<p> A number of new ternary borate compounds have been synthesized, and their crystal structures have been characterized via X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. A series of new compounds with the composition PbMBO4 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Ga) has been prepared from solid-state reactions and from single crystal growths using PbO as a flux. They crystallize in the orthorhombic Pnma space group and represent a new structure-type for the family of anhydrous borates. The PbAlBO4 compound undergoes a phase transformation at high temperatures, which has been investigated by in-situ powder neutron diffraction experiments. The structure of β-PbAlBO4 has been solved from powder X-ray diffraction data and subsequently confirmed by a Rietveld refinement of powder neutron diffraction data. The investigation of the SrO - Ga2O3 - B2O3 system has led to the synthesis of a new structure-type, SrGaBO4, from solid-state reactions. Its crystal structure has been determined from powder X-ray diffraction data. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbam space group, and is structurally related to the previously known alumino-borate compounds, SrAlBO4 and CaAlBO4. The "Ba2Ti2B2O9" compound has been re-formulated as Ba3Ti3B2O13, and its crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. This compound crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric P6 2m space group. It is isostructural with K3Ta3B2O12 and the high temperature phase of K3Nb3B2O12.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Les alliages de tellurure de plomb (PbTe) sont reconnus depuis longtemps comme d’excellents matériaux thermoélectriques avec un ZT de l’ordre de 1,0 pour des applications en génération d’électricité à hautes températures où le tellurure de bismuth (Bi2Te3) ne peut plus être utilisé. Cependant, la présence de plomb rend problématique une commercialisation à grande échelle de dispositifs thermoélectriques contenant ce composé. Le tellurure d’étain (SnTe), étudié il y a plus de 40 ans comme un analogue à PbTe, présente des performances thermoélectriques médiocres du fait de la présence d’une concentration élevée en lacunes de Sn. Toutefois, la dernière décennie a vu une recrudescence importante des recherches sur ce composé visant à améliorer ses performances thermoélectriques à hautes températures. Le composé SnTe présente des déviations par rapport à la stœchiométrie idéale (lacunes d’étain) quelles que soient la méthode de synthèse utilisée. Dans ce travail, nous dévoilons l’influence de la déviation par rapport à la stœchiométrie idéale (composition chimique) et des conditions de synthèse (avec trempe, sans trempe, recuit de saturation et melt-spinning) sur les propriétés de transport électrique et thermique de ces matériaux. Pour ce faire, des techniques de synthèse par métallurgie de poudres ont été mises en œuvre. Les matériaux résultants ont été ensuite caractérisés finement aussi bien d’un point de vue structural que physico-chimique. Ainsi, une étude détaillée de leur structure cristalline a été menée en combinant des mesures de diffraction des rayons X sur poudre et des analyses de microscopie électronique à balayage et à transmission à haute résolution. Des mesures de propriétés électriques et thermiques ont été menés à basses températures (5 – 300 K) pour identifier les mécanismes microscopiques qui gouvernent le transport et à hautes températures (300 – 800 K) afin de déterminer le domaine d’application optimal. Ces mesures ont confirmé le potentiel de ces composés pour des applications en génération d’électricité à températures moyennes. De nombreuses possibilités de substitutions sur le site de l’étain ou/et du tellure ont été entreprises afin de tenter d’optimiser davantage les performances thermoélectriques de ces composés. Des éléments en substitution ont été choisi pour augmenter le pouvoir thermoélectrique à travers la diminution de la concentration en trous ou par ingénierie de la structure de bande et/ou diminuer la conductivité thermique de réseau via la formation de solutions solides ou de précipités dans la matrice. Le choix de ces éléments a notamment été guidé par des calculs de structure de bande électronique. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été modélisé par un modèle à deux bandes non dégénérées afin de dévoiler les principaux facteurs qui gouvernent le transport. La conductivité thermique de réseau a été analysée en utilisant le modèle de Callaway afin d’étudier les mécanismes de diffusion des phonons à basses températures et de mieux appréhender l’influence des lacunes sur le transport thermique / Lead telluride (PbTe) alloys are among the most efficient thermoelectric materials with a ZT of 1.0 for electricity generation applications in the mid to high temperature region where bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) can no longer be used. Despite their excellent environmental stability, the perceived toxicity of lead chalcogenides can frustrate its development and large-scale application. Tin telluride (SnTe), studied more than 40 years ago as a analogue of PbTe shows poor thermoelectric performances because of its lower Seebeck coefficient. The latter is due to heavy intrinsic doping arising from spontaneous Sn vacancies. However, recent studies unambiguously show that SnTe has a strong potential of being a promising thermoelectric at high temperatures. In fact, regardless of the synthesis method used, SnTe compound is in deviation from the ideal stoichiometry (Sn vacancies). In this work, we unveil the influence of this deviation (chemical composition) and of the synthesis conditions (with quenching, without quenching, annealing and melt-spinning) on the electrical and thermal transport properties of these materials. Hence, for the synthesis of these materials different powder metallurgy techniques were implemented. The resulting materials were then finely characterized by structural and physico-chemical point of view. Thus, a detailed study of their crystalline structure was carried on by combining X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyzes. The electrical and thermal properties measurements were effectuated at low temperatures (5 - 300 K) to identify the microscopic mechanisms that govern transport and at high temperatures (300 - 800 K) to determine the optimal domain of application. These measurements have confirmed the strong potential of these compounds for electricity generation applications at high temperatures. Numerous substitution possibilities at the tin and / or tellurium site have been undertaken in an attempt to further optimize the thermoelectric performance of these compounds. Substitute elements were chosen to increase the thermoelectric power through the decrease in the hole concentration or by engineering the band structure and / or decrease the lattice thermal conductivity via the formation of solid solutions or precipitates in the matrix. The choice of these elements was guided by electronic band structure calculations (DOS). The experimental results were modeled by a non-degenerate two-band model to reveal the main factors that govern the electronic transport. The lattice thermal conductivity was analyzed using the Callaway model to study the phonon scattering mechanisms at low temperatures and to better understand the influence of Sn vacancies on the thermal transport

We now report an in depth analysis of the successful in vitro enzymatic synthesis of PHB utilizing the three-enzyme system from the bacteria Cupriavidus necator. Using HPLC methodology developed in this laboratory, and by adding each enzyme in a step-wise manner, we follow each individual stage in the three-enzyme route for PHB synthesis and delineate all stoichiometric relationships. We report the construction of the first metabolic model developed specifically for analyzing in vitro enzymatic PHB synthesis. We developed a hands-on student laboratory for culturing, producing, isolating, and purifying the bacterial biopolyesters PHB. We now report the first structural characterizations of iso-CoA, acetyl-iso-CoA, acetoacetyl-iso-CoA, and beta-hydroxybutyryl-iso-CoA using MS, MS/MS, and homo- and hetero-nuclear NMR analyses.We describe HPLC methodology to separate the isomers of several iso-CoA-containing compounds and report the first examples of iso-CoA-containing compounds acting as substrates in enzymatic acyl-transfer reactions. We describe a simple regioselective synthesis of iso-CoA from CoA. We also demonstrate a plausible mechanism, which accounts for the existence of iso-CoA isomers in commercial preparations of CoA-containing compounds. Herein we report that phenylaminoethyl selenide compounds protect DNA from peroxynitrite-mediated single-strand breaks. The mechanism of protection against peroxynitrite mediated DNA damage was investigated by HPLC. The chemistry of the reaction between peroxynitrite and HOMePAES was investigated using HPLC and HPLC/MS. The unique chemistry of the reaction between peroxynitrite and HOMePAES was investigated using HPLC and HPLC/MS. We report the development of novel CDB derivatives, which are selective COX-II inhibitors. A series of compounds were assayed with an in vitro colorimetric inhibitor screening and with a whole blood ELISA screening and the results indicate that MST is a selective inhibitor of COX-II.