The master's thesis object is to design a road bridge over the Jihlava river. Three studies are proposed from which pre-stressed two-beam structure with three spans variant is chosen. A detailed structural analysis elaborated and the bridge is analysed according to ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. Drawing documentation and visualisation were made. The structure design is based on the European standarts.

En la actualidad, en Lima abundan edificaciones en funcionamiento que poseen más de 25 años de antigüedad o exceden su tiempo de vida útil. En tal contexto, el comportamiento de una edificación de uso común construida en aquellos años y bajo criterios sísmicos que tenían pocos antecedentes de movimientos telúricos en comparación a los criterios contemplados en nuestra normativa actual, podría constituir un riesgo latente ante un gran sismo. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una evaluación estructural de 4 edificios multifamiliares diseñados con la norma E.030 de 1977 mediante los criterios dados por la Norma E.030 del 2016 a través de métodos de análisis sísmico lineal estático y dinámico modal-espectral. Lo primero que se desarrolló para la evaluación estructural fue la recopilación de información de las edificaciones con una antigüedad promedio de 25 años, para luego realizar el modelamiento estructural en el programa ETABS y, posteriormente, realizar el análisis sísmico en los 4 edificios. Seguidamente se verificó el cumplimiento de derivas, las juntas sísmicas mínimas y la resistencia de los elementos estructurales a los esfuerzos obtenidos por el software. Se verificó también la cortante de la edificación y la interacción viga – columna. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que solo un edificio del total cumple con la deriva permisible de la norma, sin embargo, en 3 de 4 edificios se vuelve considerable la presunta falla de unión viga- columna. / Today, in Lima there are buildings in operation of more than 25 years old or exceeding their useful life. In this context, the behavior of a building commonly used built in those years and under seismic criteria that had little history of quakes compared to the criteria in our current legislation, could be a latent risk to an eventual earthquake of great consideration. The aim of this work is to conduct a structural assessment 4 multifamily buildings designed with the E.030 standard 1977 using the criteria given by the Earthquake Resistant Standard E.030 2016 through static and dynamic methods of nonlinear seismic analysis modal-spectral. The first thing that was developed for the structural evaluation was the collection of information on the buildings with an average age of 25 years, to then carry out the structural modeling in the ETABS program and, subsequently, perform the seismic analysis in the 4 buildings, which have a dual structural system of reinforced concrete. Next, compliance with drifts, minimum seismic joints and the resistance of the structural elements to the efforts obtained by the software were verified. The shear of the building and the beam - column interaction were also verified. The results show that only the total building meets the allowable derived from standard E.030 2016; however, on 3 of 4 buildings becomes considerably the alleged failure of beam-column joint. / Tesis

(EN) The first part of the thesis describes the ionization reactions in the APCI source in the presence (enclosed configuration) and absence (open configuration) of the ion source housing. Commercial APCI source was modified and used in enclosed, as well as open configuration. All other parameters were kept the same (including the source geometry). In the positive mode, the biggest differences were observed for non-polar analytes dissolved in aprotic solvents like toluene, chloroform and carbon disulfide. Protonated species were dominant in the open configuration, while radical cations were mostly present in the enclosed configuration. The excessive protonation in open ion source was caused by the diffusion of water vapor molecules into the ionization region from the atmosphere. Water vapor molecules were also responsible for the formation of an ion [M + 19]+ from alkynes in the open configuration. The fragmentation study confirmed that the ion [M + 19]+ was a 2-methylketone formed by the addition reaction. The formation of such artifacts can pose problems in qualitative analysis. On the other hand, the ion [M + 55]+ was observed in the enclosed ion source as a reaction product of unsaturated compounds with acetonitrile solvent molecules. Its fragmentation can be used for the double bond...

The purpose of the study is to present a formal analysis of the musical style and performance issues of the original version, for four hands piano, of Gazebo Dances, composed by John Coriglaino (b. 1938), a major American contemporary composer. Corigliano and his compositions have been performed by many performers and scholars over the several years. Gazebo Dances for piano four hands was composed in 1972. Gazebo Dances consists of four movements and was dedicated to his close friends: a dancelike overture movement in a slightly rondo form which is dedicated to Rose Corigliano and Etta Feinberg, waltz movement in a combination of rondo and sonata-allegro form which is dedicated to John Ardoin, adagio movement in a miniature sonata form which is dedicated to Heida Hermanns, and a tarantella movement in a modified rondo form which is dedicated to Jack Romann and Christian Steiner.

As part of the development process for new stamping dies, in the automotive sheet metal forming (SMF) industry, the majority of all forming operations are simulated with the Finite Element Method (FEM) before the dies are manufactured. Today, these simulations are conducted with rigid tools under the assumption that there are no tool deformations. However, research shows that tool deformations have an influence on the finished product. In real production these deformations are compensated by manual rework during the try-out. Additional reason for simulating with rigid dies is that there are non-existing simulation methods elaborated for elastic stamping dies. Also, simulation of elastic tools requires high computational power.     Since simulations today are performed with rigid stamping dies the purpose of this work is to investigate the conditions of how to conduct SMF-simulations with elastic stamping dies. The object that will be studied is a stamping die for a Volvo XC90 inner door used in a single-action press. This work is part of the development to minimize the manual rework, with the goal to compensate for tool deformations in a virtual environment.    Results for rigid stamping dies in LS-Dyna was compared to currently used AutoForm as a pre-study. A simple model was then created to find a suitable method while using elastic stamping dies. The developed method was used for an industrial size stamping die.     Since there are little amount of research performed on simulations using elastic stamping dies, elasticity and complexity were gradually introduced into the FE-model. As a first step, only the punch was included as an elastic solid. Secondly, the die was added. Finally, the entire die was simulated as elastic together with the hydraulic cushion of the press. When the FE-model worked as expected a suitable method for minimizing the simulation time with acceptable results was studied.     Comparisons of measured- and simulation results show a high correlation. To improve the results from the FE-model factors such as press deformations, advanced friction models, etc. should be included.    Conclusions from this work shows that it is possible to perform SMF-simulations with elastic stamping dies. As the computational time normally is high this work also presents a method first step to reduce the computational time with acceptable results. Comparisons between simulations with rigid and elastic stamping dies proves that there are significant differences in the outcome of the two methods. / Reduced Lead Time through Advanced Die Structure Analysis - Vinnova

In product development there is still potential to decrease lead times with faster and more accurate simulations. The objective of this thesis was to study whether Finite Element (FE) simulations using explicit LS-DYNA to extract reaction forces from sheet metal forming tools during forming, could be used to improve existing FE models in sheet metal forming software AutoForm.To begin with, the solid CAD-model of the stamping dies were meshed with tetrahedral elements in CATIA and imported into LS-DYNA. In combination with sheet mesh and milling surface meshes from AutoForm, an explicit model was realized. Contacts between sheet mesh and milling surface meshes used the so-called sheet forming contact. The resulting reaction forces were extracted and used in a simulation using the AutoForm software. Resulting simulation was compared to a scan of the physical sheet metal after forming.The direct transfer of reaction forces from LS-DYNA to AutoForm did however not result in the same pressure distribution in AutoForm. The AutoForm simulations using results from LS-DYNA were slightly worse than standard AutoForm simulations.Further work is needed to try and perhaps implement an implicit solution after an initial explicit solution. / Inom produktutveckling finns möjligheter att förkorta ledtider genom snabbare och mera korrekta simuleringar. Syftet med detta arbetet var att undersöka huruvida resultat från explicit LS-DYNA kunde användas för att förbättra nuvarande plåtformningssimuleringar i AutoForm.Den solida CAD-modellen av verktyget meshades med tetraediska element i CATIA och importerades till LS-PrePost, tillsammans med fräsytsmeshar och plåtmesh från AutoForm. Kontakter etablerades mellan plåt och fräsytsmeshar med så kallad sheet forming contact. Modellen löstes sedan explicit. Resulterande reaktionskrafter på plåthållare exporterades till AutoForm och implementerades där. Resulterande simulering jämfördes mot en inskannad fysisk plåt efter plåtformning.Direkt implementering av reaktionskrafter på plåthållaren i AutoForm gav resultat som avvek mer mot inskannad plåt än nuvarande simuleringsstrategi. Direkt implementering av reaktionskrafter gav heller inte en tryckfördelning som liknade den som rapporterades av LS-DYNA.Mer arbete krävs för att om möjligt implementera en implicit lösning efter en initial explicit lösning.

Entre los años 1992 – 2002, el Instituto Nacional de Infraestructura Educativa y Salud (INFES), ahora PRONIED realizó construcciones masivas de unidades escolares entre los cuales se encuentra el módulo tipo Apenkai, las cuales se diseñaron con los criterios de la norma de aquella época. Si bien se siguió el proceso de diseño adecuado, en la actualidad se sabe que antes se subestimaban los parámetros para el análisis estructural, dando como resultado edificaciones con poca rigidez. Como Perú está ubicado en una zona de alto riesgo sísmico y sobre todo las ciudades de la costa como Lima, en la cual no se ha registrado un movimiento telúrico de magnitud importante en más de 40 años, se debe estar preparado para un pronto acontecimiento. Es indispensable que los colegios resistan sismos severos, ya que estos sirven como refugio ante este tipo de desastres. Por ello, debido a que la inversión en el rubro educativo en el país es muy poca, no hay posibilidad de demoler las estructuras antiguas para construir modernas, en esta tesis se planteara estructurar y diseñar propuestas de reforzamiento para los colegios antes mencionados. Además, se elaborará un análisis de costos de las propuestas para determinar la más económica, la cual se puede a las características de otras zonas. Como punto de partida, se siguieron los estudios previos realizados por las tesis de los ingenieros Antonio Blanco y Henry Núñez en las que realizan evaluaciones estructurales de distintos colegios y plantean posibles soluciones. Esta tesis se enfocará en un colegio llamado I.E.I. “3048 – Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo, ubicado en Lima, ciudad donde se concentra la mayor cantidad de edificaciones de este tipo. Para la tesis se propuso separar la estructura en dos bloques y aplicar métodos de reforzamiento: encamisados, aletas, placas de concreto armado y arriostre de acero. / Between 1992 and 2002, the National Institute of Educational Infrastructure and Health (INFES), now PRONIED, carried out massive constructions of school units, including the Apenkai type module, which were designed according to the criteria of the norm of that time. While the proper design process was followed, it is now known that previously the parameters for structural analysis were underestimated, resulting in buildings with little rigidity. As Peru is located in an area of ​​high seismic risk and above all the cities of the coast as Lima, which has not recorded a major earthquake in more than 40 years, must be prepared for an early event. It is essential that schools resist severe earthquakes, as these serve as a refuge from this type of disaster. Therefore, because the investment in education in the country is very small, there is no possibility of demolishing the old structures to build modern, in this thesis will propose to structure and design proposals for strengthening for the aforementioned schools. In addition, cost analysis of proposals will be developed to determine the most economical, which can be applied to the characteristics of other areas. As a starting point, the previous studies carried out by the theses of the engineers Antonio Blanco and Henry Nuñez in which they carry out structural evaluations of different schools and propose possible solutions were followed. This thesis will focus on a school called I.E.I. "3048 - Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo, located in Lima, city where the largest number of buildings of this type is concentrated. Among the proposals for reinforcement will be the use of reinforced concrete casings and reinforced concrete slabs. / Tesis

The modularity quality function commonly employed for finding community structure in complex networksis generalized in this article to a one-parameter family of quality functions. The generalization of networkmodularity proposed in this work is based on the concept of network efficiency, a metric first proposedby V. Latora and M. Marchiori. We define the efficiency-modularity of a partition based on the differencebetween the actual and expected efficiency among nodes in a community. The one adjustable parameter inefficiency-modularity can be tuned to detect either community or anticommunity structure with a singleunified algorithm.

The Little Grand Wash fault and the Salt Wash Graben in the Colorado Plateau of southeastern Utah emit CO2 gas from abandoned drillholes, springs, and a hydrocarbon seep. Similar CO2-charged water has also been emitted in the past, as shown by large localized travertine deposits and veins along and near the fault traces. The faults cut natural CO2 reservoirs and provide an excellent analog for geologic CO2 sequestration. The faults cut a north-plunging anticline of rocks consisting of siltstones, shales, and sandstones from the Permian Cutler Formation through the Cretaceous Mancos Shale. The Little Grand Wash fault has 260 m of throw and the stratigraphic separation across the Salt Wash Graben is 50 m. The fault rocks in the damage zone show hundreds of fractures, which decrease in density farther away from the faults. In specific areas, fractures with the presence of calcite mineralization indicate fluid migration and bleach zones from a few millimeters to 30 cm. This is evidence of past fluid migration directly associated with the fault zone. Calcite mineralization fills these fractures and is also deposited in a variety of other bed forms. Foliated fault gouge, 5 to 20 cm thick, forms clay smear structures with a scaly shear fabric in a zone l0 to 15 cm thick is seen in the fault core. The leakage is constrained to the footwalls of the northernmost faults throughout the area. Clay-rich gouge structures should be effective barriers to cross-fault flow . Well log, surface geologic, and geochemical data indicate that the CO2 reservoirs have been cut by the faults at depth, providing a conduit for the vertical migration of CO2 to the surface, but not for horizontal flow across the fault plane. Even though lateral cross-fault migration may be impeded, this study clearly indicates that there are possible migration pathways for the escape of CO2 from faulted subsurface aquifers, including aquifers faulted by "low-permeability" faults with clay gouge. Three-dimensional flow models show how the fault's maximum permeability in the damage zone is parallel to the faults, and the leakage though the damage zone is localized near the fold axis of the regional anticline. Direct dating of the clay in the fault gouge was done by ExxonMobil with 40Ar/39Ar methods, indicating that fault movement occurred between the middle Eocene and the end of the Miocene. During this time, the Colorado Plateau is interpreted to have been experiencing rapid uplift. The middle Jurassic, upper Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks at the surface have been uplifted approximately 1.8 km since the end of the Eocene. This uplift may have influenced fault movement in the Colorado Plateau and along the Little Grand Wash fault, and Salt Wash and Ten Mile Graben. In evaluating these deep aquifers for CO2 sequestration, careful design and monitoring of the geological structure and stress regimes must be considered to avoid leakage.

Current design codes generally use an equivalent linear approach for preliminary design of a seismic isolation system. The equivalent linear approach is based on effective parameters, rather than physical parameters of the system, and may not accurately account for the nonlinearity of the isolation system. The second chapter evaluates an alternative normalized strength characterization against the equivalent linear characterization. Following considerations for evaluation are included: (1) ability to effectively account for variations in ground motion intensity, (2) ability to effectively describe the energy dissipation capacity of the isolation system, and (3) conducive to developing design equations that can be implemented within a code framework. Although current code guidelines specify different seismic performance objectives for fixed-base and isolated buildings, the future of performance-based design will allow user-selected performance objectives, motivating the need for a consistent performance comparison of the two systems. Based on response history analysis to a suite of motions, constant ductility spectra are generated for fixed-base and isolated buildings in chapter three. Both superstructure force (base shear) and deformation demands in base-isolated buildings are lower than in fixed-base buildings responding with identical deformation ductility. To compare the relative performance of many systems or to predict the best system to achieve a given performance objective, a response index is developed and used for rapid prototyping of response as a function of system characteristics. When evaluated for a life safety performance objective, the superstructure design base shear of an isolated building is competitive with that of a fixed-base building with identical ductility, and the isolated building generally has improved response. Isolated buildings can meet a moderate ductility immediate-occupancy objective at low design strengths whereas comparable ductility fixed-base buildings fail to meet the objective. In chapter four and five, the life cycle performance of code-designed conventional and base-isolated steel frame buildings is evaluated using loss estimation methodologies. The results of hazard and structural response analysis for three-story moment resisting frame buildings are presented in this paper. Three-dimensional models for both buildings are created and seismic response is assessed for three scenario earthquakes. The response history analysis results indicate that the performance of the isolated building is superior to the conventional building in the design event. However, for the Maximum Considered Earthquake, the presence of outliers in the response data reduces confidence that the isolated building provides superior performance to its conventional counterpart. The outliers observed in the response of the isolated building are disconcerting and need careful evaluation in future studies.