A material model capable of reproducing the anisotropic behavior of polycrystalline materials will prove to be useful in simulations in which directional properties are of key importance. The primary contributor to anisotropic behavior in polycrystalline materials is the development of texture through the rotation and alignment of slip systems due to plastic deformation. A large concentration of aligned slip systems will influence the glide of dislocations in the respective global deformation direction resulting in a directionally dependent flow stress. The Evolving Microstructural Model of Inelasticity (EMMI) is modified to account for evolving anisotropy due to the development of texture. Texture is characterized via a second order orientation tensor and is incorporated into EMMI through various modifications to the EMMI equations based on physical assumptions. Evolving anisotropy is captured via a static yield surface through a modification to the flow rule based on the assumption loading is entirely elastic within the yield surface. A separate modification to EMMI captures evolving anisotropy through an apparent yield surface via a modification to the EMMI internal state variable evolution equations. The apparent yield surface is the result of a smaller yield surface translating through stress space and assumes the state of the material is disturbed at stresses much lower than indicated by experimental yield surfaces.

Digital medical atlases can contain anatomical information which is valuable for medical doctors in diagnosing and treating illnesses. The increased availability of such atlases has created an interest for computer algorithms which are capable of integrating such atlas information into patient specific dataprocessing. The field of medical image registration aim at calculating how to match one medical image to another. Here the atlas information could give important hints of which kinds of motion are plausible in different locations of the anatomy. Being able to incorporate such atlas specific information could potentially improve the matching of images and plausibility of image registration - ultimately providing a more correct information on which to base health care diagnosis and treatment decisions. In this licentiate thesis a generic signal processing framework is derived : Global Linear Optimization (GLO). The power of the GLO framework is first demonstrated quantitatively in a very high performing image denoiser. Important proofs of concepts are then made deriving and implementing three important capabilities regarding adaptive filtering of vector fields in medica limage registration: Global regularization with local anisotropic certainty metric. Allowing sliding motion along organ and tissue boundaries. Enforcing an incompressible motion in specific areas or volumes. In the three publications included in this thesis, the GLO framework is shown to be able to incorporate one each of these capabilities. In the third and final paper a demonstration is made how to integrate more and more of the capabilities above into the same GLO to perform adaptive processing on relevant clinical data. It is shown how each added capability improves the result of the image registration. In the end of the thesis there is a discussion which highlights the advantage of the contributions made as compared to previous methods in the scientific literature. / Dynamic Context Atlases for Image Denoising and Patient Safety

<p>This thesis describes new methods for automatic crack detection in pavements. Cracks in pavements can be used as an early indication for the need of reparation. </p><p>Automatic crack detection is preferable compared to manual inventory; the repeatability can be better, the inventory can be done at a higher speed and can be done without interruption of the traffic. </p><p>The automatic and semi-automatic crack detection systems that exist today use Image Analysis methods. There are today powerful methods available in the area of Computer Vision. These methods work in higher dimensions with greater complexity and generate measures of local signal properties, while Image Analyses methods for crack detection use morphological operations on binary images. </p><p>Methods for digitalizing video data on VHS-cassettes and stitching images from nearby frames have been developed. </p><p>Four methods for crack detection have been evaluated, and two of them have been used to form a crack detection and classification program implemented in the calculation program Matlab. </p><p>One image set was used during the implementation and another image set was used for validation. The crack detection system did perform correct detection on 99.2 percent when analysing the images which were used during implementation. The result of the crack detection on the validation data was not very good. When the program is being used on data from other pavements than the one used during implementation, information about the surface texture is required to calibrate the crack detection.</p>

This thesis describes new methods for automatic crack detection in pavements. Cracks in pavements can be used as an early indication for the need of reparation. Automatic crack detection is preferable compared to manual inventory; the repeatability can be better, the inventory can be done at a higher speed and can be done without interruption of the traffic. The automatic and semi-automatic crack detection systems that exist today use Image Analysis methods. There are today powerful methods available in the area of Computer Vision. These methods work in higher dimensions with greater complexity and generate measures of local signal properties, while Image Analyses methods for crack detection use morphological operations on binary images. Methods for digitalizing video data on VHS-cassettes and stitching images from nearby frames have been developed. Four methods for crack detection have been evaluated, and two of them have been used to form a crack detection and classification program implemented in the calculation program Matlab. One image set was used during the implementation and another image set was used for validation. The crack detection system did perform correct detection on 99.2 percent when analysing the images which were used during implementation. The result of the crack detection on the validation data was not very good. When the program is being used on data from other pavements than the one used during implementation, information about the surface texture is required to calibrate the crack detection.

Cette thèse porte sur des canevas méthodologiques paramétriques pour la modélisation de champs de tenseurs de structure locaux (TSL) calculés sur des images texturées. Estimé en chaque pixel, le tenseur de structure permet la caractérisation de la géométrie d’une image texturée à travers des mesures d’orientation et d’anisotropie locales. Matrices symétriques semi-définies positives, les tenseurs de structure ne peuvent pas être manipulés avec les outils classiques de la géométrie euclidienne. Deux canevas statistiques riemanniens, reposant respectivement sur les espaces métriques a ne invariant (AI) et log-euclidien (LE), sont étudiés pour leur représentation. Dans chaque cas, un modèle de distribution gaussienne et de mélange associé sont considérés pour une analyse statistique. Des algorithmes d’estimation de leurs paramètres sont proposés ainsi qu’une mesure de dissimilarité. Les modèles statistiques proposés sont tout d’abord considérés pour décrire des champs de TSL calculés sur des images texturées. Les modèles AI et LE sont utilisés pour décrire des distributions marginales de TSL tandis que les modèles LE sont étendus afin de décrire des distributions jointes de TSL et de caractériser des dépendances spatiales et multi-échelles. L’ajustement des modèles théoriques aux distributions empiriques de TSL est évalué de manière expérimentale sur un ensemble de textures composées d’un spectre assez large de motifs structuraux. Les capacités descriptives des modèles statistiques proposés sont ensuite éprouvées à travers deux applications. Une première application concerne la reconnaissance de texture sur des images de télédétection très haute résolution et sur des images de matériaux carbonés issues de la microscopie électronique à transmission haute résolution. Dans la plupart des cas, les performances des approches proposées sont supérieures à celles obtenues par les méthodes de l’état de l’art. Sur l’espace LE, les modèles joints pour la caractérisation des dépendances spatiales au sein d’un champ de TSL améliorent légèrement les résultats des modèles opérant uniquement sur les distributions marginales. La capacité intrinsèque des méthodes basées sur le tenseur de structure à prendre en considération l’invariance à la rotation, requise dans beaucoup d’applications portant sur des textures anisotropes, est également démontrée de manière expérimentale. Une deuxième application concerne la synthèse de champs de TSL. A cet e et, des approches mono-échelle ainsi que des approches pyramidales multi-échelles respectant une hypothèse markovienne sont proposées. Les expériences sont effectuées à la fois sur des champs de TSL simulés et sur des champs de TSL calculés sur des textures réelles. Efficientes dans quelques configurations et démontrant d’un potentiel réel de description des modèles proposés, les expériences menées montrent également une grande sensibilité aux choix des paramètres qui peut s’expliquer par des instabilités d’estimation sur des espaces de grande dimension. / This thesis proposes and evaluates parametric frameworks for modelling local structure tensor (LST) fields computed on textured images. A texture’s underlying geometry is described in terms of orientation and anisotropy, estimated in each pixel by the LST. Defined as symmetric non-negative definite matrices, LSTs cannot be handled using the classical tools of Euclidean geometry. In this work, two complete Riemannian statistical frameworks are investigated to address the representation of symmetric positive definite matrices. They rely on the a ne-invariant (AI) and log-Euclidean (LE) metric spaces. For each framework, a Gaussian distribution and its corresponding mixture models are considered for statistical modelling. Solutions for parameter estimation are provided and parametric dissimilarity measures between statistical models are proposed as well. The proposed statistical frameworks are first considered for characterising LST fields computed on textured images. Both AI and LE models are first employed to handle marginal LST distributions. Then, LE models are extended to describe joint LST distributions with the purpose of characterising both spatial and multiscale dependencies. The theoretical models’ fit to empirical LST distributions is experimentally assessed for a texture set composed of a large diversity of patterns. The descriptive potential of the proposed statistical models are then assessed in two applications. A first application consists of texture recognition. It deals with very high resolution remote sensing images and carbonaceous material images issued from high resolution transmission electron microscopy technology. The LST statistical modelling based approaches for texture characterisation outperform, in most cases, the state of the art methods. Competitive texture classification performances are obtained when modelling marginal LST distributions on both AI and LE metric spaces. When modelling joint LST distributions, a slight gain in performance is obtained with respect to the case when marginal distributions are modelled. In addition, the LST based methods’ intrinsic ability to address the rotation invariance prerequisite that arises in many classification tasks dealing with anisotropic textures is experimentally validated as well. In contrast, state of the art methods achieve a rather pseudo rotation invariance. A second application concerns LST field synthesis. To this purpose, monoscale and multiscale pyramidal approaches relying on a Markovian hypothesis are developed. Experiments are carried out on toy LST field examples and on real texture LST fields. The successful synthesis results obtained when optimal parameter configurations are employed, are a proof of the real descriptive potential of the proposed statistical models. However, the experiments have also shown a high sensitivity to the parameters’ choice, that may be due to statistical inference limitations in high dimensional spaces.

Dans le cadre de la surveillance maritime, les opérationnels ont de plus en plus recours à l'imagerie radar pour classifier à grande distance un objet marin. Le traitement ISAR (Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar) répond à ce besoin. Il repose en particulier sur l'analyse des mouvements propres de l'objet marin. Une fois l'objet détecté, il s'agit d'afficher sur la console tactique la représentation de la fréquence Doppler en fonction de la distance, aussi appelée image range-Doppler. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire s'inscrit dans une perspective d'évolution opérationnelle de la chaîne de traitement existante. Il vise à produire de manière automatique la « meilleure » image range-Doppler. Dans cette thèse, nos contributions s'appuient sur l'idée de reconsidérer la chaîne de traitement en tenant compte de l'a priori que l'objet marin est un objet rigide dont la géométrie structure l'évolution du signal radar. Ainsi, dans une première contribution, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode d'analyse temps-fréquence du signal radar afin d'obtenir une image instantanée où l'opérationnel peut distinguer « au mieux » les superstructures de l'objet marin. Cette dernière est fondée sur la fusion de plusieurs représentations temps-fréquence issues de la classe de Cohen en faisant l'hypothèse que les composantes temps-fréquence sont des trajectoires structurées 2D dans le plan temps-fréquence, contrairement aux termes d'interférences induits par la propriété de bilinéarité des membres de cette classe. Une étude comparative sur données synthétiques et ISAR est menée pour confirmer la pertinence de notre approche, notamment du point de vue de la résolution temps-fréquence et de la suppression des termes d'interférences.Dans une seconde contribution, nous établissons une nouvelle procédure pour qualifier chaque image range-Doppler, obtenue à l'issue de l'analyse temps-fréquence, avec des mesures d'irrégularité de formes que nous fusionnons à l'aide d'un opérateur d'agrégation. Des simulations sur données réelles sont réalisées. Les résultats concordent avec une analyse subjective menée par des opérationnels, ce qui confirme l'efficacité de notre méthode. / In maritime surveillance, radar imaging plays a key role to classify a maritime object. ISAR processing is one of the solutions, which takes advantage of the object rotational motion to provide a range-Doppler image.The work, presented in this report, is an evolution of the existing ISAR processing chain. Therefore, our contributions are based on the processing chain reconsideration by taking into account the fact that the maritime object is a rigid object, the geometry of which influences the radar signal evolution.In a first contribution, we propose a new time-frequency analysis method based on the aggregation of some time-frequency representations obtained with Cohen class members. It consists in differentiating the signal, assumed to be characterized by 2-D near-linear stable trajectories in the time-frequency plane, and the cross-terms, assumed to be geometrically unstructured. A comparative study is then carried out on ISAR synthetic data to confirm the efficiency of our approach.In a second contribution, we present a new procedure to characterize each range-Doppler image, obtained from a time-frequency analysis, by means of shape irregularity measures that are combined with a fuzzy logic operator. To validate our approach, simulations on real data are done. The results are compared to a subjective analysis carried out with practionners.

This project is mainly based on mosaicing of images and similarity measurements with different methods. The map of a floor is created from a database of small-images that have been captured by a camera-mounted robot scanning the wooden floor of a living room. We call this ground mapping. After the ground mapping, the robot can achieve self-positioning on the map by using novel small images it captures as it displaces on the ground. Similarity measurements based on the Schwartz inequality have been used to achieve the ground mapping, as well as to position the robot once the ground map is available. Because the natural light affects the gray value of images, this effect must be accounted for in the envisaged similarity measurements. A new approach to mosaicing is suggested. It uses the local texture orientation, instead of the original gray values, in ground mapping as well as in positioning. Additionally, we report on ground mapping results using other features, gray-values as features. The robot can find its position with few pixel errors by using the novel approach and similarity measurements based on the Schwartz inequality.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de la synthèse d’images texturées. Dans l’objectif d’assurer une reproduction fidèle des motifs et des variations d’orientations d’une texture initiale, un algorithme de synthèse de texture à deux étapes « structure/texture » est proposé. Il s’agit, dans une première étape, de réaliser la synthèse d’une couche de structure caractérisant la géométrie de l’exemplaire et représentée par un champ de tenseurs de structure et, dans une deuxième étape, d’utiliser le champ de structure résultant pour contraindre la synthèse d’une couche de texture portant des variations plus locales. Une réduction du temps d’exécution est ensuite développée, fondée notamment sur l’utilisation de pyramides Gaussiennes et la parallélisation des calculs mis en oeuvre.Afin de démontrer la capacité de l’algorithme proposé à reproduire fidèlement l’aspect visuel des images texturées considérées, la méthode est testée sur une variété d’échantillons de texture et évaluée objectivement à l’aide de statistiques du 1er et du 2nd ordre du champ d’intensité et d’orientation. Les résultats obtenus sont de qualité supérieure ou équivalente à ceux obtenus par des algorithmes de la littérature. Un atout majeur de l’approche proposée est son aptitude à synthétiser des textures avec succès dans de nombreuses situations où les algorithmes existants ne parviennent pas à reproduire les motifs à grande échelle.L’approche de synthèse structure/texture proposée est étendue à la synthèse de texture couleur. La synthèse de texture 3D est ensuite abordée et, finalement, une extension à la synthèse de texture de forme spécifiée par une texture imposée est mise en oeuvre, montrant la capacité de l’approche à générer des textures de formes arbitraires en préservant les caractéristiques de la texture initiale. / This work is a part of the texture synthesis context. Aiming to ensure a faithful reproduction of the patterns and variations of orientations of the input texture, a two-stage structure/texture synthesis algorithm is proposed. It consists of synthesizing the structure layer showing the geometry of the exemplar and represented by the structure tensor field in the first stage, and using the resulting tensor field to constrain the synthesis of the texture layer holding more local variations, in the second stage. An acceleration method based on the use of Gaussian pyramids and parallel computing is then developed.In order to demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm to faithfully reproduce the visual aspect of the considered textures, the method is tested on various texture samples and evaluated objectively using statistics of 1st and 2nd order of the intensity and orientation field. The obtained results are of better or equivalent quality than those obtained using the algorithms of the literature. A major advantage of the proposed approach is its capacity in successfully synthesizing textures in many situations where traditional algorithms fail to reproduce the large-scale patterns.The structure/texture synthesis approach is extended to color texture synthesis. 3D texture synthesis is then addressed and finally, an extension to the synthesis of specified form textures using an imposed texture is carried out, showing the capacity of the approach in generating textures of arbitrary forms while preserving the input texture characteristics.