Background: Cardiovascular health disparities across subpopulations and geographies have been well-documented in urban areas. Evidence suggests that racial minorities and low-socioeconomic groups have high risks of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Residents of the Appalachia also exhibit high rates of CVD, but little is known about the relationships between cardiovascular risk factors, spatial disadvantage, and cardiovascular health outcomes in this region. Thus, this study aimed to examine the independent association between neighborhood factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic population from central Appalachia. Methods: Community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals (n=210) were screened for Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC), a subclinical marker for coronary atherosclerosis, from January 2010 to January 2014. Based on the standard Agatston Scale, participants were grouped into 4 CAC scores: zero (CAC = 0), mild (CAC = 1-99), moderate (CAC = 100-399) and severe (CAC ≥ 400) to determine the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Demographic information (e.g., age, gender, race, and marital status), cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, smoking, and family history of CAD), and neighborhood level characteristics (racial and socioeconomic characteristics of the population) were used in ordinal logistic regression analyses performed in Stata 14.1. Results: Of the 210 participants, over three-fourths (79%) had a CAC score greater than 1. While 67% of the participants were hypertensive, 80% had hypercholesterolemia, 75% were overweight or obese, 52% had a history of smoking, and 55% had a family history of CAD. There were significant differences in the socioeconomic environment of these residents. Specifically, zip-code median household income was higher for individuals with zero CAC score. Additionally, the zip-code household poverty percentage was higher for those with CAC scores ≥ 1. Although all the neighborhood factors increased the odds of having higher CAC score, none of them were statistically significant. Conclusion: The positive, albeit statistically non-significant, association of adverse neighborhood factors with higher CAC scores suggests the need for larger studies for further understanding of this association. Finally, achieving the Healthy People 2020 goal of reducing or eliminating disparities requires risk factor screening and control in high prevalent areas such as central Appalachia, and understanding the neighborhood level dynamics for CVD.

African horse sickness (AHS) is a life-threatening disease of equids caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and the disease is most prevalent during the time of year, and in areas where vector Culicoides spp. are most abundant, namely in late summer in the summer rainfall areas of endemic regions. The disease is of importance to health and international trade in horses worldwide. Effective surveillance is critical in order to establish transparent criteria for animal trade from a country or region where AHS occurs. / The 2011 outbreak of African horse sickness in the African horse sickness controlled area in South Africa: An outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV type one (AHSV1) occurred in the surveillance zone of the AHS controlled area of the Western Cape during the summer of 2011. The epicentre of the outbreak was the town of Mamre in the magisterial district of Malmesbury, and the outbreak was confined to a defined containment zone within this area through movement control of all equids and a blanket vaccination campaign. A total of 73 confirmed cases of AHS were reported during this outbreak, which included four subclinical cases confirmed by virus isolation (VI). The estimated morbidity rate for the outbreak was 16% with an estimated mortality rate of 14% and a case fatality rate of 88% based on the figures above. Outbreak disease surveillance relied on agent identification using AHSV group specific reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (GS RT-qPCR) based assays, which was novel for an AHS outbreak in South Africa. The source of this outbreak was not confirmed at the time, but was believed to be associated with an illegal 2 movement of an infected animal into the Mamre area. A detailed description of the outbreak is given in Chapter 2, and the outbreak provided an opportunity to assess decision making in future AHS outbreaks in the AHS controlled area of South Africa and in countries where AHS is an exotic or emerging disease. This outbreak further highlighted deficiencies and complications of available AHSV diagnostic testing and surveillance methods, and the need for further refinement of these assays and strategies. / Development of three triplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the qualitative molecular typing of the nine types of African horse sickness virus: The typing of the specific AHSV involved in the Mamre outbreak was initially done by partial, direct sequencing of the S10 gene (encoding the non-structural protein NS3) and the L2 gene (encoding the type-specific outer capsid protein VP2) which confirmed the virus to be AHSV1. This process is time consuming and it became evident that a faster alternative was needed. This led to the development of type specific RT-qPCR (TS RT-qPCR) assays to supplement the GS RT-qPCR assay that had already been developed, characterized and validated. Blood samples collected during routine diagnostic investigations from South African horses with clinical signs suggestive of AHS were subjected to analysis with the GS RT-qPCR assay and VI with subsequent serotyping by plaque inhibition (PI) assays using AHSV type-specific antisera. Blood samples that tested positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR were then selected for analysis using AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays. The TS RT-qPCR assays were evaluated using both historic stocks of the South African reference strains of each of the 9 AHSV types, as well as recently derived stocks of these same viruses. Of the 503 horse blood samples tested, 156 were positive by both AHSV GS RT-qPCR and VI assays, whereas 135 samples that were VI negative were positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR assay. The virus isolates made from the various blood samples included all 9 AHSV types, and there was 100% agreement between the results of conventional serotyping of individual virus isolates by PI assay and AHSV TS RT-qPCR typing results. Results of this study confirmed that the AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays for the identification of individual AHSV types are applicable and practicable and therefore are potentially highly useful and appropriate for virus typing in AHS outbreak situations in endemic or sporadic incursion areas, which can be crucial in determining appropriate and timely vaccination and control strategies. / Evaluation of the use of foals for active surveillance in an AHS containment zone during the season following an AHS outbreak: In order to further evaluate the AHS status of horses in the Mamre area after the outbreak of 2011, a targeted surveillance strategy was developed. Serial serum and whole blood samples were collected on a monthly basis from January to June, 2012 from foals (identified by microchip) that were born in the Mamre 3 district after the end of the outbreak. Sera were evaluated using traditional serological methods and the results were compared to the results obtained using the newly developed molecular assays for virus detection and identification. This study confirmed that AHSV was eradicated in the Mamre area after the outbreak and, therefore, that the control measures implemented in the area by the State Veterinary Authorities were effective. / Characterization of the dynamics of African horse sickness virus in horses by assessing the RNAaemia and serological responses following immunisation with a commercial polyvalent live attenuated vaccine: As was shown in the 2011 Mamre outbreak, detection of AHSV during outbreaks has become more rapid and efficient with the recent development of quantitative GS RT-qPCR assays to detect AHSV nucleic acid. Use of this assay together with the TS RT-qPCR assays described in Chapter 3, will not only expedite diagnosis of AHS but also facilitate further evaluation of the dynamics of AHSV infection in the equine host. A potential limitation to the application of these assays is that they detect viral nucleic acid originating from any AHSV live attenuated vaccine (AHSVLAV), which is the vaccine type routinely administered to horses in South Africa. A study was, therefore, designed to characterize the dynamics and duration of the RNAaemia as compared to the serological responses of horses following vaccination with a commercial AHSV-LAV, using GS and TS RT-qPCR assays and serum neutralisation tests. This study provided baseline data on the GS and TS nucleic acid dynamics in weanling foals vaccinated for the first time, yearlings vaccinated for a second time and adult mares following a booster to multiple previous vaccinations. These data are fundamental to interpreting results of AHSV GS RT-qPCR testing of vaccinated horses within an area where virological surveillance is being applied. / African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004 - 2014: In 2014 a further outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV1 occurred in the Porterville area of the AHS protection zone (PZ), spreading into the Wellington area in the AHS surveillance zone (SZ). Further involvement of the Robertson area (AHS PZ) subsequently also occurred. The case fatality rate was much lower than that of the Mamre outbreak. The clinical signs in infected horses were also generally milder in the 2014 outbreak, as compared to the 2011 outbreak. Whole genome sequencing of samples from the Porterville outbreak confirmed that causative virus was a recombination (reassortant) of AHSV types 1 and 4, with genes derived from the relevant vaccine strains contained in OBP comb1 of the commercial polyvalent AHSV-LAV used in South Africa. This led to further analysis of 39 AHSV strains from field cases of AHS that originated from outbreaks within the controlled area, which confirmed reversion to virulence 4 of AHSV type 1 vaccine in two outbreaks (2004 and 2011) and multiple reassortment events in two outbreaks (2004 and 2014) with genes derived from all three AHSV vaccine strains (types 1, 3 and 4). This study provided a molecular and epidemiological comparison of the five unique AHSV type 1 outbreaks in the AHS controlled area. It was shown that all the outbreaks in the AHS controlled area attributed to AHSV type 1 since the inception of the area in 1997, have been due either to reversion to virulence of the AHSV type 1 vaccine strain, or recombination of AHSV type 1 vaccine strain with one or both of the other vaccine strains in OBP comb1 of the commercial AHSV-LAV. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / ERC / Racing South Africa (Pty) Ltd / Equine Health Fund / Mary Slack and Daughters Foundation / THRIP / National Research Foundation / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / PhD / Unrestricted

O presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar os níveis de indicadores sanguíneos energéticos e de cálcio na ocorrência de afecções uterinas, mastite clínica e mastite subclínica em vacas de raça Holandesa. A presença de mastite foi monitorada através do California Mastitis Test (CMT) e da contagem de células somáticas, para a identificação de mastite subclínica, e do Teste da Caneca de Fundo Preta (TCFP), para identificação de mastite clínica. A presença das afecções uterinas foi identificada mediante exame clínico. Foram feitas coletas de sangue para a determinação dos níveis de cálcio (Ca), glicose e β-hidroxi-butirato (BHB). O CMT foi realizado nas duas primeiras semanas após o parto, o TCFP foi realizado conforme a rotina de ordenha, estabelecida pela propriedade, e as coletas de sangue foram realizadas na semana anterior ao parto e duas coletas até os 21 dias posteriores ao parto. A ocorrência de hipocalcemia subclínica foi determinada quando o Ca no soro atingiu valores ≤ 8,00 mg/dL, hipoglicemia com valores de glicose ≤ 50 mg/dL e hipercetonemia com valores de BHB ≥ 1,2 mmol/L. Nas vacas com mastite clínica foi realizado tratamento conforme estabelecido pelo protocolo de ordenha e tratamentos da fazenda. Os dados de mastite subclínica obtidos através do teste de CMT, por quarto mamário, foram validados através de cultura microbiológica realizada em laboratório de referência e em laboratório na fazenda para identificar crescimento bacteriano, bem como através da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre a hipocalcemia subclínica, a hipoglicemia e a hipercetonemia com afecções uterinas e da glandula mamária nas vacas após o parto. / This study aimed to relate the levels of energy and calcium in the occurence of both uterine diseases, clinic and subclinic mastitis in Holstein cows. The presence of mastitis was monitored through California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the counting of somatic cells (CSC), for the identification of subclinic mastitis, and strip cup test, for the identification of clinic mastitis. The presence of uterine disorders was identified by clinical examination. Blood collections were made for determining calcium, glicose and β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB). CMT was realized in the first two weeks after calving, BBMT was realized according to the routine of milking settled by the farm and the blood collections were made in the week before the calving and also two collections were made after it. The occurrence of subclinic hypocalcemia was determined when serum Ca reached ≤ 8,00 mg/dL, hypoglycemia with glucose values ≤ 50 mg/dL and hyperketonemia values with BHB BHB ≥ 1,2 mmol/L. Data of clinic mastitis were obtained through the identification of altered milk in BBMT and subsequently realized treatment as settled by the milking protocol and treatments of the farm. Data of subclinic mastitis were obtained through CMT test, for mammary quarter, and validated by microbiological culture in reference laboratory, culture in the farm for identifying the bacterial growth, counting of somatic cells (CSC) and total bacterial counting (TBC). It was not identified in the study any relationship between subclinical hypocalcemia and uterine and mammary gland diseases in cows after calving.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar os níveis de indicadores sanguíneos energéticos e de cálcio na ocorrência de afecções uterinas, mastite clínica e mastite subclínica em vacas de raça Holandesa. A presença de mastite foi monitorada através do California Mastitis Test (CMT) e da contagem de células somáticas, para a identificação de mastite subclínica, e do Teste da Caneca de Fundo Preta (TCFP), para identificação de mastite clínica. A presença das afecções uterinas foi identificada mediante exame clínico. Foram feitas coletas de sangue para a determinação dos níveis de cálcio (Ca), glicose e β-hidroxi-butirato (BHB). O CMT foi realizado nas duas primeiras semanas após o parto, o TCFP foi realizado conforme a rotina de ordenha, estabelecida pela propriedade, e as coletas de sangue foram realizadas na semana anterior ao parto e duas coletas até os 21 dias posteriores ao parto. A ocorrência de hipocalcemia subclínica foi determinada quando o Ca no soro atingiu valores ≤ 8,00 mg/dL, hipoglicemia com valores de glicose ≤ 50 mg/dL e hipercetonemia com valores de BHB ≥ 1,2 mmol/L. Nas vacas com mastite clínica foi realizado tratamento conforme estabelecido pelo protocolo de ordenha e tratamentos da fazenda. Os dados de mastite subclínica obtidos através do teste de CMT, por quarto mamário, foram validados através de cultura microbiológica realizada em laboratório de referência e em laboratório na fazenda para identificar crescimento bacteriano, bem como através da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre a hipocalcemia subclínica, a hipoglicemia e a hipercetonemia com afecções uterinas e da glandula mamária nas vacas após o parto. / This study aimed to relate the levels of energy and calcium in the occurence of both uterine diseases, clinic and subclinic mastitis in Holstein cows. The presence of mastitis was monitored through California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the counting of somatic cells (CSC), for the identification of subclinic mastitis, and strip cup test, for the identification of clinic mastitis. The presence of uterine disorders was identified by clinical examination. Blood collections were made for determining calcium, glicose and β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB). CMT was realized in the first two weeks after calving, BBMT was realized according to the routine of milking settled by the farm and the blood collections were made in the week before the calving and also two collections were made after it. The occurrence of subclinic hypocalcemia was determined when serum Ca reached ≤ 8,00 mg/dL, hypoglycemia with glucose values ≤ 50 mg/dL and hyperketonemia values with BHB BHB ≥ 1,2 mmol/L. Data of clinic mastitis were obtained through the identification of altered milk in BBMT and subsequently realized treatment as settled by the milking protocol and treatments of the farm. Data of subclinic mastitis were obtained through CMT test, for mammary quarter, and validated by microbiological culture in reference laboratory, culture in the farm for identifying the bacterial growth, counting of somatic cells (CSC) and total bacterial counting (TBC). It was not identified in the study any relationship between subclinical hypocalcemia and uterine and mammary gland diseases in cows after calving.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo relacionar os níveis de indicadores sanguíneos energéticos e de cálcio na ocorrência de afecções uterinas, mastite clínica e mastite subclínica em vacas de raça Holandesa. A presença de mastite foi monitorada através do California Mastitis Test (CMT) e da contagem de células somáticas, para a identificação de mastite subclínica, e do Teste da Caneca de Fundo Preta (TCFP), para identificação de mastite clínica. A presença das afecções uterinas foi identificada mediante exame clínico. Foram feitas coletas de sangue para a determinação dos níveis de cálcio (Ca), glicose e β-hidroxi-butirato (BHB). O CMT foi realizado nas duas primeiras semanas após o parto, o TCFP foi realizado conforme a rotina de ordenha, estabelecida pela propriedade, e as coletas de sangue foram realizadas na semana anterior ao parto e duas coletas até os 21 dias posteriores ao parto. A ocorrência de hipocalcemia subclínica foi determinada quando o Ca no soro atingiu valores ≤ 8,00 mg/dL, hipoglicemia com valores de glicose ≤ 50 mg/dL e hipercetonemia com valores de BHB ≥ 1,2 mmol/L. Nas vacas com mastite clínica foi realizado tratamento conforme estabelecido pelo protocolo de ordenha e tratamentos da fazenda. Os dados de mastite subclínica obtidos através do teste de CMT, por quarto mamário, foram validados através de cultura microbiológica realizada em laboratório de referência e em laboratório na fazenda para identificar crescimento bacteriano, bem como através da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e da contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Não foi encontrada relação significativa entre a hipocalcemia subclínica, a hipoglicemia e a hipercetonemia com afecções uterinas e da glandula mamária nas vacas após o parto. / This study aimed to relate the levels of energy and calcium in the occurence of both uterine diseases, clinic and subclinic mastitis in Holstein cows. The presence of mastitis was monitored through California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the counting of somatic cells (CSC), for the identification of subclinic mastitis, and strip cup test, for the identification of clinic mastitis. The presence of uterine disorders was identified by clinical examination. Blood collections were made for determining calcium, glicose and β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB). CMT was realized in the first two weeks after calving, BBMT was realized according to the routine of milking settled by the farm and the blood collections were made in the week before the calving and also two collections were made after it. The occurrence of subclinic hypocalcemia was determined when serum Ca reached ≤ 8,00 mg/dL, hypoglycemia with glucose values ≤ 50 mg/dL and hyperketonemia values with BHB BHB ≥ 1,2 mmol/L. Data of clinic mastitis were obtained through the identification of altered milk in BBMT and subsequently realized treatment as settled by the milking protocol and treatments of the farm. Data of subclinic mastitis were obtained through CMT test, for mammary quarter, and validated by microbiological culture in reference laboratory, culture in the farm for identifying the bacterial growth, counting of somatic cells (CSC) and total bacterial counting (TBC). It was not identified in the study any relationship between subclinical hypocalcemia and uterine and mammary gland diseases in cows after calving.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pardo_rb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1134204 bytes, checksum: f5af7219cd5d0c42c86945ad29a46afe (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os exames de palpação, inspeção e teste da caneca de fundo escuro, bem como o California Mastitis Test (CMT) foram realizados em 735 quartos mamários de búfalas leiteiras pesquisa de alterações clínicas e subclínicas nos quartos e em suas respectivas secreções. Independentemente dos resultados encontrados, foram coletadas amostras de leite para análises microbiológicas e de contagem de células somáticas (CCS). O isolamento microbiológico foi realizado em ágar sangue de ovino 5% e em ágar MacConkey, com 72 horas de incubação em aerobiose a 37oC. Foram procedidas, a cada 24 horas, leitura e identificação dos isolamentos. A ocorrência de quadros de mastite clínica foi representada por um único caso (0,14%) entre os 735 quartos mamários analisados, ocorrendo na fase inicial da lactação e envolvendo microrganismos de origem ambiental (Morganella morganii, Enterobacter aerogenes). Foram considerados quadros de mastite subclínica aqueles com resultados positivos ao CMT acompanhados de exame microbiológico positivo. A freqüência observada de quadros de mastite subclínica entre os 734 quartos mamários estudados foi de 20,03%, dos quais isolou-se principalmente microrganismos contagiosos. Os resultados negativos ao CMT predominaram durante todo o estudo (69,07%), independente da fase de lactação ou estação do ano consideradas, tendo sido observados resultados positivos do exame microbiológico em 57,58% das amostras CMT negativas. Foi elevada a freqüência de microrganismos classificados como contagiosos entre as amostras de leite analisadas, independente da estação do ano e da fase de lactação, entre os quais prevaleceu o Corynebacterium spp. (47,67%), entre os 579 microrganismos pertencentes a 19 gêneros bacterianos crescidos em cultura pura ou em associação. Considerando-se a falta de homogeneidade entre as variâncias, as contagens de células... / A total of 735 mammary quarters from buffalo cows were submitted to inspection, palpation, strip cup test and California Mastitis Test (CMT) in order to diagnose clinical and subclinical mastitis. Independent of the observed results, milk samples were collected from each mammary quarter to microbiological exams and automatic somatic cell counts (SSC). Milk samples were inoculated in 5% ovine blood agar and MacConkey agar and incubated for 72 hours under 37oC and aerobic condition. Growth observations and identifications were performed every 24 hours. One (0,14%) out of 735 mammary quarters studied presented clinical mastitis. It occurred in first stage of lactation (0 to 60th day post calving) and environmental microorganisms were isolated (Morganella morganii, Enterobacter aerogenes). Mammary quarters presenting positive results to CMT and microbiological exams were considered as subclinical mastitis cases and these represented 20,03% among 734 studied samples. CMT negative results were the most frequent observed during the study (69,07%), independent of lactation stage or season of the year considered. Among these CMT negative milk samples, 57,58% were positive in microbiological exams. There was a high occurrence of contagious microorganisms among the 579 identified bacteria from 19 different genus, isolated in pure or in association. Corynebacterium spp. was the most prevalent (47,67%), in every lactation stage or season of the year. Considering the absence of a normal distribution, somatic cell counts were submitted to a logarithmic transformation, log2(CCS/100)+3, originating the transformed somatic cell count (TSCC). There were statistically significant differences between TCCS means from milk samples with positive (2,23) and negative (1,71) results to CMT. Such differences were also observed in milk... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:05:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zafalon_lf_dr_jabo.pdf: 215622 bytes, checksum: d6035416794c5235aa2dd22ef3e50373 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudou-se a influência da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus sobre a qualidade e a quantidade do leite secretado por quartos tratados e não tratados e avaliou-se a relação custo/benefício do tratamento na lactação. Amostras de leite obtidas de vacas em duas fases de lactação, classificadas como Fase 1 e Fase 2, com animais até o final do segundo mês de lactação e do início do terceiro até o nono mês, respectivamente, foram submetidas a análises bacteriológicas, físico-químicas e citológicas. A mastite subclínica influenciou as variações (p<0,05) nas contagens de células somáticas, acidez titulável, densidade, extrato seco desengordurado, teor de cloretos e soroproteínas em ambas as fases estudadas. Após o tratamento, as diferenças entre os quartos mamários tratados e os quartos que serviram como controle diminuíram para todas as características estudadas, com exceção da produção de leite, proteína total, proteína verdadeira e soroproteínas nas duas fases, e do teor de gordura e da caseína, em uma das fases. As taxas de cura das Fases 1 e 2 foram de 79,0% e 83,3% e as taxas de recuperação espontânea de 21,4% e 3,7%, respectivamente. Não houve aumento das receitas com a produção de leite após o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus durante a lactação. / The influence of bovine subclinical mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus upon milk quality and quantity of treated and untreated quarters and the treatment cost/benefit relation were studied. Bacteriologyc, physical-chemical and cellular analysis of milk samples from two stages of lactation, classified as Stage 1 and Stage 2, from animals until the second month of lactation and from animals of the third lactation month until the ninth lactation month, respectively, were performed. Subclinical mastitis influenced variations (p < 0.05) in the somatic cells count, titratable acidity, density, non fat solids, chloride levels and soroproteins in both lactation stages. After treatment, variations between treated mammary quarters and healthy quarters were reduced for all characteristics, except for milk production, total protein, true protein and soroproteins, in both stages, and for fat contents and casein in the Stage 1. The cure in the stages 1 and 2 were 79.0% and 83.3%, respectively. Spontaneous recovery rates were 21.4% and 3.7% for stages 1 and 2, respectively. There was no increase of the incomes with the milk production after bovine subclinical mastitis treatment by S.aureus in the lactation.

Orientador: Antonio Nader Filho / Banca: José Jurandir Fagliari / Banca: Paulo Francisco Domingues / Banca: Hélio Langoni / Banca: Vanerli Beloti / Resumo: Estudou-se a influência da mastite subclínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus aureus sobre a qualidade e a quantidade do leite secretado por quartos tratados e não tratados e avaliou-se a relação custo/benefício do tratamento na lactação. Amostras de leite obtidas de vacas em duas fases de lactação, classificadas como Fase 1 e Fase 2, com animais até o final do segundo mês de lactação e do início do terceiro até o nono mês, respectivamente, foram submetidas a análises bacteriológicas, físico-químicas e citológicas. A mastite subclínica influenciou as variações (p<0,05) nas contagens de células somáticas, acidez titulável, densidade, extrato seco desengordurado, teor de cloretos e soroproteínas em ambas as fases estudadas. Após o tratamento, as diferenças entre os quartos mamários tratados e os quartos que serviram como controle diminuíram para todas as características estudadas, com exceção da produção de leite, proteína total, proteína verdadeira e soroproteínas nas duas fases, e do teor de gordura e da caseína, em uma das fases. As taxas de cura das Fases 1 e 2 foram de 79,0% e 83,3% e as taxas de recuperação espontânea de 21,4% e 3,7%, respectivamente. Não houve aumento das receitas com a produção de leite após o tratamento da mastite subclínica bovina causada por S. aureus durante a lactação. / Abstract: The influence of bovine subclinical mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus upon milk quality and quantity of treated and untreated quarters and the treatment cost/benefit relation were studied. Bacteriologyc, physical-chemical and cellular analysis of milk samples from two stages of lactation, classified as Stage 1 and Stage 2, from animals until the second month of lactation and from animals of the third lactation month until the ninth lactation month, respectively, were performed. Subclinical mastitis influenced variations (p < 0.05) in the somatic cells count, titratable acidity, density, non fat solids, chloride levels and soroproteins in both lactation stages. After treatment, variations between treated mammary quarters and healthy quarters were reduced for all characteristics, except for milk production, total protein, true protein and soroproteins, in both stages, and for fat contents and casein in the Stage 1. The cure in the stages 1 and 2 were 79.0% and 83.3%, respectively. Spontaneous recovery rates were 21.4% and 3.7% for stages 1 and 2, respectively. There was no increase of the incomes with the milk production after bovine subclinical mastitis treatment by S.aureus in the lactation. / Doutor

Previous research on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has suggested clinically significant impairment is experienced below threshold for diagnosis. Recent studies have provided evidence that measures of hopelessness, negative affect, depression, and physical activity are independently related with increased PTSD symptoms and impairment. This constellation of variables has yet to be examined in a trauma-exposed population, so it is unknown whether these variables collectively predict significant impairment and PTSD. This study examined if: a) both clinical and subclinical symptoms of PTSD will be associated with significant impairment as measured by indices of hopelessness, negative affect, depression, and physical activity; b) measures of hopelessness, negative affect, depression, and physical activity will significantly contribute to the categorical diagnosis of Clinical PTSD in trauma-exposed populations; and c) Measures of hopelessness, negative affect, depression, and physical activity will significantly contribute to the categorical diagnosis of subclinical PTSD in trauma-exposed populations. Results indicate that the predictor variables are not associated with either of the outcome variables. The full model including hopelessness, negative affect, depression, and physical activity did not significantly contribute to the categorical diagnosis of clinical PTSD and subclinical PTSD in trauma-exposed populations. Limitations and further directions are explored in the discussion.

Researchers have begun to explore the role that family members play in maintaining or recovering from an eating disorder. However, little research has addressed the sibling relationship, including nurturance, quarreling, and favoritism. Self-report questionnaires were collected from 120 girls and 87 boys in middle school (N=161) or high school (N=46). Linear regressions, ANOVAs and mediation analyses were conducted to determine the effects of siblings on adolescents’ disordered eating. Sibling favoritism and modeling of bulimic behavior were the only variables significantly related to relationship quality. Our results indicate that family dynamics and structure may play a larger role in adolescent maladaptive behavior than sibling relationship quality. Additionally, sibling relationship quality, bulimic modeling and sibling favoritism may be part of a very complex process leading to disordered eating behavior. Future research should continue to utilize the sibling subsystem as a means of understanding the development of disordered eating behavior among adolescents.