Organic semiconductors are widely studied as potential active components for consumer electronics due largely to their easily tuned properties and the promise of lower-cost solution-based processing technology. Imide-functionalized organic small molecule compounds have been one of the more important and studied organic semiconductors. However, very few imide-functionalized conjugated polymers have been reported in the literature. The body of this dissertation focuses on the synthesis, structure-property and device studies of imide-functionalized conjugated polymers. Reasons for choosing arylene imides as polymer building blocks include: a) they impart low-lying LUMOs to polymers, allowing band-gap engineering through choice of comonomers with variable electron-donating ability; b) imide-nitrogens provide points to attach side chains to manipulate solubility and solid-state packing; c) they are easily prepared. Structure-property studies include electrochemical measurements, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction, and in some cases evaluation as active components in field-effect transistors (OFETs) and photovoltaic devices (PVDs). The published method to synthesize 3,6-dibromo-pyromellitic bisimides (PMBI) was streamlined and poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) with variable band gaps were prepared from them (Chapter 2). As noted in all the chapters, electrochemical and optical measurements reveal that the LUMO of the polymers is indeed dictated by the arylene imide, while the HOMO, and therefore the optical energy gap is controlled through varying the electron donor monomer. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding was employed for increasing backbone coplanarity and therefore the polymer could have higher conjugation. One of these polymers demonstrated the narrowest band gap (1.50 eV) for any published PPE. Chapter 3 describes the first published conjugated copolymers from naphthalene bisimides (NBI), here using thiophene-based comonomers as donor units. Polymers with high molecular weight and decent solubility were obtained by choosing appropriate side chains. The optical energy gaps could be tuned across the visible and into the near IR. Preliminary OFET studies revealed electron mobility as high as ~0.01 cm2/Vs. One low band gap polymer provided OFETs with electron mobility of ~0.04 cm2/Vs and hole mobility of ~0.003 cm2/Vs, which is also among the highest mobilities of ambipolar polymeric semiconductors. Using the same approach as in Chapter 3, phthalimide-based monomers were incorporated into polymer backbones for developing new high performance p-type polymer semiconductors for OFETs and PVDs (Chapter 4). Some analogues based on benzothiadiazole, PMBI, and thiophene imides as acceptors were prepared for comparison. Again, high molecular weight, soluble polymers with band gaps spanning the visible and into the near IR were obtained. OFETs from one of the polymers yielded hole mobility ~0.3 cm2/Vs under ambient atmosphere without post-processing thermal annealing, which places it squarely within the state-of-the-art for conjugated polymers. Due to the high mobility and low band gap, this polymer also leads to PVDs with moderately good power conversion efficiency (PCE: ~2%).

This work describes an investigation into the solution-phase binding of anionic guests by bimacrocyclic lanthanide complexes. It outlines the preparation of different classes of complexes bearing two metallic domains, and the effects of association on both the complex and the guest. Chapter one provides a cursory introduction to the fundamental properties of the lanthanides with a focus on luminescence. A brief literature review is given on the use of emissive lanthanide probes for the sensing of analytes. Chapter two concerns the preparation and properties of a series of binuclear complexes in which the two centres are linked with a short spacer group, with the aim of selectively sequestering small anions such as the halides in solution. The concept of luminescence titration will be introduced and then used to assess the binding parameters of a selection of guests. Chapter three describes a related class of ditopic lanthanide complexes in which the two metal centres are separated by a semi-rigid butyne linking group. Luminescence studies are again used to evaluate the binding constants of homologous series of dianions to ascertain how the size, geometry and functionalization of the anionic guest impacts on binding. Chapter four explores the coordination of phosphate species and assesses the ability to bind biologically significant phosphates of some of the complexes from Chapter 3. Chapter five details an investigation into the effects on guest-selectivity of further lengthening the linking unit which separates the two macrocyclic binding domains. Chapter six summarises the work done throughout the thesis and draws some overarching conclusions, as well as highlighting areas for further study. Chapter seven describes the experimental procedures.

La squalénisation est la base d’une nouvelle et très prometteuse nanotechnologie. Le concept repose sur l’observation que la conjugaison d’un analogue nucléosidique ayant une activité thérapeutique à une molécule de squalène conduit à la formation spontanée dans l’eau de nanoparticules, de diamètre compris entre 100 et 300 nm, montrant une activité très supérieure à celle de l’analogue nucléosidique seul. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons cherché à comprendre les relations entre la nature de la paire drogue-terpénoide, la structure des nanoparticules et leur activité biologique. Pour cela, d’une part différents nucléosides et analogues nucléosidiques ont été couplés de façon covalente au squalène et d’autre part la gemcitabine a été couplée à des dérivés terpénoides de longueurs croissantes. L’organisation supramoléculaire de ces composés a été déterminée par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles et cryo-microscopie électronique. L’influence des conditions de nanoprécipitation sur la structure des nanoparticules a été étudiée. L’impact de l’organisation supramoléculaire des nanoparticules sur leur internalisation cellulaire et leur cytotoxicité a été mis en évidence pour certaines lignées. / Squalenoylation is a new and very promising nanotechnology. The concept consists in coupling nucleoside derivatives that have therapeutic activity to a molecule of squalene: whatever the nucleoside, nanoparticles with a diameter around 100 - 300 nm are spontaneously obtained upon nanoprecipitation of the nucleolipid in an aqueous medium. These nanoparticles display an increased biological activity compared with the nucleoside. The aim of this PhD thesis was to understand the link between the nature of the drug-terpenoid pair, the supramolecular structure of nanoparticles and the biological activity.Therefore, in a first part, several nucleosides and nucleoside derivatives were covalently coupled to squalene, and in a second part gemcitabine was coupled to terpenoid chains with increasing length. The supramolecular organization of the nanoparticles was determined by Small Angle X-rays Scattering and cryogenic transmission electronic microscopy. The influence of the condition of nanoprecipitation on the supramolecular structure of nanoparticles was studied. The impact of the supramolecular organization on the cell internalization and cytotoxicity was highlighted for some cell lines.