripción detallada del circuito de aire, del refrigerante líquido, y del refrigerante de cambio de fase, que integran la infraestructura.Estos tres circuitos están encargados de asegurar condiciones estables y controladas para los prototipos ensayados y para el sistema de refrigeración con sobrealimentación de líquido, en un amplio rango de temperaturas, flujos másicos y potencias. El diseño permite el ensayo de prototipos de intercambiadores de calor con diferentes geometrías y dimensiones. Se presentan detalladamente los instrumentos de medida con sus precisiones, montaje, se describen también los componentes y los parámetros de la unidad de adquisición de datos.Especial atención se ha dedicado a la calibración de los instrumentos de medida como parte esencial del proceso de preparación de los ensayos. Se describe el proceso de estimación de las incertidumbres sistemáticas de los sensores calibrados. Se expone en detalle la formulación y la metodología adoptada para el análisis de incertidumbre de los resultados experimentales.El procesamiento y el análisis de los datos experimentales se ha realizado en forma automática con un código computacional especialmente desarrollado, encargado de calcular los resultados a partir de las variablas medidas, de llevar a cabo el análisis de incertidumbres detallado, y de comparar los resultados numéricos y experimentales.Se presentan resultados experimentales obtenidos con la infraestructura experimental desarrollada. Se presentan estudios detallados de intercambiadores de calor compactos en condiciones de enfriamiento de aire, utilizando refrigerante líquido y de cambio de fase. Se presentan también resultados del estudio experimental del sistema de refrigeración con sobrealimentación de líquido. Los resultados han sido comprobados y verificados a través de balances energéticos en todos los componentes, donde la misma magnitud física ha sido evaluada de mediciones independientes. Con el objetivo de permitir el uso mas general de los resultados experimentales se presentan también los datos crudos de las variables medidas durante los ensayos.Se ha propuesto una metodología de validación para el modelo de intercambiadores compactos, basada en comparaciones sistemáticas de resultados numéricos y experimentales. Estas comparaciones han sido analizadas en términos estadísticos con el objetivo de cuantificar las diferencias observadas y dar una evaluación global de las prestaciones del modelo numérico en las condiciones ensayadas. La metodología propuesta para la validación del modelo de intercambiadores compactos puede ser utilizada como base para metodologías de validación en general. / Experimental infrastructures intended for validation of compact heat exchanger models, and models of liquid overfeed refrigeration systems have been developed and constructed. The aim has been the obtaining of reliable experimental data from tests at exactly defined geometrical and boundary conditions, permitting the unequivocal comparisons with numerical simulation results. The mathematical models are presented and detailed description of the airhandling, the liquid refrigerant, and phase-changing refrigerant circuits integrating the experimental infrastructure is given.These three circuits are encharged to provide stable controlled conditions for the tested prototypes and the liquid overfeed system in the desired range of temperatures, fluid flows, and capacities. The design permits the accommodation of heat exchanger prototypes with different geometry and sizes.Detailed overview of the measuring instruments is presented, with their accuracies and mounting, and the components and parameters of the data acquisition system are described.Special attention has been paid to the calibration of the measuring instruments as an essential part of the test preparation. The process of estimation of the systematic uncertainties in the calibrated sensors measurements is described. The formulation and the methodology adopted for the uncertainty analysis of the experimental results is exposed in detail.The experimental data processing and analysis has been performed automatically with a specially developed program encharged with the calculation of the experimental results from the measured variables, the detailed uncertainty analysis, and the numerical to experimental results comparisons.Experimental results obtained with the developed infrastructure are presented. Detailed studies of compact heat exchangers under cooling conditions, using liquid and phase-changing refrigerants, are performed and presented. Results from the experimental studies of the liquid overfeed refrigeration system are also presented. The results have been checked and verified through energy balance checks for all the components where measurements of the same physical magnitude can be contrasted with independent measurements. In order to give more general use of the obtained experimental data, the raw measured variables during the tests are also presented.An experimental validation methodology for the compact heat exchanger model has been proposed, based on systematic comparisons between numerical and experimental results. The comparisons have been analysed in statistical terms in order to quantify the observed differences and to give global evaluation of the numerical model performance in the tested conditions. The methodology proposed for validation of the heat exchanger model can be used as a basis for validation methodology for numerical models in general.

Significant efforts have been made in the last decades to decrease the world’s dependency to fossil fuels. One of the fronts which has shown major improvement is gas turbine efficiency. To this end, components such as recuperators have been developed to recover heat that is usually trapped and wasted in the exhaust gases of combustion processes. Brayton Energy Canada has recently developed a promising compact heat exchanger that could be used as a recuperator in gas turbines. Nevertheless, this novel type of wire mesh heat exchanger still has room for improvement, especially regarding the way that its fin arrays are manufactured due to the fact that the technique presently used is time consuming and consequently costly. The present research aims to manufacture near-net shaped pin fin arrays using cold gas dynamic spray as an additive manufacturing technique by selectively covering the substrate by the means of a mask. Moreover, this research work studies the feasibility of using CGDS as an additive manufacturing technique to produce pin fin arrays, the thermal and hydrodynamic performances of this new type of pin fin created, the effect of geometric parameters such as fin density and height on the performances, the viability of the sprayed pin fins in a real environment by means of finding mechanical properties such as adhesion strength, the possibility of producing a streamwise material anisotropic fin arrays, and finally the different adhesion mechanisms by means of numerical modeling of the relevant impact physics.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Carrasco Altemani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T14:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tomazeti_CristinaAutuori_D.pdf: 4089449 bytes, checksum: 65558b112b34461f8da3f544b8666a0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Uma análise foi desenvolvida para avaliar o desempenho de trocadores de calor compactos de correntes cruzadas de placas aletadas com canais de seção transversal arbitrária. Os coeficientes convectivo e de atrito foram obtidos através de simulação numérica, tanto no regime de escoamento laminar quanto no turbulento, utilizando o pacote computacional PHOENICS. Estes resultados foram então usados junto com o método da efetividade para avaliar as características térmicas e de escoamento do trocador de calor. As simulações foram efetuadas inicialmente para o escoamento e a transferência de calor entre duas placas placa paralelas isotérmicas e bastante próximas, porque os resultados podiam ser comparados com aqueles disponíveis na literatura. Resultados numéricos adicionais foram obtidos, em seguida, para seis dutos de paredes isotérmicas com seções transversais distintas. Um deles era um duto retangular, e os outros cinco eram passagens típicas de placas aletadas utilizadas em trocadores de calor compactos. O fluido de trabalho era o ar e as simulações foram tridimensionais devido à presença das paredes das aletas. Perfis uniformes de velocidade e de temperatura sempre foram utilizados na entrada dos dutos, de forma que os resultados refletem os efeitos combinados de entrada hidrodinâmica e térmica. Os resultados para o duto retangular e o método da efetividade foram utilizados para prever o desempenho térmico de um trocador de calor de correntes cruzadas composto por um empilhamento de dutos retangulares idênticos. O desempenho deste trocador de calor foi avaliado também por uma simulação direta do escoamento cruzado e da transferência de calor através da parede de separação de dois dutos retangulares adjacentes do empilhamento. Os resultados obtidos foram bastante semelhantes, fornecendo confiança para a análise anterior. As simulações efetuadas para os cinco dutos típicos de placas aletadas de dimensões pequenas apresentaram resultados similares aos valores experimentais obtidos da literatura. Eles foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho de trocadores de calor compactos de correntes cruzadas compostos por empilhamentos destas placas aletadas. Vários parâmetros como o volume total, o peso, a potência de bombeamento, a efetividade, a taxa de geração adimensional de entropia, e a eficiência exergética também foram avaliados para comparar os trocadores compactos de calor considerados / Abstract: An analysis was developed to evaluate the performance of cross flow compact heat exchangers with plate-fin passages of arbitrary cross section. The convective and the friction coefficients were obtained by numerical simulation, either in the laminar or the turbulent flow regimes, using the software PHOENICS. These results were then employed together with the effectiveness method to evaluate the heat exchanger thermal and flow characteristics. The simulations were performed initially for the flow and heat transfer between two closely spaced parallel isothermal plates, because the results could be compared with those available in the literature. Additional numerical results were obtained, next, for six isothermal wall ducts with distinct cross sections. One was a rectangular duct, and the other five were typical plate-fin passages employed in compact heat exchangers. The working fluid was air and the simulations were three dimensional due to the fins walls. Uniform velocity and temperature profiles were always assumed at the duct inlet, so that the results reflected the combined effects of hydrodynamic and thermal entrance. The results for the rectangular duct and the effectiveness method were employed to predict the thermal performance of a cross flow heat exchanger made from a stack of identical rectangular ducts. The performance of this heat exchanger was also evaluated by a direct simulation of the cross flow and the heat transfer through the separating wall of two adjacent rectangular ducts of the stack. The results compared favorably, lending confidence to the previous analysis. The simulations performed for the five typical plate-fin passages of small cross section presented results similar to the experimental values obtained from the literature. They were used to evaluate the performance of cross flow compact heat exchangers composed of stacks of these plate-fins. Several parameters like total volume, weight, pumping power, effectiveness, rate of dimensionless entropy generation, and exergetic efficiency were also evaluated to compare the distinct compact heat exchangers / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica