hjlahgih / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

The aim of the study was to determine the quality of South African lamb, particularly the carcass, nutrient and sensory attributes. To this end the cut composition of SA lamb carcasses with different fat scores was determined and cuts suitable for trimming were identified. Sixty four grain fed Dorper lambs were divided randomly into three slaughter groups of 30, 36 and 42 kg, respectively. After slaughter, electrical stimulation (how much/long) and chilling (how long/temp) the carcass sides were subdivided into seven wholesale cuts. Each cut was dissected into meat, bone and subcutaneous fat (SCF) in order to determine the physical composition per cut and for the whole carcass. It was found that the percentages total fat in the carcass increased with 15.5 % in subcutaneous fat over the five fat classes. In order to determine and compare the raw and cooked nutrient composition of shoulder, loin and leg cuts of Dorper and Merino lamb carcasses of the A age class of fat class 2 (± 7 % SCF) from three main production areas in South Africa were analysed. Samples were analysed both raw (left side cuts) and cooked (right sides) using accredited methodologies for nutrient content namely proximate composition, vitamin B and minerals. There was no significant difference in the iron and zinc values between the cooked cuts. Results showed differences in both trace elements and B vitamins among different cooked cuts, although the differences were not statistically significant. Cooked SA lamb (A age class, fat class 2) contains an average of 60.5 % less total fat and 5.28 % less protein, resulting in 1891 kJ less per 100 g edible portion energy, if compared to the previous values in the food composition tables. Quantitative descriptive sensory analyses were performed by a trained panel on the M. longissimus lumborum (loin) from lambs of the same age. Aroma intensity, initial impression of juiciness, first bite, sustained impression of juiciness, muscle fibre and overall tenderness, amount of connective tissue (residue), overall flavour intensity and off-flavour intensity were measured, as well as cooking related measurements and resistance to shear. With the exception of juiciness, the results in this study showed that contrary to expected carcass fatness (in the same age over five fat classes), as portrayed in the South African Classification system, does not have a significant effect on the sensory qualities of M. longissimus lumborum (loin) from lambs of the same age. This investigation provides important scientific insight into the physical, nutrient and sensory quality of South African lamb. The results obtained show that subcutaneous carcass fat that increased significantly with an increase in fat class can be trimmed to represent leaner cuts to the discerning consumer. This study found unique values for South African lamb cuts, almost 40 % lower in fat content than the previously-believed-to-be-accurate values, as published by the Medical Research Council for health workers. Contrary to expected it was found in this study that increased fatness did not improve lamb tenderness as popularly believed in the United States. Therefore, the study justifies greater scope for further research into all these aspects, as it provides valuable information for the Red Meat Industry. / Thesis (PhD(Consumer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Consumer Science / PhD / unrestricted

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Vitamin D) is a potent immunomodulator capable of generating regulatory T cells (Tregs) and contributing to immune tolerance. Additionally, vitamin D has been shown to promote mucosal immunity when used as a vaccine adjuvant. We show here that pretreatment of an area of skin with the synthetic vitamin D analog calcipotriol combined with transcutaneous immunization results in the induction of CD4⁺CD25⁺ Tregs capable of inhibiting the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity response. We also demonstrate that topical calcipotriol has significant effects on the immune response to subcutaneously injected vaccines, and compare it with another common topical immunosuppressant, the corticosteroid betamethasone-17-valerate (BMV). Functionally, calcipotriol and BMV treatment both result in the suppression of CD8⁺ T cell priming in response to subcutaneous vaccination, despite the topical co-administration of the potent Th1 inducing TLR9 agonist unmethylated CpG DNA. The effects of calcipotriol on the humoral response are subtler as we observe marginally increased production of antigen-specific IgG1 immunoglobulins along with a strong suppression of the IgG2a isotype. This is in contrast to pretreatment with BMV, which instead suppresses the production of IgG1 and IgA antibodies. In the draining lymph nodes of calcipotriol treated animals, we see no change in the percentage of Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ T cells post-immunization, but show that tolerance is transferable with the adoptive transfer of CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells. Despite a decrease in the percentage of antigen-bearing APCs in the DLN of calcipotriol treated animals, the DCs maintain high expression of co-stimulatory markers and can induce CD4⁺ T cell proliferation ex vivo. Our data indicate that calcipotriol has distinct effects on immune responses to subcutaneous vaccines consistent with its role as an immunomodulator, although the mechanism(s) through which it is acting remain unclear. We believe that further research is warranted into its potential use as part of a treatment modality for allergy and autoimmune disorders. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medicine, Department of / Experimental Medicine, Division of / Graduate

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23368号 / 医博第4737号 / 新制||医||1051(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川口 義弥, 教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 稲垣 暢也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background: Skinfold thickness (ST), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) measurements are simple methods for assessing fat tissue at defined body parts. We examined these parameters in a cohort of healthy children and adolescents in Leipzig. Our study provides current percentile curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest ST, plus WC, HC, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio. Materials and methods: 6,344 visits were recorded involving 2,363 individuals from 3 to 16 years in age. Continuous age- and gender-related percentiles (3rd, 10th, median, 90th, 97th percentiles) were estimated using Cole's LMS method. Results: For biceps and triceps ST, boys show a peak at the beginning of adolescence with a subsequent decrease, while percentile values among girls rise across the age range. Subscapular and iliac crest percentiles also show increasing curves with disproportionately high values for P90 and P97. Boys show higher values of WC, girls have higher levels of HC. WC and HC median percentiles constantly increase in both sexes with a plateau at the age of 16 for girls. Conclusion: Trends for all parameters of body fat are in line with other national and international studies. Unlike the KiGGS study, our study provides circumference data across the whole of our age range, i.e. from 3-16 years.:I. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Vorbemerkung 2. Wissenschaftlicher Hintergrund 2.1. Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter 2.2. Bestimmung des Körperfettanteils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen 2.3. Die Bedeutung kindlichen Übergewichts und dessen Folgeschäden 2.4. Assoziation von Körperfettparametern und kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren im Fokus 2.5. Anthropometrische Referenzwerte für Kinder und Jugendliche in Deutschland 3. Fragestellung 4. Publikation 5. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 6. Literaturverzeichnis II. Anlagen 1. Abbildungen 2. Tabellen 3. Formeln nach Slaughter zur Abschätzung des Körperfettanteils III. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags IV. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit VI. Danksagung

To date there have been no complete reports of the nutrient intakes of persons with Type I diabetes mellitus who use continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pumps. The purpose of this study was to describe the sample population and to determine the nutrient intake of adult Type I diabetics from the Salt Lake City, Utah area, who use CSII. Seven male and 15 female CSII users, ages 25 to 53, completed a questionnaire and a three-day diet record as instructed. Diet records were coded and household measurements of foods were converted to gram weights for computerized nutrient analysis. Nutrient intake is reported as group mean and standard deviation for sex and age. The average duration of diabetes was 17 years. The average length of CSII use was l.6 years. Review of the medical charts revealed that weight gain since beginning CSII averaged 5.5 pounds irrespective of the duration of pump use. The dietary intake of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12 , and ascorbic acid met or exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for both men and women. For males, mean nutrient intakes were below the RDA for zinc (82.7%), folate (82.2%), and vitamin 86 (69.0%). For females, intakes were also below the RDA for zinc (64.0%), folate (58.3%), and vitamin 86 (69.0%), as well as for iron (58.5%) and magnesium (88.0%). The average percent of kilocalories from protein, carbohydrate and fat, (approximately 17%, 43%, and 40%) was similar for both the males and females. The day-to-day variation in carbohydrate intake for both sexes was not significantly different. Intake of added sugar in the diet was 6.6% and 5.8% of total kilocalories (14.8% and 13.9% of the carbohydrate kilocalories) for males and females, respectively. In conclusion, dietary intake for this small group of CSII users was adequate in most nutrients . Of concern is the apparent inadequate intakes of zinc, folate, vitamin s6 and iron for women, as compared to the current RDA standards. The distribution of kilocalories from protein, carbohydrate and fat approaches the 1979 recommendations by the American Diabetes Association. Weight gain may be a problem for some CSII pump users, and should be monitored.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19558号 / 医博第4065号 / 新制||医||1013(附属図書館) / 32594 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 平岡 眞寛, 教授 福原 俊一, 教授 一山 智 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ADIPOSE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN- COMAPARATIVE STUDY ABSTRACT Head of the dissertation: Author: Prof. MUDr. Ivan Dylevský, DrSc. Mgr. Dominika Petrů Prague, 2014 Abstract The dissertation provides information about the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue in preschool-aged /5-6 years, n=141/ and younger school-aged children /8- 9 years, n=137/ in the Ústí region. In this review, we describe and evaluate the child's body with anthropometric parameters, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis and selected sample /n=31/ with ultrasonography. We found an increased distribution of adipose tissue in older file with a concentration in the abdominal area and a higher reliability of skinfold than the BIA, considering the ultrasound examination. Key words: subcutaneous fat, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis, ultrasonography

Background: Tension pneumothorax is a condition with frequent fatal complications. This condition is caused by a disruption in the lung - that creates a one-way valve allowing air to accumulate in the pleural space. The fatal complication is the prevention of blood returning to the right side of the heart - due intrathoracic pressure compressing the right atrium. The patient can exhibit symptoms of dyspnea, tachypnea, tracheal deviation, jugular venous distention, subcutaneous emphysema, and shock that can lead to rapid deterioration and death. Case Report: We report a case of massive subcutaneous emphysema complicating tension pneumothorax management. The patient is a 20-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with chest trauma and was in extremis with diffuse severe subcutaneous emphysema. Due to the distorted anatomy, airway management and chest decompression were performed with nonstandard techniques/equipment resulting in rapid patient stabilization. After 4 days in the hospital, he was discharged home with no deficits. Discussion: Many providers do not have the proper equipment or training to treat patients in this extreme condition. CT images demonstrate the anatomical distortions in this case and the increase in size required for invasive life-saving devices. Images demonstrate where many commercial 14 gauge angiocaths and cricothyrotomy kits will not suffice (due to distortion in the anatomy), and these should not be relied on solely. Conclusions: While trauma carts frequently maintain (1.75 - 2 inch) 14 gauge angiocaths, they should also have military grade angiocaths that are 3.25” in length, which will work in most cases. Some, but not all, military-grade cricothyrotomy kits, or individually assembled kits, have 6.0 endotracheal tubes and come with a bougie and cricothyrotomy hook which would have been sufficient in this patient. Prehospital and hospital healthcare personnel should be prepared for similar patient encounters.

OBJECTIVE: To measure clinical and qualitative outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus transitioning from intensive insulin therapy using multiple daily injections (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) initiated and managed by clinical pharmacists under a collaborative practice agreement in a primary care setting without an endocrinologist. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective and cross-sectional analysis of data from an electronic medical record (EMR) and patient survey at a large primary care private practice. Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who were ≥18 years old, started on CSII between 2007 and 2010, and had at least one follow-up visit post-CSII were analyzed. Mean HbA1c results were stratified across 3-month intervals post-CSII initiation and compared to pre-CSII levels. Body mass index (BMI), the number of diabetes-related clinic visits with the primary care physician (PCP), and non-insulin diabetes medication use was compared pre- and post-CSII initiation. Paper-based questionnaires were used to assess patient satisfaction with CSII vs MDI and pharmacist-led services. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included in the analysis. HbA1c decreased from 8.69 to 7.52% pre and post-CSII, respectively (p < 0.001). HbA1c also decreased across all 3-month intervals post-CSII. BMI decreased from 33.0 to 32.3 kg/m(2) pre- and post-CSII, respectively (p = 0.085). Fewer diabetes-related PCP visits were completed post-CSII (5.09 vs 3.78 visits/year, p = 0.009), and less non-insulin diabetes medications were prescribed post-CSII (p < 0.001). Patients felt more comfortable controlling glycemic excursions and resultant insulin adjustments with CSII compared to MDI (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist-led CSII services appear to improve diabetes control in patients requiring intensive insulin therapy. Patients report greater comfort using CSII and strong confidence in the abilities of the pharmacist. Physician-pharmacist collaboration in the management of intensive insulin therapy in the primary care setting should be further explored.