A discussão em torno da degradação ambiental tem origem nos debates iniciados na década de 70. A presente dissertação se insere no escopo da crítica ecológica desenvolvida a partir da teoria do capital monopolista e de seus desdobramentos contemporâneos, ao incorporar as contribuições feitas por François Chesnais et all sobre a dominância financeira. O objetivo dessa dissertação é oferecer os paralelos existentes entre as politicas internacionais sobre o meio ambiente e a trajetória percorrida pela economia internacional ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. O contexto histórico no qual o tema se origina é o processo de endividamento dos países do Terceiro Mundo, e a implementação dos Programas de Ajuste Estruturais, a partir da década de 1980. A dissertação busca apresentar as permanências e as rupturas existentes entre os mecanismos de ajuste e as políticas internacionais voltadas ao meio ambiente, incluindo a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, processos desenvolvidos sob a mediação neoliberal. / The discussion of environmental degradation originates in debates started in the 70s. This thesis falls within the scope of the ecological critique developed from the theory of monopoly capital and its contemporary developments, to incorporate the contributions made by François Chesnais et all on the financial dominance. The objective of this dissertation is to provide the parallels between the international policies on the environment and the trajectory by the international economy over the last 30 years. The historical context in which the issue arises is the process of indebtedness of Third World countries, and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs from the 1980s. The dissertation aims to show the continuities and ruptures between the adjustment mechanisms and international policies related to the environment , including the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, developed under the mediation processes neoliberal.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2008. / 4 uppsatser.

This study investigates the socioeconomic effects of the economic crises and the post-crisis programs based on the experiences of Argentina, Indonesia and Turkey. For this purpose, main socioeconomic indicators of these countries are analyzed for the 1990-2002 period by utilizing the before-after methodology. The comparative analysis of the results shows that significant deteriorations in the socioeconomic indicators of these countries had occurred in the crisis periods. In addition, the social policy components of post-crisis programs of these countries are analyzed. In this regard, it is found that the governments and the BWIs are more likely to incorporate active social policy measures, which would mitigate the negative socioeconomic effects of the crises on the households, into the post-crisis programs under the presence of significant public pressure emanating from social protests.

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-43). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 250-256).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas Tech University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-174).

A discussão em torno da degradação ambiental tem origem nos debates iniciados na década de 70. A presente dissertação se insere no escopo da crítica ecológica desenvolvida a partir da teoria do capital monopolista e de seus desdobramentos contemporâneos, ao incorporar as contribuições feitas por François Chesnais et all sobre a dominância financeira. O objetivo dessa dissertação é oferecer os paralelos existentes entre as politicas internacionais sobre o meio ambiente e a trajetória percorrida pela economia internacional ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. O contexto histórico no qual o tema se origina é o processo de endividamento dos países do Terceiro Mundo, e a implementação dos Programas de Ajuste Estruturais, a partir da década de 1980. A dissertação busca apresentar as permanências e as rupturas existentes entre os mecanismos de ajuste e as políticas internacionais voltadas ao meio ambiente, incluindo a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, processos desenvolvidos sob a mediação neoliberal. / The discussion of environmental degradation originates in debates started in the 70s. This thesis falls within the scope of the ecological critique developed from the theory of monopoly capital and its contemporary developments, to incorporate the contributions made by François Chesnais et all on the financial dominance. The objective of this dissertation is to provide the parallels between the international policies on the environment and the trajectory by the international economy over the last 30 years. The historical context in which the issue arises is the process of indebtedness of Third World countries, and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs from the 1980s. The dissertation aims to show the continuities and ruptures between the adjustment mechanisms and international policies related to the environment , including the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, developed under the mediation processes neoliberal.

This study begins with a statistical survey setting out the parameters of Zambia's socio-economic decline in the 1980s. In order to unravel the complex reasons for the crisis, the study develops and employs an historical structural framework which emphasises the interconnectedness of historical, political, economic and social processes . Thereafter, an explanation of Zambia's political and economic development is presented as a background for understanding how and why the IMF came to play an increasingly decisive role in the management of the economic crisis in the 1980s. It is argued that patron-client politics in conjunction with a 'coincidence of interests' between local elite and international capital, entrenched the distorted mono-export dependent economy which, in turn, accelerated the economic decline and debt crisis of the 1980s. After presenting an overview of the Fund's philosophy and objectives, close attention is paid to the impact of SAPs on Zambia, especially in terms of how such policies as subsidy withdrawal, de-regulation and devaluation affected the economy, debt-reduction, health and education. While there is no incontrovertible evidence that adjustment policies caused the crisis, they have been largely ineffective in reversing Zambia's economic decline. In fact, due to the IMF's ahistorical and apolitical approach, any gains have been ephemeral and, in many instances, served to exacerbate the suffering of the population. Finally, Zambia's political structures have proved unable and unwilling to implement IMF reforms consistently and this underlies the central point that SAPs, as a strategy, cannot ensure long-term sustainable development.

The mixed results of International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes in less developed countries are a major motivation for this research. Explanations must be advanced as to what may inhibit the success of such programmes. South Africa has often found itself in a precarious position- with a deteriorating balance of payments, a position similar to other countries that have accepted IMF loans. Furthermore, South Africa undertook an IMF loan in 1993. Financial support from the IMF incorporates structural adjustment programmes. These may include measures such as tighter monetary policy, reduction in the budget deficit, exchange rate devaluation and ceilings on domestic credit with increased interest rates (Ferguson, 1988). These policies illustrate the principle of ‘conditionality,’ whereby access to further loans is conditional on certain criteria being met, such as reduced budget deficits and inflation rates. The principle of conditionality has met with a great deal of criticism. Bacha (1987) and Dell (1982) argue that these aggregate demand-reducing conditions more often than not stagnate domestic economies, worsening the balance of payment and result in programme breakdowns. Essentially, they refer to the IMF conditions as ‘unrealistic.’ The IMF denies this, arguing that shortfalls are mainly due to a lack of political commitment to carry out its conditions (Winters, 1994). This issue of conditionality will be examined in detail, using three specific case studies. The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of Brazil, Mexico and Zambia to see whether or not the IMF programmes were successful. Guidelines will be established for South African policy from these case studies. South Africa is trying to adjust to the competitiveness of the international economy. At the same time, the need for reconstruction and development exerts increasing pressures on the balance of payments. Guidelines are established for a successful economic adjustment for South Africa. The research concludes that South Africa is certainly in line for a successful transformation. The rigidities are not as extensive as has been the case in Brazil and Zambia. Institutionally, South Africa is sound. However there are still challenges in this area, such as export diversification and economic stability to attract foreign investment.

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