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THE ROLE OF CO-INFECTION IN THE SPREAD OF HIV IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICACuadros, Diego Fernando 01 January 2011 (has links)
The cause of the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. Heterosexual HIV transmission has a very low probability; further, a single estimation of heterosexual probability of HIV transmission fails to reproduce the variation associated with important biological cofactors. In particular, studies of HIV incidence suggest that co-infection with other infectious diseases influence the HIV transmission, and therefore might substantially vary the pattern of the spread of the infection. To assess the effect of co-infection on the spread of HIV, I developed and analyzed several mathematical and statistical models based on published data. The results show that despite the low probability of heterosexual transmission per sexual contact, the inclusion of individual variation generated by transient but repeated increases in HIV viral load associated with co-infections may provide a biological basis for the accelerated spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, and raises the possibility that that the natural history of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be fully understood if individual variation in infectiousness is neglected.
Co-infection might be a key explanatory variable for the rapid spread of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa; in fact, co-infection may be a necessary factor, rather than merely being a contributing factor, in the successful spread and survival of HIV in populations where heterosexual vaginal-penile contact is the main mechanism of transmission. Consequently, broad population based control strategies to decrease infectivity and reduce the incidence of other sexual and parasitic infectious diseases might be effective strategies in diminishing the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Aid Nothing More Than a Charity Bone Thrown : Have Past Failures prepared us for Future Success?Buhlin, Sofia January 2010 (has links)
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This article investigates the complex issue of aid, and differs from other attempts at evaluating the outcomes and policies of aid since this evaluation is solely based on the policies of the donor countries. It investigates if, and how well, the world´s two greatest aid donors, The European Developmental Fund (EDF) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) responds to recent research and the need for change in this policy area in respect to Sub- Saharan African states. </p>
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Aspects of Bangime Phonology, Morphology, and MorphosyntaxHantgan, Abbie 01 January 2014 (has links)
<p>This dissertation provides a description of aspects of the phonology, morphology, and morphosyntax of Bangime. Bangime is a language isolate spoken in the Dogon language speaking area of Central Eastern Mali. Although the Bangande, the speakers of Bangime, self-identify with the Dogon, their language bears practically no resemblance to the surrounding Dogon languages. Bangime has limited productive morphological processes whereas Dogon languages are agglutinating, with productive morphemes to indicate inflectional and derivational verbal and nominal processes. </p><p> Bangime has a complex tonal system. General tendencies of the tonal patterns are described, with the many exceptions which frequently occur also outlined. Nominal tonal melodies are apparent in plural forms. Objects in verb phrases receive tonal agreement with tones on the verb in accordance with the subject of the sentence. </p><p> The tense, aspect, and mood system of the language is also complicated. Inflectional marking on the verb, auxiliaries, and the word order all contribute to the indication of the tense, aspect or mood of the sentence. An overview of these multifaceted phonological and morphological processes is provided in this dissertation with hypotheses as to how the language might have evolved. </p>
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Interactions amongst the community of endemic pathogens of African cattle : a longitudinal study in south east UgandaTosas Auguet, Olga January 2007 (has links)
The work presented in this thesis is focused upon the community of endemic pathogens of African cattle in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has long constrained livestock production in these areas. The first aim of this work is to investigate whether the pathogen community as a whole shapes the ensuant epidemiology and morbidity which are currently attributed to any of its individual pathogens. The second aim is to determine if a greater understanding of the interactions present amongst genetically distinct parasites of the same species can be used to better explain epidemiological features that are at present poorly understood. Emphasis is placed on examining spatial variation in the epidemiology of Theileria parva, a tick-transmitted protozoan that causes East Coast Fever. To achieve these aims, this work examines field data collected from a large and comprehensive study conducted in south east Uganda. Through application of apposite statistical techniques and mathematical modelling, aspects of the complex relations amongst the pathogen community and their environment are explored. Evidence is presented that demonstrates the paramount role of the pathogen community as a whole in shaping the infection dynamics and pathogenicity of any of its individual components. By focusing on a single member of this pathogen community (Theileria parva), some of the influences of host, vector, geographical location, temporal dynamics and intra-species pathogen interactions are elucidated. Application of a polymorphic molecular marker to Theileria parva infected blood samples and the use of Cox proportional hazard analysis, show variability in the survival of infections in cattle in high and low tick challenge areas. Moreover infection survival, which plays a pivotal role in parasite transmission, is shown to be a function of the interactions established amongst genetically distinct co-infective parasites. In consequence, vector intensity alone is insufficient to develop reliable transmission models which can accurately predict the epidemiology of the parasite inside and outside enzootic belts. Finally, a theoretical model is developed which, based upon the field evidence obtained throughout this work, provides a possible explanation for the mechanics of T. parva survival in cattle. In summary, this thesis makes a case that consideration of both inter- and intra-species pathogen interactions, can greatly augment understanding of the epidemiology of these pathogen communities. An integrated approach to pathogen dynamics can better equip an integrated approach to control of important diseases of African cattle.
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Energy intensity and manufacturing firm characteristics in Sub-Saharan African countriesKaulich, Florian, Luken, Ralph, Mhlanga, Alois, Polzerova, Ingrid 14 December 2016 (has links) (PDF)
We draw on a unique dataset for energy use by manufacturing firms in 18 Sub-Saharan African countries to estimate the relationship between energy intensity of production and firms' characteristics. Our results show that lower levels of energy intensity are associated with export activity, foreign ownership, size and capital-labor ratio, while higher levels of energy intensity are associated with a higher share of fuels in total energy consumption. We do not find a statistically significant relationship between energy intensity and the age of capital equipment or ownership of a generator, while our results on quality management certification are inconclusive.
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Predictability of Identity Voting Behaviour, Perceived Exclusion and Neglect, and the Paradox of Loyalty| A Case Study of a Conflict Involving the Ewe Group in the Volta Region of Ghana and the NDC-led AdministrationsKonlan, Binamin 10 May 2017 (has links)
<p> The Republic of Ghana is the legacy of the colonial amalgam of multiple, and previously distinct, ethnic homelands. The Trans-Volta Togoland became the Volta Region of Ghana following a Plebiscite in 1956. The dominant ethnic group in this region; the Ewe, has long maintained a claim of neglect of the Volta Region and the marginalization of its people in this postcolonial state. Protests in the street and at media houses ensued against the State. This qualitative case study explores the undercurrents of this conflict in the context of the Ewe group’s identity and their experiences of neglect and marginalization in the postcolonial state. The main objective of the study was to understand why the Ewe group has not revolted despite the perceptions of deprivation. This study focused on the Ewe group in the Volta Region of Ghana a as sub-colonial construct that has managed its perceptions of deprivation without revolting against the host State.</p>
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The success or failure of integration in sub-Saharan AfricaLevchenko, Daria January 2014 (has links)
CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Master's thesis in the programme..........IEPS....................................................... 1. Given name and Surname of author: Daria Levchenko 2. Title of the Thesis: "The success or failure of integration process in Sub-Saharan Africa" 3. Subordinate title: .......................................……………………………………………….. 4. Year of defence: 2014 5. Number of pages: 141 6. Summary of the Thesis: The Diploma thesis "The success or failure in Sub-Saharan Africa" deals with a topical issue of the integration process in Sub-Saharan Africa. For the last couple of decades, the whole world was under the influence of the integration. The popularity of such economic blocks as the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN and others lead to further interest in this field. Therefore, it is quite obvious that other countries and regions started to think about similar way of the development, and Sub-Saharan Africa is also among them. The process of integration has started at this continent long time ago, half a century. Ever since countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa gained independence, they started to build their own blocks (communities). Decades of colonial periods, struggle for freedom, the final gain of the independence, and now fight for building united and strong...
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The Impact of Mobile Money on Saving in Sub-Saharan AfricaRuh, Carolyn January 2017 (has links)
Thesis advisor: S. Anukriti / Since the launch of M-PESA in 2007, mobile money has created the potential to increase financial inclusion by providing a safe and convenient place to store wealth. This paper analyzes the impact of mobile money on savings practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using 2015 survey data from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, I find that mobile money account holders are 10.9 percent more likely to save than non-account holders,
holding constant other characteristics. Mobile money has a positive and significant impact on saving for daily consumption, for protection against income shocks, and for business and education investments. In addition, I find that mobile money is a complement to formal savings (bank accounts) and a substitute for informal savings. By increasing saving, mobile money better enables individuals to rely on savings in the
event of a negative income shock. These results are consistent with a policy agenda that promotes financial inclusion by increasing access to mobile technologies. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.
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Essays on development and biodiversity conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa / Essais sur le développement et la conservation de la biodiversité en Afrique sub-saharienneAmin, Ariane Manuela 03 December 2014 (has links)
La présente thèse est composée d’un ensemble de travaux de recherche en économie appliquée qui s’inscrivent dans le champ contemporain de l’économie de la biodiversité. La thèse s’intéresse spécifiquement aux liens entre développement économique, bien-être local et conservation de la biodiversité avec comme zone d’étude l’Afrique subsaharienne. Un chapitre introductif présente les questions de recherche débattues dans cette thèse et situe notre contribution dans la littérature.Le reste de la thèse est composé de deux parties regroupées en études macroéconomiques et en études de terrain. La partie 1 (composé du chapitre 2 et du chapitre 3) aborde le lien biodiversité-développement sous un angle macroéconomique en considérant les interactions spatiales entre pays. Le chapitre 2 examine l’impact du développement en Afrique Subsaharienne sur la biodiversité mesuré à partir d’indicateurs récents sur les espèces menacés. Le chapitre 3 s’intéresse aux mécanismes qui soutiennent les politiques publiques de conservation en Afrique Subsaharienne et teste l’effet du tourisme, de l’aide environnementale et des effets transfrontaliers sur l’effort de conservation. La partie 2 (composé du chapitre 4 et du chapitre 5) présente deux études de cas en Côte d’Ivoire. Le chapitre 4 évalue monétairement les coûts et les bénéfices de la conservation pour les populations locales. Le chapitre 5 examine les préférences des populations pour la conservation et identifie les facteurs clés qui déterminent ces préférences locales. Le chapitre 6 fait une synthèse des résultats en tire les implications en termes de recommandations de politiques et présente de potentielles extensions de la thèse. / This thesis is composed of a set of research in applied economics that enroll in the contemporary field of economics of biodiversity. The thesis focuses specifically on the links between economic development, local welfare and biodiversity conservation in sub-Saharan Africa region. An introductory chapter presents the subject of the thesis as well as the research field and situates our contribution.The rest of the thesis is composed of two parts divided into macroeconomic studies and case studies. Part 1 (composed of chapter 2 and chapter 3) addresses the link biodiversity and development under a macroeconomic perspective by taking into account spatial interactions between countries. In chapter 2, we examine the impact of development in sub-Saharan Africa on biodiversity using recent indicators on threatened species. In chapter 3, we focus on the mechanisms that support public conservation policies in Sub-Saharan Africa and tested the effect of tourism, environmental aid and spillover effects on conservation effort. Part 2 (composed of chapter 4 and chapter 5) presents two case studies in Ivory Coast. Chapter 4 presents a cost benefit analysis using contingent valuation and market price method. It evaluates the costs and benefits of conservation for local populations. In chapter 5 we examine people's preferences for conservation and identify key factors that determine local preferences. In the last chapter we draw implications of results and present potential extensions of this thesis.
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Enforcement of copyright in the music industry : a critical analysis of the legal and institutional framework on enforcement in Sub Saharan AfricaOuma, Marisella Nabongo January 2010 (has links)
It is trite to state that law without effective enforcement is of no use to those it seeks to protect. Nevertheless, it must be emphasised that for a law to be effective, there have to be corresponding institutional structures. Enforcement of copyright involves two phases. The first is formulation and enactment of law. The second phase is the implementation of legal provisions that includes interpretation of law and determination of cases by the courts, investigation of copyright violations, prevention of unauthorised exploitation of the rights and the use of sanctions and remedies provided by law. The main problem for rights holders is not so much in written law but in enforcement or lack thereof. Some creative industries in sub Saharan Africa are being threatened due to unauthorised commercial exploitation of copyright protected works. This is despite strengthening of national laws in the region. There are various reasons for the impending demise of such industries, but the crucial factor is lack of or limited enforcement. The thesis looks at the important issue of enforcement from the perspective of the music industry in sub Saharan Africa. Based on an analysis of four sub Saharan countries, namely Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa, this thesis illustrates that despite having in place relatively modem copyright laws, these countries still experience high levels of unauthorised commercial use in respect of music. The thesis suggests that a key factor that promotes unauthorised commercial use is lack of effective enforcement." Through a critical analysis, based on the political, social, economic and technological perspectives, the thesis addresses three questions. First, why is copyright enforcement a problem in sub Saharan Africa? Secondly, why has the existing legal regime failed to ensure effective enforcement? Thirdly, what is an effective copyright enforcement regime? Effective enforcement of copyright, from a political, economic, social and technological perspective involves the existence of enforceable law, as well as effective enforcement mechanisms in both private and public sectors. An effective enforcement regime ensures conformity to law, involves a constant review of existing legal regimes and institutional structures (such as enforcement agencies) as well as adoption of new procedures and technologies to reduce incidences of non-compliance. The thesis concludes by suggesting proposals for policy guidelines on enforcement of music copyright in sub Saharan Africa.
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