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The Impact of the World Bank’s SAP and PRSP on Ghana: Neoliberal and Civil Society Participation PerspectivesEduah, Gregory January 2014 (has links)
Ghana’s government implemented the following World Bank programmes: SAP and PRSP. This thesis shows that SAP and PRSP have impacted Ghana in different ways. Sometimes SAP and PRSP worked. Other times both SAP and PRSP had problems and they did not work. SAP created more negative impacts or problems in Ghana than PRSP. The influence of neoliberalism on Ghana’s SAP cannot be ignored. This is because the tenets of neoliberalism include the withdrawal of government subsidies, high productivity, the cutting down of government expenditures or spending and privatization. The withdrawal of government subsidy was seen in the Education and Health sectors of Ghana. In the Education sector under SAP, the government cut down its subsidy to the Ghana Education Service. Then it introduced a programme called “Cost Sharing” in which students and their parents were asked to contribute to the payment of expenditures in providing education in Ghana. Many parents could not afford it, and this led to many school dropouts and a gap in the education of boys and girls. In the health sector, the Ghanaian government cut down its subsidy under SAP. It introduced the “Cash and Carry System,” in which Ghanaians were asked to contribute to the cost of health delivery services. This became a problem for many. Healthcare services became inaccessible for many Ghanaians as well. In the manufacturing sector, under SAP, the rate of productivity fell. Ghana’s products in the world market experienced volatility or fluctuations in prices. In the mining sector the influence of neoliberalism was on privatization. Based on this principle, the government privatized Ghana’s mining sector. It put in place policies that attracted investments into Ghana to do mining. These mining activities contributed significantly to Ghana’s economy. But these mining activities also caused the problem of dislocation of people, loss of farmlands, along with environmental and health problems. SAP had more negative impacts on Ghana. PRSP also impacted Ghana because it attempted to address the problems SAP created in many sectors, including Education, Health, mining, manufacturing sectors. I conclude by saying that although SAP made some contributions to Ghana’s economy especially in the mining sector, it created more problems in the Education, Health, Mining and Manufacturing sectors. PRSP attempted to address them. Thus it cannot be said that both SAP and PRSP impacted Ghana equally in a more positive way. But rather it can said that (1) SAP created more problems in Ghana and PRSP on the other hand attempted to address them.(2)The later developments taking place indicate that the civil society participation in PRSP is having an impact in Ghana.
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A critical discourse analysis of public-private partnerships in education in Black Africa : A case of basic education in LiberiaSsenyonjo, Habib January 2020 (has links)
With many countries in Black Africa immersed in external debts and yet others grappling with effects of civil wars and pandemics, social services such as basic education and primary health care pose challenges to them. To mitigate such shortcomings in the region, innovative ways to provide basic education are sought by the private sector. To meet the goals of education for all, national governments fall short of alternatives which gives rise to options like low fee private schools (LFPSs). But these innovative ways which are basically home-grown have got foreign competitors who provide the same basic education services. This thesis does not address the element of competition; rather it explores latest global changes that affect almost all aspects of social life – particularly basic education. This thesis looks at the public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education with low fee private schools (LFPSs) as one of the ‘innovative’ ways of providing basic education; this has had an effect of having entire basic education systems contracted out by national governments in the region. With weak public service systems, how can Black Africa implement PPPs with LFPSs? Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis – theory and method as well as operationalised space-times theory by Harvey (1990), this thesis probed PPPs with LFPSs in Liberia. The objectives were to understand the nature of educational reforms advocated in PPPs with LFPSs and to examine the kind of relationship between government and private sector service providers in PPPs with a view of locating the power within such relationships. Another objective was to probe how equitable and inclusive these basic education services provided by PPPs with LFPSs were. The study revealed that PPPs with LFPSs are implicated in denying access to the rural communities, limiting equitable and inclusive education to many social groups like the poor, girls and people with disabilities as well as seeming to undermine national and local governments due to power and ideology.
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Neoliberalizace zemědělství v Africe a její dopady / Neoliberalization of agriculture in Africa and its impactsJirsa, Jan January 2020 (has links)
The presented thesis examines impacts of neoliberal policies on agriculture in the developing countries using the example of Zambia and Angola. It is based on a comparision of two most similar countries, which have been different in their approach to implementation of neoliberal policies. Another objective of this thesis is also the spatial transformation of Zambia's agriculture as a result of implementation of policy conditions in structural adjustment programmes. The focus of the paper is motivated by lack of similar approaches in research of neoliberal agriculture policies. This thesis also analyszes research of neoliberalism of agriculture and food regime theory, which has already been carried out. A large amount of data was compiled and processed from several data sources, and utilised to evaluate research questions. Research has confirmed decline in food crops production and yields in Zambia as a result of neoliberal policies, which could threaten the food sovereignty of the country. Furthermore, changes in the spatial distribution of crop production were observed, which are mainly related to the abolition of subsidies and different farmers behavior due to the introduction of Structural adjustment programs. Key words: Angola, agriculture, agriculture subsidies, neoliberalism, Structural...
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Cures To Stalled Development: Causes And Solutions To Economic Crisis In Sub-saharan AfricaThiboutot, Monika 01 January 2006 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate some of the contending issues associated with economic underdevelopment in sub-Saharan African states. Specifically, this thesis focuses on the combined effects of World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) economic austerity programs, the increased spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and the continuous democratic deficit on the sluggish economic performance within four sub-Saharan African countries Ghana, Kenya, Botswana and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The research questions are: are there any unique political, cultural, and economic issues that underscore and determine the path of sub-Saharan African development? What are the potentials for sub-Saharan Africa going beyond its present state of socioeconomic and political underdevelopment? Can sub-Saharan African nation-states truly claim the 21st century? It is hoped that what is learned from examining the situation in these four countries may be generalizeable to other sub-Saharan African states. This thesis has been written with the conviction that sub-Saharan Africa, although it has missed opportunities over the past thirty years, has not completely closed the door on economic development. Although sub-Saharan African conditions have not favored development and there is no simple solution for sub-Saharan Africa's economic and social ills, there are a number of 'common sense' approaches toward sustainable economic and social development. This thesis examines why sub-Saharan Africa's economic crisis has persevered for three decades, and why efforts to establish and uphold more effective economic policies and functioning public institutions have been so much more difficult in sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere. My account concentrates on political and institutional factors: I explore how the predicament has progressed over the last thirty years, and the repercussions of the long-term nature of this predicament. The focal purpose is to identify and explain the causes which have kept sub-Saharan Africa for several decades mired in an ostensibly permanent crisis. The general theme of the thesis emphasizes that politics and economics are interconnected in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, the thesis focuses on the changing role of politics and markets in the process of economic development since the 1970s and prospects for the future of this region.
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Is EPZ employment a stepping stone or a stumbling block for the empoerment of women? Evidence from MauritiusPeedoly, Aveeraj Sharma 06 1900 (has links)
This study critically assesses how far the Mauritian EPZ, which consists of a
predominantly female workforce, is conducive to women’s empowerment, particularly in
a context of rife global competition. Focus Group Discussions with actual female
workers and semi-directive interviews of those who have been laid off reveal that there
have effectively been some benefits which may be construed as empowerment.
However, low wages and harsh treatment of workers at the workplace, compounded with
rising costs of living and pervasive patriarchal values impede the extent of empowerment.
Yet, when contrasted with the experiences of laid off women, the centrality of
employment becomes more palpable. The experiences of job loss are in many cases
destructive of not only the laid-off worker’s self-image and aspirations, but also on their
ability to juggle with poverty and its associated outcomes. Despite being a relatively
difficult sector to work in, its benefits outweigh its limitations. / Sociology / MA (Social Science)
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The SADC free trade protocol as a vehicle for the Angolan post-war economic recoveryLopes Cristovao, Antonio Francisco 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Free trade is said to maximize welfare in a world organized by nation-states. To participate in the
global economy more effectively most nation-states have implemented economic policies with
the objective of freeing international trade. This movement has been facilitated by the process of
globalization which has had unparalleled effects on the economic policies of countries
worldwide. However, countries-have found it increasingly difficult to manage their economies at
the multilateral level since the benefits of global free trade are not equally shared. This has led to
an increase in Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs), which are seen as a tool for strategic
growth and development while promoting free trade on a more restricted basis.
In the last decades of the 20th century, the world has seen an increase in the number of RIAs
particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, However, empirical evidence has shown, contrary to what
happened in Europe, that in Africa most attempts at economic integration have failed to promote
meaningful economic growth and development. Notwithstanding that, the Southern African
Development Community (SADC) has embraced economic integration as a strategy for growth in
the region. Focusing on SADC and the Angolan economy as the main units of analysis, this study
looks at the theory of economic integration to evaluate its validity for the African context and to
find out how useful integration is in promoting economic growth and development in less
developed countries.
The study concludes that economic integration theory, which was developed within the context of
European economies, is not relevant for African economies, which are different in character.
Evidence indicates for instance, that in Africa the most important gains from economic
integration are dynamic and not static, as the theory seems to suggest. Additionally, contrary to
what happened in former attempts at forming RlAs in Africa, SADC has implemented a
development integration approach aiming at industrialization. This is important, because
according to the "Krugman-Venables model of regional relocation" the least developed countries can benefit from trade and investment from the most developed ones. The SADe Free Trade
Protocol may be harmful for the Angolan economy in the short to medium term because of
structural problems. However, it was found that if properly implemented it could playa major
role in promoting growth and development in the longer term. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrye handel, so word beweer, vermeerder welvaart in 'n wêreld wat deur nasie-state georganiseer
word. Die ekonomiese beleid van nasie-state is daarop gemik om internasionale handel te
dereguleer, ten einde hulle in staat te stelom meer effektief binne die globale ekonomie deel te
neem. Hierdie proses is gefasiliteer deur die verskynsel van globalisering wat ongeëwenaarde
gevolge vir alle state in die wêreld meegebring het. Nietemin, vind state dit in toenemende mate
moeilik om hierdie proses op multilaterale vlak te bestuur, aangesien die voordele van
internasionale handel nie in gelyke mate gedeel word nie. Dit het gely tot 'n toename in
Streeksintegrasie-Ooreenkornste (SIO's ). Hierdie ooreenkomste word beskou as 'n ekonomiese
groei en ontwikkeling-strategie, terwyl internasionale handelop 'n meer beperkte grondslag
bevorder word.
Tydens die laatse dekades van die twintigste eeu, het die aantal SIO's (veral in Sub-Sahara
Afrika) toegeneem. In teenstelling met die ervaring van die Europese Unie, dui die feite aan dat
pogings tot ekonomiese integrasie in Afrika nie daarin geslaag het om betekenisvolle
ontwikkeling en ekonomiese groei te bevorder nie. Nietemin, het die Suider-Afrikaanse
Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) handels-integrasie aanvaar as 'n strategie vir ekonomiese
groei in die streek (met as instrument die SAOG Vryehandel-protokol). Met fokus op die SAOG
en Angola as eenhede van analise, evalueer die studie die liberale teorie van ekonomiese
integrasie, ten einde uitspraak te lewer oor die geldigheid daarvan binne die konteks van Afrika,
Tweedens, word daar ook aandag geskenk aan die vraag of ekonomiese integrasie 'n optimale
strategie is vir die bevordering van ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling in minder-ontwikkelde
lande.
Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat ekonomiese integrasie (soos ontwikkel binne die
Wes-Europese konteks) nie relevant is vir die eiesoortige omstandighede van Afrikastate nie. Daar is, onder andere, bevind dat die belangrikste voordele van integrasie in Afrika dinamies is,
en nie staties nie (soos die teorie van ekonomiese integrasie dit in die vooruitsig stel). Daarby, en
teenstrydig met vorige pogings tot die vorming van SIO's in Afrika, het die SAOG 'n
ontwikkelings integrasie benadering aanvaar. Hierdie benadering is gemik op eweredige
industrialisering in die streek. Dit is 'n belangrike punt, want volgens die "Krugman-Venables
model van streekshervestiging" kan die minder ontwikkelde state voordeel trek van handel met,
en beleggings uit die meer ontwikkelde state in die streek. Laatstens, is daar bevind dat die
SAOG Vryehandel-protokol in die kort tot medium termyn nadelige gevolge vir Angola sal
meebring. Dit is as gevolg van strukturele probleme in die Angolese ekonomie. Nietemin, indien
behoorlik geïmplementeer, kan dit 'n betekenisvolle rol speel in die bevordering van ekonomiese
groei en ontwikkeling oor die lang termyn.
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Inflation dynamics and its effects on monetary policy rulesMoleka, Elvis Musango January 2015 (has links)
This thesis examines dynamic relationships between inflation and monetary policy in a sample of African economies using quarterly data over the period 1980:01 to 2012:04. The literature on inflation dynamics and monetary policy focuses on developed economies, with little attention devoted to the African economies, which is potentially explained by the fact that in the past monetary policy played second fiddle because of fiscal policy dominance following episodes of high inflation and stabilization policies that occurred in the 1980's. This thesis fills an important gap in assessing African's monetary policy. The thesis predominantly uses the Vector-Autoregression (VAR) framework to examine the monetary policy frameworks of the African economies. The thesis finds that an interest rate shock on average explain a more significant proportion of the variance in the output gap and inflation than the exchange rate, in terms of analysing the decomposition of shocks to the economy. This shows a shift in the monetary policy focus away from exchange rate management to interest rate targeting as the African economies have become more market oriented. The monetary policy reveal strong asymmetric responses with respect to the macroeconomic variables when inflation exceeds its threshold value. The analysis suggests that monetary policy in the African economies is regime-dependent, propagated through the inflation thresholds, such that the authorities strongly implement policy changes when inflation goes beyond a certain threshold. The thesis reveals that by taking into account the prior belief of the monetary authorities, it helps produce better estimates of the performance of the monetary policy transmission mechanism, as it combines prior information with the sampling information which is contained in the data. The overall novelty of the thesis is that some African economies are adopting inflation targeting policies instead of exchange rate management. It is imperative that the subsequent inflation targeting frameworks will achieve monetary policy objectives for the African economies and the use of interest rate management should be continued.
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Urban poverty in PakistanZaidi, Syed Hashim 05 August 2011 (has links)
This report analyzes the spatial shift occurring in the nature of poverty in Pakistan. Given the rapid urban growth in Pakistan, poor families residing in cities are confronted with limited employment opportunities, poor living conditions, minimal access to services, and face environmental and health risks. Macroeconomic factors such as slow economic growth, Structural Adjustment Programs, food inflation, low job creation rate and housing crisis have all contributed to the rise in urban poverty. The weak local government structure and a lack of community involvement in governance decisions have only worsened the situation. With a burgeoning urban population, it is imperative that the government introduces a holistic pro-poor development package that focuses on interventions in the education, labor and housing markets across Pakistan. / text
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Structural adjustment programmes and the informal sector : the Nigerian case of Jos womenNnazor, Agatha Ifeyinwa 05 1900 (has links)
This study describes and analyzes the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes
(SAPs) on the Jos women in the informal sector, as well as the strategies women adopt to
ensure the survival of their businesses and families. Studies that have investigated the impact
of SAP on women in the informal sector tend to take a rather disparate approach. Against
this background, the present study develops a coherent conceptual framework for
understanding the impact of SAPs on women in the sector.
From an interview survey conducted with one hundred and fifty (150) Jos women in
the informal urban sector, the study elicited data on the activities of the women and the ways
SAPs affect their access to productive and reproductive resources, as well as on the
responses of the women to SAPs-engendered socio-economic hardships. The data reveal that
the Jos women engage in numerous income-generating activities, mostly in small-scale, low-income
circulatory and service activities which are largely marginalized and bereft of
institutionalized resources. In addition to their productive and income-generating activities,
the Jos women perform the bulk of the reproductive and domestic work necessary for the
support of the family. As well, the women perform some extra-household work for the
welfare of the community and environment. The study shows that the Jos women are
adversely affected by SAPs. Structural Adjustment Programmes are further limiting their
access to business commodities, credit, stalls, information and training, food, healthcare,
education and transportation facilities. Consequently, women are finding it difficult to
maintain their businesses and families. Amidst the adverse effects of SAPs, the women are
resiliently and innovatively responding to SAPs through numerous business and familial
survival strategies. In addition to the responses of the Jos women, the Nigerian State, is
attempting to reduce poverty among women through its various women-centered
programmes.
The study attributes the adverse and limiting effects of SAPs on the Jos women's
access to resources to a number of forces. These include (a) the Nigerian limited and
discriminatory opportunity structures which predispose women to the largely marginalized
informal activities, (b) the small-scale and low-income nature of women's informal
activities, (c) the unequal and exploitative relationship between the informal and formal
sectors in which women provide consumer goods at low-cost for the regeneration of
capitalist labour, (d) the circulatory and service nature of women's informal activities, (e)
the gender- and class-biased structures inherent in SAPs, as well as in SAPs' implementing
mechanisms and institutions and (f) women's altruistic and selfless attitudes.
The study observes that the responses of both the Jos women and the Nigerian State
to SAPs-engendered hardships are, at best, palliative or even cosmetic. The responses do not
address the strategic needs of women. Hence the study makes a case for a transformatory
strategy through the empowerment of women.
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Is EPZ employment a stepping stone or a stumbling block for the empoerment of women? Evidence from MauritiusPeedoly, Aveeraj Sharma 06 1900 (has links)
This study critically assesses how far the Mauritian EPZ, which consists of a
predominantly female workforce, is conducive to women’s empowerment, particularly in
a context of rife global competition. Focus Group Discussions with actual female
workers and semi-directive interviews of those who have been laid off reveal that there
have effectively been some benefits which may be construed as empowerment.
However, low wages and harsh treatment of workers at the workplace, compounded with
rising costs of living and pervasive patriarchal values impede the extent of empowerment.
Yet, when contrasted with the experiences of laid off women, the centrality of
employment becomes more palpable. The experiences of job loss are in many cases
destructive of not only the laid-off worker’s self-image and aspirations, but also on their
ability to juggle with poverty and its associated outcomes. Despite being a relatively
difficult sector to work in, its benefits outweigh its limitations. / Sociology / MA (Social Science)
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