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The SADC free trade protocol as a vehicle for the Angolan post-war economic recoveryLopes Cristovao, Antonio Francisco 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Free trade is said to maximize welfare in a world organized by nation-states. To participate in the
global economy more effectively most nation-states have implemented economic policies with
the objective of freeing international trade. This movement has been facilitated by the process of
globalization which has had unparalleled effects on the economic policies of countries
worldwide. However, countries-have found it increasingly difficult to manage their economies at
the multilateral level since the benefits of global free trade are not equally shared. This has led to
an increase in Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs), which are seen as a tool for strategic
growth and development while promoting free trade on a more restricted basis.
In the last decades of the 20th century, the world has seen an increase in the number of RIAs
particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, However, empirical evidence has shown, contrary to what
happened in Europe, that in Africa most attempts at economic integration have failed to promote
meaningful economic growth and development. Notwithstanding that, the Southern African
Development Community (SADC) has embraced economic integration as a strategy for growth in
the region. Focusing on SADC and the Angolan economy as the main units of analysis, this study
looks at the theory of economic integration to evaluate its validity for the African context and to
find out how useful integration is in promoting economic growth and development in less
developed countries.
The study concludes that economic integration theory, which was developed within the context of
European economies, is not relevant for African economies, which are different in character.
Evidence indicates for instance, that in Africa the most important gains from economic
integration are dynamic and not static, as the theory seems to suggest. Additionally, contrary to
what happened in former attempts at forming RlAs in Africa, SADC has implemented a
development integration approach aiming at industrialization. This is important, because
according to the "Krugman-Venables model of regional relocation" the least developed countries can benefit from trade and investment from the most developed ones. The SADe Free Trade
Protocol may be harmful for the Angolan economy in the short to medium term because of
structural problems. However, it was found that if properly implemented it could playa major
role in promoting growth and development in the longer term. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrye handel, so word beweer, vermeerder welvaart in 'n wêreld wat deur nasie-state georganiseer
word. Die ekonomiese beleid van nasie-state is daarop gemik om internasionale handel te
dereguleer, ten einde hulle in staat te stelom meer effektief binne die globale ekonomie deel te
neem. Hierdie proses is gefasiliteer deur die verskynsel van globalisering wat ongeëwenaarde
gevolge vir alle state in die wêreld meegebring het. Nietemin, vind state dit in toenemende mate
moeilik om hierdie proses op multilaterale vlak te bestuur, aangesien die voordele van
internasionale handel nie in gelyke mate gedeel word nie. Dit het gely tot 'n toename in
Streeksintegrasie-Ooreenkornste (SIO's ). Hierdie ooreenkomste word beskou as 'n ekonomiese
groei en ontwikkeling-strategie, terwyl internasionale handelop 'n meer beperkte grondslag
bevorder word.
Tydens die laatse dekades van die twintigste eeu, het die aantal SIO's (veral in Sub-Sahara
Afrika) toegeneem. In teenstelling met die ervaring van die Europese Unie, dui die feite aan dat
pogings tot ekonomiese integrasie in Afrika nie daarin geslaag het om betekenisvolle
ontwikkeling en ekonomiese groei te bevorder nie. Nietemin, het die Suider-Afrikaanse
Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) handels-integrasie aanvaar as 'n strategie vir ekonomiese
groei in die streek (met as instrument die SAOG Vryehandel-protokol). Met fokus op die SAOG
en Angola as eenhede van analise, evalueer die studie die liberale teorie van ekonomiese
integrasie, ten einde uitspraak te lewer oor die geldigheid daarvan binne die konteks van Afrika,
Tweedens, word daar ook aandag geskenk aan die vraag of ekonomiese integrasie 'n optimale
strategie is vir die bevordering van ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling in minder-ontwikkelde
lande.
Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat ekonomiese integrasie (soos ontwikkel binne die
Wes-Europese konteks) nie relevant is vir die eiesoortige omstandighede van Afrikastate nie. Daar is, onder andere, bevind dat die belangrikste voordele van integrasie in Afrika dinamies is,
en nie staties nie (soos die teorie van ekonomiese integrasie dit in die vooruitsig stel). Daarby, en
teenstrydig met vorige pogings tot die vorming van SIO's in Afrika, het die SAOG 'n
ontwikkelings integrasie benadering aanvaar. Hierdie benadering is gemik op eweredige
industrialisering in die streek. Dit is 'n belangrike punt, want volgens die "Krugman-Venables
model van streekshervestiging" kan die minder ontwikkelde state voordeel trek van handel met,
en beleggings uit die meer ontwikkelde state in die streek. Laatstens, is daar bevind dat die
SAOG Vryehandel-protokol in die kort tot medium termyn nadelige gevolge vir Angola sal
meebring. Dit is as gevolg van strukturele probleme in die Angolese ekonomie. Nietemin, indien
behoorlik geïmplementeer, kan dit 'n betekenisvolle rol speel in die bevordering van ekonomiese
groei en ontwikkeling oor die lang termyn.
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De Beers, diamonds and Angola : developing an understanding of the role of sustainable development and corporate citizenship in De Beers’ exploration strategyWatson, Ingrid 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The tensions in the definition and practical implementation of sustainable development are clear. A number of international codes outline the principles that are considered as good corporate citizenship, but are often based on the priorities of the developed ‘North’. Africa calls for a more development-orientated approach to sustainable development. The subject of this study, Angola, is emerging from a history of slavery, colonialism and civil war. Although richly endowed with natural resources and exemplifying one of the world’s fastest growing economies, Angola scores near the bottom of the Human Development and Corruption Perceptions Indices, thereby typifying the Natural Resource Curse. Understanding sustainable development in this context, multinational corporations involved in exploiting these natural resources, are able to contribute to the sustainable development of Angola through their corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities.
An extensive review of the literature, augmented by the author’s experiences (including a recent visit to Angola) as a participant in De Beers’ exploration process allows a number of observations to be made regarding the contribution De Beers can make to the sustainable development of Angola.
De Beers, a world leader in the exploration, mining and marketing of diamonds. Recently De Beers has resumed exploration activities in Angola and is in a position, and perhaps has an obligation, to play a part in Angola’s reconstruction. This would obviously also have business benefits. As exploration is not an income generating activity the initial contribution will need to focus on conducting exploration activities in a responsible manner through identifying opportunities to collaborate with local communities and institutions on issues of common concern for mutual benefit. Focusing corporate social responsibility actions on core business activities within De Beers’ sphere of influence; linking with existing initiatives and prioritizing a specific sector or geographical area will have a meaningful and lasting impact. Legal compliance and supporting government institutions in their effort to regulate have also been identified as important opportunities. The most significant contribution that De Beers can make through their exploration activities is to the social and human capital of the areas in which they operate. The exploration CSR activities should lay the foundations for a possible future mine, which has the potential to add significantly to the manufactured and financial capital of Angola.
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